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Tang H, Wang H, Hamblin MR, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wen X. Contact dermatitis caused by prevention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1189190. [PMID: 37546301 PMCID: PMC10400336 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1189190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction During the outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), health care workers wore personal protective equipment including masks, gloves and goggles for a long time. In order to reduce the transmission routes of the virus, public places were sprayed with disinfectant. Moreover, the body, hands and clothing were frequently disinfected and washed for hygiene purposes. Studies have shown that these practices could easily irritate the skin and damage the skin barrier. Long-term irritation or exposure to allergens may lead to the occurrence of contact dermatitis (CD). Methods Subject headings were searched via the National Library of Medicine (PubMed) and web of science databases: COVID-19; contact dermatitis; adverse skin reaction; PPE; dermatitis; mask; glory; hand hygiene, disinfection; face shield; goggle; protect cloth. A total of 246 and 646 articles were retrieved from the two databases, respectively. 402 articles remained after removing duplicates. Reviews, non-English articles, articles that could not be accessed to read or did not conform to our topic were excluded. Finally, a total of 32 cross-sectional studies, 9 case reports and 2 randomized controlled trials were included. Discussion This article reviews reports of CD caused by various prevention and hygiene measures during the COVID-19 pandemic. The amount of skin damage caused by COVID-19 prevention measures could be decreased by improved education about skin management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimiao Tang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Lu Jiang
- Outpatient Department of West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Wen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Dermatology, Clinical Institute of Inflammation and Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Sawada Y. Occupational Skin Dermatitis among Healthcare Workers Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032989. [PMID: 36769309 PMCID: PMC9918113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin is the outermost layer of the human body and is continually exposed to numerous external stimuli, which can cause unwanted skin irritation. Occupational skin diseases are the most prevalent form of work-related illness and are found in a variety of sectors, particularly healthcare. During the recent COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare professionals experienced a variety of unexpected, unusual occupational skin diseases associated with COVID-19-engaged employment. Because the clinical characteristics of these types of skin inflammation are unique, this review focuses on the characteristics of a large category of occupational workers, namely COVID-19-engaged healthcare professionals. Furthermore, we examined the potential pathogeneses of occupational skin disorders associated with COVID-19-engaged labor, as well as different preventative methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sawada
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, 1-1, Iseigoaka, Yahatanishi-Ku, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tesfaye AH, Engdaw GT, Aragaw FM, Kabito GG. Prevalence and risk factors of work-related contact dermatitis symptoms among healthcare cleaners during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northwest Ethiopia: a multicentre cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e069019. [PMID: 36446456 PMCID: PMC9710345 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of work-related contact dermatitis (WRCD) symptoms among cleaners working in healthcare institutions in Gondar city, Northwest Ethiopia, during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted from September to October 2021. An interviewer-administered standardised Nordic Occupational Skin Questionnaire, V.2002 (NOSQ-2002) was used to assess WRCD. The collected data were entered into EpiData V.4.6 and analysed using Stata V.14 software. The association between dependent and independent variables was computed with a binary logistic regression. The association was determined using an adjusted OR (AOR) with a 95% CI at a p value of <0.05. SETTING The study was conducted in Gondar city healthcare institutions, Northwestern Ethiopia. PARTICIPANTS A total of 409 cleaners participated in this study. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome is the prevalence of WRCD symptoms, which was measured using the NOSQ-2002. RESULTS The response rate was 95.6%. The majority, 302 (73.8%), of the study participants were female. The mean age (±SD) was 31 (±7.87) years old. The overall prevalence of self-reported WRCD during the last 12 months was 213 (52.1%) (95% CI (47.1% to 57.0%)). The highest symptoms reported were skin redness, 51.6% (n=110), and the most affected skin body sites were hands (hand dermatitis), 74.2% (n=158). Hand washing frequency more than 20 times per day (AOR=1.73, 95% CI (1.03 to 2.92)), personal history of eczema (AOR=1.46, 95% CI (1.01 to 2.42)) and lack of training on skin hazards (AOR=2.06, 95% CI (1.16 to 3.63)) were factors influencing the occurrence of WRCD. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the prevalence of WRCD is common during the COVID-19 pandemic. Adjusting hand washing frequency per day, educating people with atopy about the avoidance of exposure to skin irritants and providing training on skin hazards were recommended to minimise the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amensisa Hailu Tesfaye
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Garedew Tadege Engdaw
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Fantu Mamo Aragaw
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Gebisa Guyasa Kabito
