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Amegbor PM, Sabel CE, Mortensen LH, Mehta AJ. Modelling the spatial risk pattern of dementia in Denmark using residential location data: A registry-based national cohort. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2024; 49:100643. [PMID: 38876553 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2024.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Dementia is a major global public health concern that is increasingly leading to morbidity and mortality among older adults. While studies have focused on the risk factors and care provision, there is currently limited knowledge about the spatial risk pattern of the disease. In this study, we employ Bayesian spatial modelling with a stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach to model the spatial risk using complete residential history data from the Danish population and health registers. The study cohort consisted of 1.6 million people aged 65 years and above from 2005 to 2018. The results of the spatial risk map indicate high-risk areas in Copenhagen, southern Jutland and Funen. Individual socioeconomic factors and population density reduce the intensity of high-risk patterns across Denmark. The findings of this study call for the critical examination of the contribution of place of residence in the susceptibility of the global ageing population to dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince M Amegbor
- School of Global Public Health, New York University, NY 10003, USA; Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Denmark Statistics, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Clive E Sabel
- Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Laust H Mortensen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Denmark Statistics, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amar J Mehta
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Denmark Statistics, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Haque R, Alam K, Gow J, Neville C. Changes in the prevalence of dementia in Australia and its association with geographic remoteness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0289505. [PMID: 37531396 PMCID: PMC10395934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0289505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exact prevalence of dementia in Australia is ambiguous. Australia is a vast continent with a small population, and 80% of the population live in five cities. This study explores recent changes in the prevalence of dementia. It also investigates geographic remoteness as a potential risk factor for developing dementia. METHODS Survey of Disability, Ageing and Carers (SDAC), a nationally representative database, was used to conduct this study. A total of 74,862 and 65,487 individuals from 2015 and 2018, respectively, were considered for this study. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to evaluate the association between dementia and geographic remoteness for older adults aged 65 years and over. RESULTS The results reveal that from 2015 to 2018, the prevalence of dementia among adults aged 65 years and older was higher in 2018 (5,229 per 100,000) than in 2015 (5,099 per 100,000). Significant geographical differences in the prevalence of dementia are observed among Australian adults, and this trend appears to be increasing. Furthermore, the unadjusted model revealed that, in 2015, older adults living in major cities had 1.29 (AOR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.17-1.41) times higher odds of having dementia compared with their counterparts from outer regional and remote areas. In 2018, the adjusted model found that older adults living in major cities had 1.12 (AOR: 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.25) times elevated odds of having dementia than their peers living in outer regional and remote areas. CONCLUSION There is a rising prevalence of dementia in Australia. Further investigation is required to identify the causes of this increase. Increased public health initiatives should concentrate on behavioural characteristics and contextual environmental factors to ameliorate this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Haque
- Department of Economics, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Khorshed Alam
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff Gow
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Health Research, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
- School of Accounting, Economics and Finance, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Christine Neville
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
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3
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Weidung B, Lövheim H, Littbrand H, Wahlin J, Olofsson B, Gustafson Y. Temporal Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Trends in the Very Old in the 21st Century. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:61-74. [PMID: 36938733 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-increasing dementia incidence and prevalence trends may be shifting. Whether such shifts have reached the very old is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate temporal trends in the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment and prevalence of dementia, cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and unclassified dementia among 85-, 90-, and ≥ 95-year-olds in Sweden during 2000-2017. METHODS This study was conducted with Umeå 85 + /Gerontological Regional Database data from 2182 85-, 90-, and ≥ 95-year-olds in Sweden collected in 2000-2017. Using logistic regression, trends in the cumulative 5-year incidences of dementia and cognitive impairment; prevalences of dementia, cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia; and Mini-Mental State Examination thresholds for dementia diagnosis were estimated. RESULTS Dementia and cognitive impairment incidences decreased in younger groups, which generally showed more-positive temporal trends. The prevalences of overall dementia, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease were stable or increasing; longer disease durations and increasing dementia subtype classification success may mask positive changes in incidences. Vascular dementia increased while unclassified dementia generally decreased. CONCLUSION The cognitive health of the very old may be changing in the 21st century, possibly indicating a trend break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Weidung
