Correction of the Tear Trough Deformity and Concomitant Infraorbital Hollows With Extracellular Matrix/Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel

Efficacy and Safety of Stromal Vascular Fraction in the Treatment of Tear Trough Deformity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) grafting is an effective method to correct tear trough deformity. Nevertheless, the quantitative data of satisfactory rate and complications of SVF compared with normal autologous fat graft (AFG) remain unemployed. The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize the current quantitative data on satisfactory rate and complications of tear trough deformity correction with SVF and normal AFG.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane library. All studies evaluating AFG or SVF in the treatment of tear through deformity were included. Then, data were extracted and analyzed using single-arm meta-analysis. The satisfactory rates and complication rates of different techniques were compared. A subgroup analysis was performed according to the specific AFG techniques used.

RESULTS

A total of 20 literatures comprising 2372 participants were included. Five studied SVF and 15 studied other AFGs. The pooled satisfaction rate of AFG was 94.9% (95% CI 92.2-97.7%, I2 = 65%). A total of 154 cases reported complications. Most common complications were skin winkle 26 cases (16.88%), fat under-correction 24 cases (15.58%) and subcutaneous induration 18 cases (11.69%) (Table 2). The pooled complication rate of AFG was 10.1% (95% CI 4.6-15.6%, I2 = 92%). The pooled complication rate of SVF was 1.5% (95% CI 0-15.6%, I2 = 0%).

CONCLUSION

Satisfaction rates for both normal AFG and SVF were generally high, with mostly minor complications observed. The incidence of complications with SVF was lower than with normal AFG, and severe complications were rare.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Advanced methods to mechanically isolate stromal vascular fraction: A concise review

Adipose tissue is a highly attractive reservoir of stem cells due to its accessibility and abundance, and the SVF within it holds great promise for stem cell-based therapies. The use of mechanical methods for SVF isolation from adipose tissue is preferred over enzymatic methods, as it can be readily applied in clinical settings without additional processing steps. However, there is a lack of consensus on the optimal approach for mechanically isolating SVF. This comprehensive review aims to present and compare the latest mechanical isolation methods for SVF from adipose tissue, including centrifugation, filtration/washing, emulsification, vibration, and mincing/adiponizing. Each of these methods possesses unique advantages and limitations, and yet, no conclusive evidence has emerged demonstrating the superiority of one approach over the others, primarily due to the dearth of well-controlled prospective studies in this field.

Treatment Algorithm for Surgical Correction of Lower Eyelid Bags and Tear Trough Deformity Based on Barton Grading System

Facial rejuvenation procedures for lower eyelid bags and tear trough deformity have recently gained increasing attention. This study introduced a treatment algorithm tailored to the severity of tear trough deformity, categorized using the Barton grading system, to tackle this concern effectively. One hundred seventy-six patients with combined lower eyelid bags and tear trough deformity underwent lower lid blepharoplasty at our center between 2018 and 2023. Preoperative assessment utilized the Barton grading system to categorize the severity of tear trough deformity, guiding personalized surgical approaches for each patient. Postoperative outcomes, including satisfaction levels, complications, and tear trough deformity improvement, were evaluated. Following surgery, 175 out of 176 patients achieved a reduction to Barton grade level of 0. Postoperative satisfaction scores averaged 4.4, with a satisfaction rate of 96.6%. Complications were minimal, including mild postoperative ectropion in patients and single occurrences of postoperative hematoma, infection, insufficient improvement, and recurrence. Our treatment algorithm offers a straightforward and effective approach for addressing tear trough deformity and lower eyelid bags. Further research is warranted to validate these findings.