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Shashina EA, Sannikova EA, Shcherbakov DV, Zhernov YV, Makarova VV, Isiutina-Fedotkova TS, Zabroda NN, Belova EV, Ermakova NA, Khodykina TM, Skopin AY, Sukhov VA, Klimova AA, Turnic TN, Yakushina II, Manerova OA, Reshetnikov VA, Mitrokhin OV. Analysis of the Face Mask Use by Public Transport Passengers and Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14285. [PMID: 36361160 PMCID: PMC9657969 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The use of face masks and gloves in public places directly shows the commitment of the population to the established regulations. Public transport is one of the most-at-risk places of contamination. The aim of the study was to analyze the face mask use by public transport passengers and workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. (2) Methods: Public transport passengers and workers were surveyed. Periodic intermittent selective observation was used to gauge the level of adherence to the established regulations among public transport passengers. Factor analysis was used to identify factors determining the face-mask-wearing comfort. (3) Results: The majority of passengers (87.5%) and all transport workers (100%) used face masks and gloves. Most of the users wore only face masks. Only 41.6% of passengers and 74.7% of transport workers wore face masks correctly. Motivational attitudes at the implementation of preventive measures were determined: established regulations in the public place (55.8%) and the protection of one's own health and the health of family members (44.2%). Only 22.5% of those wearing face masks believed that doing so will have any effect on the spread of an infectious disease, and 10.8% wore masks to maintain the health of people around themselves. A low level of social responsibility was demonstrated. For 53.4% of workers, face mask wearing was uncomfortable. The majority of workers had adverse reactions to mask wearing: feeling short of breath (52.8%), hyperemia of face skin (33.8%), and facial hyperhidrosis (67.4%). (4) Conclusions: The comfort of wearing a mask is determined by adverse reactions occurrence, the properties of the mask, working conditions, and the duration of wearing the face mask. It is necessary to develop recommendations to reduce wearing discomfort. These recommendations, along with methods of raising the social responsibility of the population, can contribute to a greater commitment of the population to non-specific prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A. Shashina
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Sannikova
- National Medical Research Center for Urology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V. Shcherbakov
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury V. Zhernov
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentina V. Makarova
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana S. Isiutina-Fedotkova
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda N. Zabroda
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Belova
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nina A. Ermakova
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana M. Khodykina
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Yu. Skopin
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
- F.F. Erisman Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene of Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 141014 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly A. Sukhov
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Klimova
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Tamara Nikolic Turnic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- N.A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina I. Yakushina
- N.A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A. Manerova
- N.A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Reshetnikov
- N.A. Semashko Department of Public Health and Healthcare, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg V. Mitrokhin
- Department of General Hygiene, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Bharatha A, Krishnamurthy K, Cohall D, Rahman S, Forde CA, Corbin-Harte R, Ojeh N, Kabir R, Parsa AD, Rabbi AMF, Majumder MAA. Personal protective equipment (PPE) related adverse skin reactions among healthcare workers at the main COVID-19 isolation center in Barbados. Front Public Health 2022; 10:978590. [PMID: 36304246 PMCID: PMC9592812 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.978590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) reduces the risk of transmission of infectious agents significantly among healthcare workers (HCWs). The study aimed to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PPE-related adverse skin reactions among HCWs working at the main COVID-19 isolation center in Barbados. Methods A cross-sectional web-based online survey was conducted during April to June 2021 which recorded demographic information, details of PPE use and adverse skin reactions including severity and duration of onset of symptoms. Results Most of the respondents used PPE for consecutive days (77.9%), 1-6 h/day (59.2%), and more than a year (62.5%). Fewer than half of the participants (45.6%) experienced adverse skin reactions from the use of PPE. The reactions were mostly observed in the cheeks (40.4%) and nose bridges (35.6%). Females had more reactions than their male counterparts (p = 0.003). The use of N95 masks and a combination of surgical and N95 masks produced adverse effects predominantly in the ears (60%) and cheeks (56.4%). Binary logistic regression showed that female HCWs (OR = 5.720 95% CI: 1.631, 20.063), doctors (OR = 5.215 95% CI: 0.877, 31.002), and longer duration of PPE use (>1 year) (OR = 2.902 95% CI: 0.958, 8.787) caused a significantly higher prevalence of adverse skin reactions. Conclusion The PPE-related skin reactions were common among HCWs which mainly occurred due to prolonged use. Preventive measures inclusive of appropriate training of HCWs on the use of PPE are recommended to minimize these adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambadasu Bharatha
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Kandamaran Krishnamurthy
- PICU Consultant, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown, Barbados,*Correspondence: Kandamaran Krishnamurthy
| | - Damian Cohall
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Sayeeda Rahman
- American University of Integrative Sciences, School of Medicine, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Corey A. Forde