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Geriatic Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Håkan Littbrand
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Geriatic Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johanna Wahlin
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Geriatic Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Birgitta Olofsson
- Department of Nursing, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.,Department of Surgical andPerioperative Sciences, Division of Orthopedics, UmeåUniversity, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Yngve Gustafson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Geriatic Medicine, Geriatric Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Duthie AC, Hannah J, Batty GD, Deary IJ, Starr JM, Smith DJ, Russ TC. Low-level lithium in drinking water and subsequent risk of dementia: Cohort study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2023; 38:e5890. [PMID: 36747488 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lithium, a mood stabilizer, is known to exhibit neuroprotective effects in animal models and may have anti-dementia effects. AIMS We used data from Scottish Mental Survey 1932, a population-based cohort study, to investigate the association between lithium in drinking water and dementia rate in humans. METHOD Lithium levels in drinking water from 285 sampling sites across Scotland dating from 2014 were obtained from the sole public water provider (Scottish Water). Dementia and non dementia cases were identified from cohort data by electronic health records until 2012, and linked to postcode. RESULTS The mean lithium level at all sampling sites was 1.45 μg/L (SD 1.83, range 0.5-18.2) and was 1.26 (SD 0.63, range 0.55-9.19) for sites matched to participant data. Of 37,597 study members, 3605 developed dementia until June 2012. Lithium levels were positively associated with the risk of dementia in women (highest in second quartile, HR 1.17, 95%CI 1.04-1.32), but there was no relationship in men (highest in second quartile, HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.81-1.12). The pattern of association was explored further by decile, and in females there was an association between lithium level and increased dementia risk compared to the lowest decile (0.55-0.68 μg/L) in all deciles except the highest, corresponding with lithium levels 0.68-2.1 μg/L. CONCLUSIONS Lithium levels in drinking water are very low across Scotland which limited detection of potential effect. Our results do not support an association between extremely low levels of lithium and later dementia risk. We found a trend to increased risk in females at lithium levels below but not above 2.1 μg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - G David Batty
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Lothian Birth Cohorts, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Lafontaine A, Lequy E, Berr C, de Hoogh K, Vienneau D, Goldberg M, Zins M, Lemogne C, Jacquemin B. Ambient air pollution exposure and depressive symptoms: Findings from the French CONSTANCES cohort. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107622. [PMID: 36384066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Few studies have reported the association between air pollution exposure with different dimensions of depression. We aimed to explore this association across different dimensions of depressive symptoms in a large population. METHODS Data from the enrollment phase of the French CONSTANCES cohort (2012-2020) were analyzed cross-sectionally. Annual concentrations of particulate matter with a diameter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5), black carbon (BC), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) from the land-use regression models were assigned to the residential addresses of participants. Total depressive symptoms and its four dimensions (depressed affect, disturbed interpersonal relations, low positive affect, somatic complaints) were measured using Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression questionnaire (CES-D). We reported results of negative binomial regression models (reported as Incidence Rate Ratio (IRR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for an interquartile range (IQR) increase in exposure), for each pollutant separately. Stratified analyses were performed by sex, income, family status, education, and neighborhood deprivation. RESULTS The study included 123,754 participants (mean age, 46.50 ± 13.61 years; 52.4 % women). The mean concentration of PM2.5, BC and NO2 were 17.14 µg/m3 (IQR = 4.89), 1.82 10-5/m (IQR = 0.88) and 26.58 µg/m3 (IQR = 17.41) respectively. Exposures to PM2.5, BC and NO2 were significantly associated with a higher CES-D total (IRR = 1.022; 95 % CI = 1.002: 1.042, IRR = 1.027; 95 % CI = 1.013: 1.040, and IRR = 1.029; 95 % CI = 1.015: 1.042 respectively), and with depressed affect, and somatic complaints. For all pollutants, a higher estimate was observed for depressed affect. We found stronger adverse associations for men, lower-income participants, low and middle education groups, those living in highly deprived areas, and single participants. CONCLUSION Our finding could assist the exploration of the etiological pathway of air pollution on depression and also considering primary prevention strategies in the areas with air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Antoine Lafontaine
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emeline Lequy
- Université Paris Cité, Unité "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 011 Paris, France
| | - Claudine Berr
- University of Montpellier, INM, Inserm U1198 Neuropeps team, Montpellier, France; Memory Research and Resources Center, Department of Neurology, Montpellier, France
| | - Kees de Hoogh
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Goldberg
- Université Paris Cité, Unité "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 011 Paris, France
| | - Marie Zins
- Université Paris Cité, Unité "Cohortes en Population" INSERM, Université Paris Saclay, UVSQ, UMS 011 Paris, France
| | - Cédric Lemogne
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM U1266, Institut de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences de Paris, F-75014 Paris, France; Service de Psychiatrie de l'adulte, AP-HP, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, F-75004 Paris, France
| | - Bénédicte Jacquemin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France.