Fat or fillers: The dilemma in eyelid surgery

The aging of the periocular region has always aroused great interest. A fresh, young, and attractive sight determined an ever-greater attention to surgical and non-surgical techniques to obtain this result. In particular, the change in the concept of a young look, considered then "full", led to the increasing use of surgical (fat grafting) or medical (hyaluronic acid) filling techniques. Eyelid rejuvenation became increasingly popular in the field of cosmetic treatments, with a focus on achieving a youthful and refreshed appearance. Among the various techniques available, the choice between using fat grafting or fillers presented a clinical dilemma. In particular, what surgery considered of fundamental importance was a long-lasting result over time. On the other hand, aesthetic medicine considered it fundamental not to have to resort to invasive treatments. But what was the reality? Was there one path better than the other, and above all, was there a better path for patients? The minireview aims to explore the physiopathology, diagnosis, treatment options, prognosis, and future studies regarding this dilemma. We analyzed the literature produced in the last 20 years comparing the two techniques. Current literature reveals advancements in biomaterials, stem cell research and tissue engineering held promise for further enhancing the field of eyelid rejuvenation. The choice between fat grafting and fillers in eyelid cosmetic treatments presented a clinical dilemma. Understanding physiopathology, accurately diagnosing eyelid aging, exploring treatment options, assessing prognosis, and conducting future studies were essential for providing optimal care to patients seeking eyelid rejuvenation.

The investigation and comparison of the efficacy and safety of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), platelet rich plasma (PRP), and 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in reducing nanofat treated infraorbital dark circles and wrinkles: A controlled blinded randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of stromal vascular fraction (SVF), platelet rich plasma (PRP), and 1064-nm Q-switched Nd:YAG laser in reducing nanofat treated dark circles and wrinkles under the eyes.

METHOD

This study was a single-blinded randomized clinical trial conducted on patients with suborbital darkening under the eyes that randomly divided into control and case groups. In the control group, 15 patients were treated with one session of nanofat injection only, and five patients of each intervention groups received one session of nanofat+SVF injection, nanofat+PRP injection, and nanofat injection+Nd:YAG laser, respectively. Assessments methods were (1) evaluation of the degree of darkness and repair under the eyes by a blinded dermatologist based on clinical photographs, (2) investigating patient satisfaction, (3) using biometric variables for color, thickness, and density of the skin (only 3 months after the treatment), and (4) recording the possible adverse effects.

CONCLUSION

In terms of the extent of reduction in the intensity of darkness under the eyes, the combined treatment of nanofat injection together with SVF, PRP, and Nd:YAG laser had a much greater therapeutic effect than nanofat injection alone. In all three groups of combined treatments, patients were 100% satisfied. In terms of biometric variables, amount of changes in colorimeter, complete and dermal thickness, complete and dermal density, between the different groups was statistically significant. The use of combined treatments including nanofat with SVF injection, PRP, and 1064 Q-switched Nd:YAG laser may be more effective than nanofat alone, in reducing infraorbital dark circles and wrinkles.

Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel (SVF-Gel) Combined with Nanofat for Tear Trough Deformity

BACKGROUND

Tear trough deformity makes patients appear tired. Patients with less severe tear trough deformity prefer a less invasive method to correct the deformity. The infraorbital area is a multilayered tissue, and the aging of various components leads to tear trough deformity. To this end, we utilized the different characteristics of different fat derivatives to correct tear trough deformity.

METHODS

Thirty-two patients with Barton Grade I/II tear trough deformity were enrolled in this study between September 2020 and March 2021. We injected Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel (SVF-Gel) into the suborbicularis oculi fat layer and Nanofat into the subcutaneous. After 12 months of follow-up, we evaluated the changes using standardized clinical photogrammetric techniques, volume, global aesthetic improvement scale, and patient self-evaluation.

RESULTS

There were no major complications in any of the 32 patients. The measured data points demonstrated improvements in all aesthetic parameters. The width of the tear trough and the distance from the pupil to the tear trough improved. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) showed a high score (2.45±0.64 points), with patient self-assessment showing satisfactory results.

CONCLUSION

SVF-Gel combined with Nanofat injection can effectively correct tear trough deformities.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Mechanical Fractionation of Adipose Tissue-A Scoping Review of Procedures to Obtain Stromal Vascular Fraction