- Infection Prevention and Control/Infectious Diseases Programs, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Rhea Corbin-Harte
- Isolation Facilities Client Relations and Activities, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Nkemcho Ojeh
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
| | - Russell Kabir
- Faculty of Health Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Ali Davod Parsa
- Faculty of Health, Education, Medicine and Social Care, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Md Anwarul Azim Majumder
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Bridgetown, Barbados
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Ünver S, Yildirim M, Cansu Yeni̇ğün S. Personal protective equipment related skin changes among nurses working in pandemic intensive care unit: A qualitative study. J Tissue Viability 2022; 31:221-230. [PMID: 35094886 PMCID: PMC8785367 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtv.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
AIM The respiratory tract is the main transmission way of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and nurses who care for COVID-19 patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are required to constantly use personal protective equipment (PPE) during their daily work. This study aimed to examine the PPE-related skin changes experienced by the nurses working in pandemic ICU during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS Using a descriptive phenomenological approach, semi-structured interviews were conducted between November 1st and December 25th, 2020, in the pandemic ICU of a training and research hospital in Usak, Turkey. The nurses who worked in the pandemic ICU for at least one week and experienced skin changes due to PPE use were included. Individual interviews were carried out online through video conferencing. Colaizzi's method was used in data analysis by using the ATLAS.ti 8.0. RESULTS The main themes were main causes of PPE-related skin changes, its location along with secondary adverse effects, symptomatology, prevention, and therapeutic interventions used for curing PPE-related skin changes. Nurses mostly reported PPE-related skin changes behind their ears, over their nose, cheeks and jaw due to wearing N95 masks and on the forehead due to wearing face shields. Wearing PPE at least 2 h, the type/quality of PPE, and being dehydrated were identified as the common causes. CONCLUSION This study provides a deeper understanding into the PPE-related skin change experiences of pandemic ICU nurses and the importance of the quality of the PPE used. It is recommended to enable shortened working shifts and ergonomic PPE materials for ICU nurses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seher Ünver
- Trakya University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgical Nursing, Edirne, Turkey,Corresponding author. Trakya University, Balkan Campus, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgical Nursing, 22020, Edirne, Turkey
| | - Meltem Yildirim
- Research Group on Methodology, Methods, Models and Outcomes of Health and Social Sciences (M3O), Faculty of Health Science and Welfare, Centre for Health and Social Care Research (CESS), University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Seda Cansu Yeni̇ğün
- Akdeniz University, Kumluca Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Surgical Nursing, Antalya, Turkey
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Babino G, Argenziano G, Balato A. Impact in Contact Dermatitis during and after SARS-CoV2 Pandemic. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN ALLERGY 2022; 9:19-26. [PMID: 35194543 PMCID: PMC8830973 DOI: 10.1007/s40521-022-00298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the review Due to the recent COVID-19 pandemic, several skin conditions have emerged due to the preventive measures adopted by both health care workers and the general population against SARS-CoV-2. Above all, wearing of personal protective equipment, frequent hand-washing and disinfecting of surfaces have resulted in an increased risk of irritant or allergic contact dermatitis. The aim of this review is to investigate contact dermatitis associated with COVID-19 pandemic period. Recent findings There is a real evidence of the rising prevalence of irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The most commonly recorded symptoms are dryness, itch and redness of the skin. Nasal bridge, cheeks, forehead and hands represent the mainly affected skin sites. Summary Contact dermatitis lesions may appear as a result of various recommendations to prevent transmission of COVID-19. Procedures to alleviate pressure and friction, gentle skin care and adequate moisturizing, have been identified as important preventive strategies for contact dermatitis related to personal protective equipment and personal hygiene measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Babino
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Balato
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
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Abdali S, Yu J. Occupational Dermatoses Related to Personal Protective Equipment Used During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Dermatol Clin 2021; 39:555-568. [PMID: 34556245 PMCID: PMC8165076 DOI: 10.1016/j.det.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to the dramatic increase in use of personal protective equipment (PPE) among health care providers and the general public. Herein the authors discuss the various occupational dermatoses including allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and rosacea related to frequent handwashing, disinfecting of surfaces, and prolonged wear of various PPE including face masks, gloves, and gowns. The authors provide an overview of published PPE-associated occupational dermatoses during the COVID-19 pandemic and also discuss prevention strategies and treatment options to help patients with these complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selli Abdali
- Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - JiaDe Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 50 Staniford St, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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