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Firouraghi N, Kiani B, Jafari HT, Learnihan V, Salinas-Perez JA, Raeesi A, Furst M, Salvador-Carulla L, Bagheri N. The role of geographic information system and global positioning system in dementia care and research: a scoping review. Int J Health Geogr 2022; 21:8. [PMID: 35927728 PMCID: PMC9354285 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-022-00308-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Geographic Information System (GIS) and Global Positioning System (GPS), vital tools for supporting public health research, provide a framework to collect, analyze and visualize the interaction between different levels of the health care system. The extent to which GIS and GPS applications have been used in dementia care and research is not yet investigated. This scoping review aims to elaborate on the role and types of GIS and GPS applications in dementia care and research. Methods A scoping review was conducted based on Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. All published articles in peer-reviewed journals were searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, subject to involving at least one GIS/GPS approach focused on dementia. Eligible studies were reviewed, grouped, and synthesized to identify GIS and GPS applications. The PRISMA standard was used to report the study. Results Ninety-two studies met our inclusion criteria, and their data were extracted. Six types of GIS/GPS applications had been reported in dementia literature including mapping and surveillance (n = 59), data preparation (n = 26), dementia care provision (n = 18), basic research (n = 18), contextual and risk factor analysis (n = 4), and planning (n = 1). Thematic mapping and GPS were most frequently used techniques in the dementia field. Conclusions Even though the applications of GIS/GPS methodologies in dementia care and research are growing, there is limited research on GIS/GPS utilization in dementia care, risk factor analysis, and dementia policy planning. GIS and GPS are space-based systems, so they have a strong capacity for developing innovative research based on spatial analysis in the area of dementia. The existing research has been summarized in this review which could help researchers to know the GIS/GPS capabilities in dementia research. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12942-022-00308-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Firouraghi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Behzad Kiani
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. .,École de Santé Publique de L'Université de Montréal (ESPUM), Québec, Montréal, Canada.
| | - Hossein Tabatabaei Jafari
- Visual and Decision Analytics Lab, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Vincent Learnihan
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Building 23 Office B32, University Drive, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Jose A Salinas-Perez
- Department of Quantitative Methods,, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, Spain Faculty of Medicine, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ahmad Raeesi
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - MaryAnne Furst
- Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Building 23 Office B32, University Drive, Bruce, Canberra, ACT, 2617, Australia
| | - Luis Salvador-Carulla
- Mental Health Policy Unit, Health Research Institute, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Menzies Centre for Health Policy and Economics, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nasser Bagheri
- Department of Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Beattie JM, Higginson IJ, McDonagh TA, Gao W. Implementation of the Mental Capacity Act: a national observational study comparing resultant trends in place of death for older heart failure decedents with or without comorbid dementia. BMC Med 2022; 20:30. [PMID: 35057803 PMCID: PMC9901524 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heart failure (HF) is increasingly prevalent in the growing elderly population and commonly associated with cognitive impairment. We compared trends in place of death (PoD) of HF patients with/without comorbid dementia around the implementation period of the Mental Capacity Act (MCA) in October 2007, this legislation supporting patient-centred decision making for those with reduced agency. METHODS Analyses of death certification data for England between January 2001 and December 2018, describing the PoD and sociodemographic characteristics of all people ≥ 65 years registered with HF as the underlying cause of death, with/without a mention of comorbid dementia. We used modified Poisson regression with robust error variance to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) of the outcome in dying at home, in care homes or hospices compared to dying in hospital. Covariates included year of death, age, gender, marital status, comorbidity burden, index of multiple deprivation and urban/rural settings. RESULTS One hundred twenty thousand sixty-eight HF-related death records were included of which 8199 mentioned dementia as a contributory cause. The overall prevalence proportion of dementia was 6.8%, the trend significantly increasing from 