Clinical indications for adipose tissue therapy are expanding towards a regenerative-based approach. Adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction consists of extracellular matrix and all nonadipocyte cells such as connective tissue cells including fibroblasts, adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and vascular cells. Tissue stromal vascular fraction (tSVF) is obtained by mechanical fractionation, forcing adipose tissue through a device with one or more small hole(s) or cutting blades between syringes. The aim of this scoping review was to assess the efficacy of mechanical fractionation procedures to obtain tSVF. In addition, we provide an overview of the clinical, that is, therapeutic, efficacy of tSVF isolated by mechanical fraction on skin rejuvenation, wound healing and osteoarthritis. Procedures to obtain tissue stromal vascular fraction using mechanical fractionation and their associated validation data were included for comparison. For clinical outcome comparison, both animal and human studies that reported results after tSVF injection were included. We categorized mechanical fractionation procedures into filtration (n = 4), centrifugation (n = 8), both filtration and centrifugation (n = 3) and other methods (n = 3). In total, 1465 patients and 410 animals were described in the included clinical studies. tSVF seems to have a more positive clinical outcome in diseases with a high proinflammatory character such as osteoarthritis or (disturbed) wound healing, in comparison with skin rejuvenation of aging skin. Isolation of tSVF is obtained by disruption of adipocytes and therefore volume is reduced. Procedures consisting of centrifugation prior to mechanical fractionation seem to be most effective in volume reduction and thus isolation of tSVF. tSVF injection seems to be especially beneficial in clinical applications such as osteoarthritis or wound healing. Clinical application of tSVF appeared to be independent of the preparation procedure, which indicates that current methods are highly versatile.

Clinical Application of Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel in Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis

PURPOSE

To investigate the therapeutic effect of the stromal vascular fraction gel (SVF gel) in unilateral vocal fold paralysis.

METHODS

A retrospective study was performed on 22 patients who underwent SVF gel autotransplantation for unilateral vocal fold paralysis between June 2017 and December 2018. Fat was removed from the medial thigh under anesthesia and the SVF gel was prepared using standard techniques and injected using a suspension microlaryngoscopy. The SVF gel was transplanted into the vocal fold muscle and the paraglottic space, and subjective and perceptual assessments, aerodynamic and acoustic assessments, and a videostroboscopic assessment were evaluated pre- and postoperatively at 1day, 12 months and 18 months.

RESULTS

The GRBAS evaluation results showed that the voice quality of the patients at 12 and 18 months after the operation was significantly improved, and voice analysis showed that in males maximum speech time (MPT) increased and the normalized noise energy decreased 1 day after surgery. The voice quality parameters at 12 months and 18 months after surgery improved significantly compared to preoperatively (P < 0.05), except for the fundamental frequency (F0), at 12 months, which was similar to the values before surgery. In females, the MPT and amplitude (shimmer) at 1 day after the surgery were significantly different from before the surgery, and the MPT, fundamental frequency (jitter), shimmer, and normalized noise energy at 12 months and 18 months after the surgery were significantly improved compared to before the surgery while the F0 was not significant.

CONCLUSION

SVF gel autotransplantation can effectively improve the voice quality in unilateral vocal fold paralysis, and the long-term effect is stable.

Validating the Reliability and Clinical Relevance of an Infraorbital Hollow Photonumeric Scale

Background

Infraorbital hollowing is a facial aesthetic issue for which a broad age range of patients seek treatment. Expanding treatment options for this region warrants the development of validated tools to objectively assess infraorbital hollow (IOH) severity before and after treatment.

Objectives

To validate a 4-point rating scale to assess depression of IOH, depression relative to the mid-pupillary line, and visibility of the lateral orbital rim.

Methods

The IOH scale described herein was developed and subjected to live validation with a total of 73 patients representing the full range of IOH severities. Scale validation was performed by board-certified plastic surgeons and dermatologists (3 raters) over 2 rounds, 2 weeks apart. Intrarater and interrater reliabilities were used to demonstrate test-retest reliability as quantitated with percentage of agreement, weighted kappa statistic with 95% confidence interval (CI), and intraclass correlation coefficient with 95% CI. The clinical relevance of a 1-grade difference was evaluated by comparing rater assessments of 77 photo pairs with their previously determined designation as "clinically different" or "not clinically different."

Results

The IOH scale demonstrated substantial to near-perfect intrarater and interrater reliabilities when utilized by trained raters to assess a diverse group of live patients. Furthermore, clinically relevant differences between grades were established, and detection of a 1-point difference could be achieved by trained evaluators using the IOH scale.

Conclusions

This highly reliable, clinically relevant, and validated IOH scale provides a user-friendly, standardized grading system to objectively evaluate and track changes in infraorbital hollowing in clinical practice and research.

Level of Evidence 3

Three-dimensional (3D) area and volume measurements for rhinoplasty

BACKGROUND

Morphometric changes achieved in rhinoplasty are mostly analyzed on two-dimensional (2D) images. However, most of these alterations are amenable to three-dimensional (3D) analysis.

OBJECTIVES

Objective measurements for rhinoplasty are currently done on 2D photographic analyses. We believe that newer techniques will develop. This is a study to help define new parameters.

METHODS

Landmarks that are widely used in the literature were used to define the boundaries of these measurements. They comprised certain parts of the nose (tip, dorsum, radix, etc.). Measurements were done on a generic face (GF) 3D model. The model's nose was then morphed using the free, open-source 3D modeling software (Blender) to generate seven different deformed noses and to perform the area and volume measurements.

RESULTS

Each nose with a different type of deformity demonstrated significant area and volume differences. For example, comparing area measurements to GF-Pleasant nose, GF-Snub nose showed a significant difference at the tip (43.3% reduction). Volume measurements were found to be mostly parallel to the area measurements; however, some incongruences were noted.

CONCLUSIONS

We show that new area and volume measurements can be reliably developed for 3D-scanned images. These measurements can be utilized and will enrich the facial analysis and evaluation of the outcomes of rhinoplasty.

The Retention-Rate Improvement of Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel in Prefrontal Filling With Botulinum Toxin-A Injection: A Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND

As a derivative of adipose tissues, stromal vascular fraction gel has been widely utilized in facial soft tissue filling, but it still does not achieve the expected effect in forehead filling. The reason may be related to the corrugator muscles movements.

OBJECTIVES

The authors aimed to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin-A (BTX-A) on the retention rate of stromal vascular fraction gel by limiting the corrugator muscles movements and to provide a theoretical basis that short-term inhibition of movement in the affected area could improve the effects of the fat graft.

METHODS

From January 2019 to June 2021, patients with stromal vascular fraction gel facial filling (including frontal and temporal parts) were selected. According to whether or not BTX-A treatment was received, patients were divided into injected and the noninjected groups. A questionnaire and the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) were administered to evaluate 2-dimensional photos. The retention rate and curvature were calculated with 3-dimensional images utilizing Artec Studio 13 Professional and MATLAB software.

RESULTS

The graft retention, forehead curvature, and GAIS scores were all higher in the injected group than the noninjected group (P < .01). On the questionnaire, the injected group also showed more satisfaction with the treatment effect and were more willing to recommend the treatment to their friends.

CONCLUSIONS

BTX-A injection can improve the retention rate of prefrontal stromal vascular fraction gel filling, with higher patient satisfaction and better postoperative effects.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5

Correction of Mild-to-Moderate Sunken Upper Eyelids of Asians with Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel

INTRODUCTION

Fat grafting is an efficient and safe procedure for the correction of upper eyelid sulcus deepening. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) gel has been proven to be an ideal fat derivative and can be widely used for facial augmentation. We aimed to determine the efficacy of SVF gel for the correction of a mild-to-moderate sunken superior sulcus among Asian patients.

METHODS

Patients with a mild-to-moderate sunken superior sulcus underwent SVF gel grafting of the sunken upper periorbital area. The primary result was the quantitative volume difference in the superior sulcus region before and after grafting. This was evaluated through three-dimensional VECTRA^® imaging. The secondary results included the aesthetic quantitative evaluation results (upper lid area and pretarsal space ratio), global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) score, and complications.

RESULTS

Thirty-one patients with mild-to-moderate sunken upper eyelids were included in this study. The average unilateral injected amount was 1.235 mL (± 0.171 mL). The 1-year delta volume was 0.801 ± 0.086 mL, and the effective survival volume was 65.3% (± 6.1%). The median preoperative pretarsal space and upper lid area ratio was 1.010 (± 0.150). The median postoperative pretarsal space and upper lid area ratio at 1 year was 0.159 (± 0.031) (n = 62; P < 0.0001), indicating a significantly reduced sunken appearance. The average GAIS score was 2.174 (± 0.391). All patients were satisfied with their surgical outcomes. The reoperation rate was 12.9%.