5.6 to 8.0% pre- and post-MCA (Cochran-Armitage trend test p < 0.0001). Dementia was coded as unspecified (78.2%), Alzheimer's disease (13.5%) and vascular (8.3%). Demented decedents were commonly older, female, and with more comorbidities. Pre-MCA, PoD for non-demented HF patients was hospital 68.2%, care homes 20.2% and 10.7% dying at home. Corresponding figures for those with comorbid dementia were 47.6%, 48.0% and 4.2%, respectively. Following MCA enforcement, PoD for those without dementia shifted from hospital to home, 62.5% and 17.2%, respectively; PR: 1.026 [95%CI: 1.024-1.029]. While home deaths also rose to 10.0% for those with dementia, with hospital deaths increasing to 50.4%, this trend was insignificant, PR: 1.001 [0.988-1.015]. Care home deaths reduced for all, with/without dementia, PR: 0.959 [0.949-0.969] and PR: 0.996 [0.993-0.998], respectively. Hospice as PoD was rare for both groups with no appreciable change over the study period. CONCLUSIONS Our analyses suggest the MCA did not materially affect the PoD of HF decedents with comorbid dementia, likely reflecting difficulties implementing this legislation in real-life clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Beattie
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK.,School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irene J Higginson
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Theresa A McDonagh
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Wei Gao
- Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care and Rehabilitation, King's College London, London, UK.
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Bagheri N, Mavoa S, Tabatabaei-Jafari H, Knibbs LD, Coffee NT, Salvador-Carulla L, Anstey KJ. The Impact of Built and Social Environmental Characteristics on Diagnosed and Estimated Future Risk of Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:621-632. [PMID: 34569946 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia is a major global health challenge and the impact of built and social environments' characteristics on dementia risk have not yet been fully evaluated. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations between built and social environmental characteristics and diagnosed dementia cases and estimated dementia risk. METHODS We recruited 25,511 patients aged 65 and older from family physicians' practices. We calculated a dementia risk score based on risk and protective factors for patients not diagnosed with dementia. Our exposure variables were estimated for each statistical area level 1: social fragmentation, nitrogen dioxide, public open spaces, walkability, socio-economic status, and the length of main roads. We performed a multilevel mixed effect linear regression analysis to allow for the hierarchical nature of the data. RESULTS We found that a one standard deviation (1-SD) increase in NO2 and walkability score was associated with 10% higher odds of any versus no dementia (95% CI: 1%, 21% for NO2 and 0%, 22% for walkability score). For estimated future risk of dementia, a 1-SD increase in social fragmentation and NO2 was associated with a 1% increase in dementia risk (95% CI: 0, 1%). 1-SD increases in public open space and socioeconomic status were associated with 3% (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) and 1% decreases (95% CI: 0.98, 0.99) in dementia risk, respectively. There was spatial heterogeneity in the pattern of diagnosed dementia and the estimated future risk of dementia. CONCLUSION Associations of neighborhood NO2 level, walkability, public open space, and social fragmentation with diagnosed dementia cases and estimated future risk of dementia were statistically significant, indicating the potential to reduce the risk through changes in built and social environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Bagheri
- Centre for Mental Health Research, the Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia.,The Australian Geospatial Health Lab, Health Research Institute, The University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Suzanne Mavoa
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, the University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hossein Tabatabaei-Jafari
- Centre for Mental Health Research, the Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia
| | - Luke D Knibbs
- The School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Neil T Coffee
- The Australian Geospatial Health Lab, Health Research Institute, The University of Canberra, Australia
| | - Luis Salvador-Carulla
- Centre for Mental Health Research, the Research School of Population Health, the Australian National University, Australia.,Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney
| | - Kaarin J Anstey
- UNSW Ageing Futures Institute, the University of New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Australia
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Roshani Z, Kamrani AAA, Momtaz YA. Biopsychosocial Predictors of Cognitive Impairment in the Elderly: A Case-control Study. CURRENT PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2666082216666200705234912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Cognitive impairment is one of the most common diseases in the elderly.