CONCLUSIONS

SVF gel is safe and effective for the treatment of a mild-to-moderate sunken superior sulcus and is associated with satisfactory clinical outcomes and short recovery times.

Effect of Positional Changes on Skin Landmarks in Midface Filling

BACKGROUND

The design lines for midfacial filling shift upward with a patient's position changes from upright to supine during operation. This will cause the actual filled part to deviate from the target area.

OBJECTIVES

This authors aimed to evaluate the effect of positional changes on midfacial landmarks and find the optimal body position for midface filling.

METHODS

The process involved the grading and evaluation stages. The midfacial laxity of each sample in the evaluation stage was graded into minimal, moderate, and severe by the system established in the grading stage. Measured through the 3-dimensional images in each grade, the vertical distances from landmarks C, D, and E (representing the region of the tear trough, infraorbital area, and nasolabial fat pad, respectively) to the horizontal line of the inner canthus and depth of nasolabial fold at an angle of 90° were separately compared with those from the other angles (60°, 45°, 30°, and 0°) of the operating table.

RESULTS

In the minimal midfacial laxity group, all 3 landmarks significantly moved upward when the angle decreased to 30°. However, landmark E of the moderate and severe and landmark D of the severe midfacial laxity groups both significantly moved upward when the angle decreased to 45°. The depth of the nasolabial fold at a 45° angle was significantly less than that at a 90° angle in the moderate and severe groups.

CONCLUSIONS

In midface filling, a patient's body position should be optimally selected according to the midfacial laxity and filling area.

Contouring and augmentation of the temple using stromal vascular fraction gel grafting

Background

Hollowing temples are common in aging Asians. Stromal vascular fraction (SVF) gel is a novel, mechanically processed adipose-derived product containing condensed adipose-derived stem cells and native extracellular matrix, allowing improved fat grafting. The present study evaluated the effectiveness of SVF-gel treatment on temple hollowing.

Methods

This prospective, single-center study included an SVF-gel grafting group (n = 34) and a Coleman's fat grafting group (n = 29). Temple contour was assessed using preoperative and postoperative photographs. Temple augmentation was quantified using three-dimensional (3D) technology and an MVS-600 3D scanner system. Patient satisfaction was assessed postoperatively.

Results

At 12 months follow-up, the minimal forehead width/forehead width ratio and the width of the temporal peak were increased in both groups (p < 0.05).; and the retention rate (41.2% ± 8.4%) of the SVF-gel group was significantly higher than that of Coleman's fat group (32.6% ± 8.8%; p < 0.05). Moreover, patients in the SVF-gel group reported higher satisfaction scores than those in Coleman's fat group.

Conclusions

SVF-gel is effective for temple contouring and augmentation., with increased efficacy compared with Coleman's fat.

Clinical Application of Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel in Temple Augmentation Using Deep Injection and Shallow Pave Filling

BACKGROUND

Temporal hollowing is an early sign of aging, and many techniques comprising the injection of fillers into the temporal fossa to correct this hollowing have been described.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the safety of a new technique in which stromal vascular fraction gel is used for temporal hollowing.

METHODS

Thirty-three patients with temporal hollowing were corrected with the aforementioned gel using deep injection and shallow pave filling at the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Guangdong Women and Children Hospital, China, between January 2017 and April 2021. This gel was injected into the double plane via a needle and cannula by the same cutaneous access points to prevent severe vascular injury. Improvement was evaluated by self-assessment, the Hollowness Severity Rating Scale (grade range, 0-3; lower grades represent minimal hollowness), and a satisfaction survey.

RESULTS

Self-assessment questionnaire (6 questions) results were satisfactory; 44 temples (67%) demonstrated more than 2 grades of magnitude of clinical improvement. Thirty-one patients (94%) were satisfied with their outcomes; the complaint ratio was low.