Several studies have already been conducted to identify related factors, but few have explored all
the factors involved in the development of cognitive problems.
Objective:
The present study aimed to identify significant biopsychosocial predictors of cognitive
impairment.
Methods::
This case-control study was conducted on 535 elderly people referred to Shafa Clinic in
the city of Tehran in 2017. The biological factors including serum cholesterol, fasting blood sugar,
systolic and diastolic blood pressure, vitamin D, vitamin B12, serum folate, serum homocysteine,
height, and weight were measured. The psychological variable in this study was a history of depression
that was extracted from the medical records. Social network and social support were measured
by LSNS-6 and MOS-SSS questionnaires. The SPSS version 25 was used to analyze the data.
Results:
The mean age of the control group was 68.4 years (SD = 5.89) and of the case group was
71.5 years (SD = 7.37). The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed age (AOR=1.05;
CI:1.089-1.016, p≤0.05,), Secondary education (AOR=0.51; CI:0.266-0.990, p<0.05,), Tertiary
education (AOR=0.41; CI:0.212-0.810, p<0.01,), hypertension (AOR=2.16; CI:3.671-1.266,
p<0.01) homocysteine level (AOR=1.09; CI:1.147-1.045, p<0.001,), Hypothyroidism (AOR=0.43;
CI: 0.226 0.820, p<0.001,), and depression (AOR=4.5; CI:7.163-2.822, p<0.001) to be significant
predictors of cognitive impairment.
Conclusion:
Results of this study showed that low education level, high blood pressure, high
level of homocysteine and depression likely increase the risk of cognitive impairment; also, it
was implied that timely screening can identify people at risk. The novelty of the present study is
that it used a combination of the biopsychosocial factors to predict unique predictors of cognitive
impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roshani
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad-Ali Akbari Kamrani
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yadollah Abolfathi Momtaz
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Oliveira M, Padrão A, Ramalho A, Lobo M, Teodoro AC, Gonçalves H, Freitas A. Geospatial Analysis of Environmental Atmospheric Risk Factors in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17228414. [PMID: 33202965 PMCID: PMC7697835 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17228414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite the vast evidence on the environmental influence in neurodegenerative diseases, those considering a geospatial approach are scarce. We conducted a systematic review to identify studies concerning environmental atmospheric risk factors for neurodegenerative diseases that have used geospatial analysis/tools. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched for all scientific studies that included a neurodegenerative disease, an environmental atmospheric factor, and a geographical analysis. Of the 34 included papers, approximately 60% were related to multiple sclerosis (MS), hence being the most studied neurodegenerative disease in the context of this study. Sun exposure (n = 13) followed by the most common exhaustion gases (n = 10 for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and n = 5 for carbon monoxide (CO)) were the most studied atmospheric factors. Only one study used a geospatial interpolation model, although 13 studies used remote sensing data to compute atmospheric factors. In 20% of papers, we found an inverse correlation between sun exposure and multiple sclerosis. No consensus was reached in the analysis of nitrogen dioxide and Parkinson’s disease, but it was related to dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This systematic review (number CRD42020196188 in PROSPERO’s database) provides an insight into the available evidence regarding the geospatial influence of environmental factors on neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oliveira
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - André Padrão
- Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Porto, Via Panorâmica, s/n, 4150-564 Porto, Portugal;
| | - André Ramalho
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Lobo
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cláudia Teodoro
- Department of Geosciences, Environment and Land Planning, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 687, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal;
- Earth Sciences Institute (ICT), Pole of the FCUP, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Hernâni Gonçalves
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alberto Freitas
- CINTESIS—Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.L.); (H.G.); (A.F.)
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Rua Doutor Plácido da Costa, s/n, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Walesby KE, Exeter DJ, Gibb S, Wood PC, Starr JM, Russ TC. Prevalence and geographical variation of dementia in New Zealand from 2012 to 2015: Brief report utilising routinely collected data within the Integrated Data Infrastructure. Australas J Ageing 2020; 39:297-304. [PMID: 32394527 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are no national dementia epidemiological studies using New Zealand (NZ) data. NZ routinely collects health-care data within the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI). The study objectives were to 1) investigate late-onset dementia estimates using the IDI between 2012-2015 and compare these with 2) published estimates, and 3) variations between North and South Islands and ethnicity. METHODS A population-based, retrospective cohort design was applied to routinely collected de-identified health/administrative IDI data. Dementia was defined by ICD-10-AM dementia codes or anti-dementia drugs. RESULTS Approximately 2% of those aged ≥60 years had dementia, lower than published estimates. Dementia was higher in North Island; in 80- to 89-year-olds; among the Māori population when age-standardised, and 9% of all dementia cases had >1 dementia sub-type. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first study ascertaining dementia estimates using NZ's whole-of-population IDI data. Estimates were lower than existing NZ estimates, for several reasons. Further work is required, including expanding IDI data sets, to develop future estimates that better reflect NZ's diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Elizabeth Walesby
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Daniel John Exeter
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Population Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sheree Gibb
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Philip Clive Wood
- North Shore Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Dementia Prevention Research Clinic, Auckland, New Zealand.,Healthy Ageing, Ministry of Health New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - John Michael Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom Charles Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK
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Russ TC, Kivimäki M, Batty GD. Respiratory Disease and Lower Pulmonary Function as Risk Factors for Dementia: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Chest 2020; 157:1538-1558. [PMID: 31952950 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to affecting the oxygen supply to the brain, pulmonary function is a marker of multiple insults throughout life (including smoking, illness, and socioeconomic deprivation). In this meta-analysis of existing longitudinal studies, the hypothesis that lower pulmonary function and respiratory illness are linked to an elevated risk of dementia was tested. METHODS A systematic review was conducted of longitudinal studies using PubMed until April 1, 2019, and, where possible, results were pooled in random effects meta-analyses. RESULTS Ten studies relating pulmonary function to later dementia risk and 11 studies of respiratory illness and dementia (including one that assessed both factors) were identified. The lowest quartile of FEV1 compared with the highest was associated with a 1.4-fold (hazard ratio [HR], 1.46; 95% CI, 0.77-2.75) increased dementia risk (Ntotal = 62,209; two studies). A decrease of 1 SD in FEV1 was associated with a 28% increase in dementia risk (HR, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.03-1.60; Ntotal = 67,505; six studies). Respiratory illness was also associated with increased dementia risk to a similar degree (pooled HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.30-1.81; Ntotal = 288,641; 11 studies). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with poor pulmonary function experience an increased risk of dementia. The extent to which the association between poor pulmonary function and dementia is causal remains unclear and requires examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences; and Edinburgh Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London, United Kingdom
| | - G David Batty
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College, London, United Kingdom; School of Biological & Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
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Russ TC, Killin LOJ, Hannah J, Batty GD, Deary IJ, Starr JM. Aluminium and fluoride in drinking water in relation to later dementia risk. Br J Psychiatry 2020; 216:29-34. [PMID: 30868981 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.2018.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental risk factors for dementia are poorly understood. Aluminium and fluorine in drinking water have been linked with dementia but uncertainties remain about this relationship. AIMS In the largest longitudinal study in this context, we set out to explore the individual effect of aluminium and fluoride in drinking water on dementia risk and, as fluorine can increase absorption of aluminium, we also examine any synergistic influence on dementia. METHOD We used Cox models to investigate the association between mean aluminium and fluoride levels in drinking water at their residential location (collected 2005-2012 by the Drinking Water Quality Regulator for Scotland) with dementia in members of the Scottish Mental Survey 1932 cohort who were alive in 2005. RESULTS A total of 1972 out of 6990 individuals developed dementia by the linkage date in 2012. Dementia risk was raised with increasing mean aluminium levels in women (hazard ratio per s.d. increase 1.09, 95% CI 1.03-1.15, P < 0.001) and men (1.12, 95% CI 1.03-1.21, P = 0.004). A dose-response pattern of association was observed between mean fluoride levels and dementia in women (1.34, 95% CI 1.28-1.41, P < 0.001) and men (1.30, 95% CI 1.22-1.39, P < 0.001), with dementia risk more than doubled in the highest quartile compared with the lowest. There was no statistical interaction between aluminium and fluoride levels in relation with dementia. CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of aluminium and fluoride were related to dementia risk in a population of men and women who consumed relatively low drinking-water levels of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Russ