CONCLUSION

The high satisfaction rate of patients treated using the stromal vascular fraction gel by deep injection and shallow pave filling suggests that this technique is simple, effective, and safe.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes Review Articles, Book Reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Total Stromal Fraction (TSF) - Fortified Adipose Tissue-Derived Stem Cells Source: An Emerging Regenerative Realm Against COVID-19 Induced Pulmonary Compromise

:

The inception of the COVID-19 pandemic has jeopardized humanity with markedly dampening of worldwide resources. The viral infection may present with varying signs and symptoms, imitating pneumonia and seasonal flu. With a gradual course, this may progress and result in the deadliest state of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and acute lung injury (ALI). Moreover, following recovery from the severe brunt of COVID-19 infection, interstitial portions of alveoli have been found to undergo residual scarring and further to have compromised air exchange. Such alterations in the lung microenvironment and associated systemic manifestations have been recognized to occur due to the extensive release of cytokines. The mortality rate increases with advancing age and in individuals with underlying co-morbidity. Presently, there is no availability of specific antiviral therapy or any other definitive modality to counter this progressive worsening. However, we believe principles and advancing cell-based therapy may prove fruitful in subjugating such reported worsening in these patients. This article reviews eminent knowledge and relevant advancements about the amelioration of lung damage due to COVID-19 infection using adipose tissue- derived - total stromal fraction (TSF).

A Retrospective Study of SVF-gel Compared With Nanofat Combined With High-density Fat in the Treatment of Early Periorbital Aging

PURPOSE

To compare the effectiveness of transplantation with stromal vascular fraction (SVF)-gel or nanofat combined with high-density fat prepared with the Coleman technique (nanofat+high-density fat) to restore volume in the periorbital region or for periorbital rejuvenation in early periorbital aging.

METHODS

This retrospective study included 103 patients who received a transplant of SVF-gel (n = 58) or nanofat+high-density fat (n = 45) to restore volume in the periorbital region (n = 85) or for periorbital rejuvenation (n = 18) in our hospital between January 2016 and January 2020. Patient satisfaction and the reoperation rate were evaluated.

RESULTS

All patients had improved periorbital contouring and augmentation. Among the patients that received treatment to restore volume in the periorbital region, 17% and 65.9% of patients administered SVF-gel were very satisfied or satisfied, and 5.3% and 44.7% of patients administered nanofat+high-density fat were very satisfied or satisfied.

PATIENTS

administered SVF-gel were significantly more satisfied than patients administered nanofat+high-density fat with improvements in periorbital contouring (p < 0.05). Among the patients that received treatment for periorbital rejuvenation, 54.5% and 27.3% of patients administered SVF-gel were very satisfied or satisfied, and 28.6% and 42.8% of patients administered nanofat+high-density fat were very satisfied or satisfied. There was no significant difference between groups (p > 0.05). Some patients underwent a second operation after 3 to 8 months. Patients administered SVF-gel to restore volume in the periorbital region had a significantly lower reoperation rate than patients administered nanofat+high-density fat (12.7% [6/47] vs. 34.2% [13/38]; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the reoperation rate in patients treated for periorbital rejuvenation (9.1% [1/11] vs. 14.3% [1/7]; p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION

SVF-gel and nanofat+high-density fat are effective for restoring volume in the periorbital region and for periorbital rejuvenation in early periorbital aging. The reoperation rate was significantly lower and patient satisfaction scores were significantly higher in patients administered SVF-gel to restore volume in the periorbital region compared with patients administered nanofat+high-density fat.

Comparison of the Rheological Properties and Structure of Fat Derivatives Generated via Different Mechanical Processing Techniques: Coleman Fat, Nanofat, and Stromal Vascular Fraction-Gel

Importance: Coleman fat, nanofat, and stromal vascular fraction-gel (SVF-gel) are three widely used fat derivatives. However, their rheological properties and structure remain unknown. Objectives: To disclose the rheological properties and structure of three different fat derivatives. Design, Settings, and Participants: Fat tissues obtained from eight different donors were processed into three separate groups: Coleman fat, nanofat, and SVF-gel (n = 8); their viscoelastic properties and structure were determined. Intervention: Oscillation measurements were performed in the context of serrated 25-mm parallel-plate geometry with a 1.2-mm gap at 25°C. In addition, fat samples were fixed using a patented protocol and observed under scanning electron microscopy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Comparison of the viscoelastic properties, microstructure, and particle size. Results: At 0.77 Hz, the elastic modulus of SVF-gel, Coleman fat, and nanofat was 201.6 ± 0.74, 69.94 ± 15.61, and 34.89 ± 3.484 Pa, respectively; their viscosity was 44.06 ± 3.038, 15.37 ± 2.0380, and 7.516 ± 0.7250 mPa, respectively. The particle size of SVF-gel, Coleman fat, and nanofat was 106.0 ± 4.796, 86.93 ± 3.597, and 12.61 ± 7.603 μm, respectively. Conclusion and Relevance: Mechanical processing may impact graft efficacy. The characterization of the rheological properties and structure of different fat derivatives in this study may help surgeons select the better type of tissue for a given intervention; however, further studies are still required.