- Co-Director, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh; Member, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh; Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh; and Principal Investigator, Scottish Neuroprogressive and Dementia Network, NHS Scotland, UK
| | - Lewis O J Killin
- Scottish Dementia Informatics Platform Project Manager, Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh; and Clinical Studies Officer, Scottish Neuroprogressive and Dementia Network, NHS Scotland, UK
| | | | - G David Batty
- Member, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh; Member, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh; and Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Director, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M Starr
- Director, Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh; and Co-Director, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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Prolong treatment with Trans-ferulic acid mitigates bioenergetics loss and restores mitochondrial dynamics in streptozotocin-induced sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neurotoxicology 2019; 73:246-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The literature on air pollution and brain health is rapidly expanding and it is a universal finding that greater exposure to air pollution is associated with worse outcomes, whatever the measure of brain health used (clinical dementia, neuroimaging correlates, or cognitive impairment). However, there are a number of important questions which the studies currently published are not able to answer: when in the life course does exposure to air pollution most have the most impact?; which pollutant(s) or components are most important?; and since dementia describes a heterogeneous group of conditions, which is most affected by exposure to air pollution? RECENT FINDINGS We briefly review and discuss the nine articles which have been published so far in 2018, so recently that they were not included in the four review articles also published this year. We highlight the variation in estimates of air pollution used but the consistency in deriving them from residential address (with or without some knowledge of an individual's previous home locations). SUMMARY We are now at the stage when the research agenda needs to be agreed and we believe these three questions should be the focus of future research.
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Is the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease really higher in rural areas? A multilevel longitudinal study of 261,669 Australians aged 45 years and older tracked over 11 years. Health Place 2018; 54:132-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tampubolon G, Nazroo J, Keady J, Pendleton N. Dementia across local districts in England 2014 to 2015. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:1127-1131. [PMID: 29869343 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of older people needing dementia care is projected to rise rapidly, and local districts are now charged with responding to this need. But evidence on local area factors of dementia is scarce. We studied the odds of dementia prevalence and its individual risk factors enriched with area factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study analysed objectively assigned dementia prevalence in people aged 60 and over living in community in England, drawing data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing 2014 to 2015 and local districts statistics using multilevel logistic models. Dementia status is ascertained using a modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. A number of individual risk factors were considered including social determinants, internet use, social connections, and health behaviours; 2 contextual factors were included: the index of multiple deprivation and land use mix. RESULTS The prevalence of dementia by this method is 8.8% (95% confidence interval 7.7%-9.2%) in older adults in England. Maps of dementia prevalence across districts showed prevalent areas. In the full model, no area characteristics were significant in predicting dementia prevalence. Education, social connections, internet use, and moderate to vigorous physical activity showed protective associations. CONCLUSION Dementia in older adults in England is largely predicted by individual characteristics, although some districts have a large share of their population with dementia. Given the health and social care costs associated with dementia, differential interventions and support to districts and to groups of individuals defined by these characteristics seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gindo Tampubolon
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - James Nazroo
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John Keady
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil Pendleton