Effect of Co-transplanting Stromal Vascular Fraction-Gelatin and Platelet-Rich Fibrin on the Long-Term Maintenance of Fat Volume

OBJECTIVE

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the survival of stromal vascular fraction-gelatin (SVF-gel) grafts and determine whether co-transplantation of SVF-gel and platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) improves long-term maintenance of fat volume (Wei et al. in Oncotarget 8:68542-68556, 2017) in a rabbit model.

METHODS

SVF-gel was transplanted into the ears of 12 rabbits with (experimental group) or without PRF (control group). Transplantation retention was evaluated based on weight, histology, and immunohistochemistry.

RESULTS

In the 2nd and 4th weeks, the volume of fat was larger in the experimental group than in the control group. In the 6th week, the absorption of fat was noticeable in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the fat survival rate between the two groups (experimental group: 1.051 ± 0.144 and control group: 0.789 ± 0.232, P > 0.05). HE staining results: At week 2, adipocytes were observed in the experimental group and tended to mature over time. These adipocytes also exhibited an ordered arrangement. Adipocytes with abnormal morphology appeared in the control group in the 4th week. At different weeks, there were more inflammatory cells and fibroblasts in the experimental group than in the control group, and they were arranged in an ordered fashion. Immunohistochemical results: More brown areas were observed in the experimental group than in the control group, and the morphology and distribution of adipocytes in the experimental group were better than those in the control group. The distribution of fibrocytes was also more regular in the experimental group than in the control group.

CONCLUSION

SVF-gel cannot maintain long-term filling in rabbit ears. The addition of PRF has no influence, although PRF can induce SVF-gel to transform into adipocytes, and the anti-inflammatory effect is noticeable in the early period following the procedure. Co-transplantation also helped to ensure orderly arrangement of fibrin. There were no "volume preservation differences in this experimental model" perhaps there are differences if other models/methodology are employed. No Level Assigned This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine Ratings, please refer to Table of Contents or online Instructions to Authors - www.springer.com/00266 .

New Mechanical Fat Separation Technique: Adjustable Regenerative Adipose-tissue Transfer (ARAT) and Mechanical Stromal Cell Transfer (MEST)

Background

Adipose tissue is not only a very important source of filler but also the body's greatest source of regenerative cells.

Objectives

In this study, adipose tissue was cut to the desired dimensions using ultra-sharp blade systems to avoid excessive blunt pressure and applied to various anatomical areas-a procedure known as adjustable regenerative adipose-tissue transfer (ARAT). Mechanical stromal cell transfer (MEST) of regenerative cells from fat tissue was also examined.

Methods

ARAT, MEST, or a combination of these was applied in the facial area of a total of 24 patients who were followed for at least 24 months. The integrity of the fat tissue cut with different diameter blades is shown histopathologically. The number and viability of the stromal cells obtained were evaluated and secretome analyses were performed. Patient and surgeon satisfaction were assessed with a visual analog scale.

Results

With the ARAT technique, the desired size fat grafts were obtained between 4000- and 200-micron diameters and applied at varying depths to different aesthetic units of the face, and a guide was developed. In MEST, stromal cells were obtained from 100 mL of condensed fat using different indication-based protocols with 93% mean viability and cell counts of 28.66 to 88.88 × 10⁶.

Conclusions

There are 2 main complications in fat grafting: visibility in thin skin and a low retention rate. The ARAT technique can be used to prevent these 2 complications. MEST, on the other hand, obtains a high rate of fat and viable stromal cells without applying excessive blunt pressure.

Level of Evidence 4