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Perlman CM, Law J, Luan H, Rios S, Seitz D, Stolee P. Geographic Clustering of Admissions to Inpatient Psychiatry among Adults with Cognitive Disorders in Ontario, Canada: Does Distance to Hospital Matter? CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2018; 63:404-409. [PMID: 29409334 PMCID: PMC5971408 DOI: 10.1177/0706743717745870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined relationships among hospital accessibility, socio-economic context, and geographic clustering of inpatient psychiatry admissions for adults with cognitive disorders in Ontario, Canada. METHOD A retrospective cross-sectional analysis was conducted using admissions data from 71 hospitals with inpatient psychiatry beds in Ontario, Canada between 2011 and 2014. Data included 7,637 unique admissions for 4,550 adults with a DSM-IV diagnosis of Delirium, Dementia, Amnestic and other Cognitive Disorders. Bayesian spatial Poisson regression was employed to examine the relationship between accessibility of general hospitals with psychiatric beds and psychiatric hospitals, area-level marginalization, and hospitalization rate with the risk of admission to inpatient psychiatry among adults with cognitive disorders across 516 Forward Sortation Areas (FSA) in Ontario. RESULTS Residential instability and the overall hospitalization rate were significantly associated with an increase in the relative risk of admissions to inpatient psychiatry. Accessibility to general hospitals and psychiatric hospitals were marginally insignificant at the 95% credible interval in the final model. Significant geographic clustering of admissions was identified where individuals residing in FSA's with the highest relative risk were 2.0 to 7.1 times more likely to be admitted to inpatient psychiatry compared to the average. CONCLUSIONS Geographic clustering of inpatient psychiatry admissions for adults with cognitive disorders exists across the Province of Ontario, Canada. At the geographic level, the risk of admission was positively associated with residential instability and the overall hospitalization rate, but not distance to the closest general or psychiatric hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Perlman
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Law
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- School of Planning, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Luan
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of
Newfoundland, St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Sebastian Rios
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dallas Seitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada
| | - Paul Stolee
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Childhood Cognitive Ability and Incident Dementia: The 1932 Scottish Mental Survey Cohort into their 10th Decade. Epidemiology 2018; 28:361-364. [PMID: 28151744 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000000626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevention of dementia is a global priority but its etiology is poorly understood. Early life cognitive ability has been linked to subsequent dementia risk but studies to date have been small and none has examined sex differences. METHODS In the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey cohort, we related intelligence test scores at age 11 years in 16,370 boys and 16,097 girls (born in 1921) to incident dementia ages ≥65 years as ascertained using probabilistic linkage to electronic health records up to the age of 92 years (1,231 cases in men, 2,163 in women; median follow-up 15 years). RESULTS Compared with the highest intelligence group (IQ ≥115), dementia risk was raised in the lowest-scoring category (<85) and these associations were stronger for women (hazard ratio; 95% confidence interval: 1.51; 1.29, 1.76) than men (1.19; 0.98, 1.44; P value for interaction by gender: 0.054). There was evidence of a dose-response association between childhood IQ and dementia in women (IQ 100-114.9 compared with ≥115: 1.18; 1.03, 1.34; IQ 85-99.9: 1.32; 1.15, 1.51; P value for trend <0.001) but not in men (1.05; 0.89, 1.24 and 1.01; 0.85, 1.21; 0.44). CONCLUSIONS Childhood intelligence is related to subsequent dementia risk but this association is not the same in men and women. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B184.
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Russ TC, Murianni L, Icaza G, Slachevsky A, Starr JM. Geographical Variation in Dementia Mortality in Italy, New Zealand, and Chile: The Impact of Latitude, Vitamin D, and Air Pollution. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 42:31-41. [PMID: 27536986 DOI: 10.1159/000447449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia risk is reported as being higher in the north compared to the south, which may be related to vitamin D deficiency. If this were the case, an opposite gradient of risk would be observed in the southern hemisphere, but this has not been investigated previously. METHODS We calculated standardised mortality ratios (SMRs) for deaths in 2012 where dementia (Alzheimer's disease, vascular or unspecified dementia) was recorded as the underlying cause for 20 regions in Italy, 20 District Health Board areas in New Zealand and 29 Health Service areas in Chile. RESULTS Dementia SMRs were higher in northern than central or southern Italy. The inverse pattern was seen in women in New Zealand, with rates higher on South Island than North Island. However, dementia risk was raised in eight regions in the north and centre of Chile in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS Geographical variation plays a key role in dementia risk, but patterns vary in men and women. In the northern hemisphere, dementia mortality is higher in the north, but the pattern in the southern hemisphere is more complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Liang R. Cross Talk Between Aluminum and Genetic Susceptibility and Epigenetic Modification in Alzheimer’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1091:173-191. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1370-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sibbett RA, Russ TC, Deary IJ, Starr JM. Dementia ascertainment using existing data in UK longitudinal and cohort studies: a systematic review of methodology. BMC Psychiatry 2017; 17:239. [PMID: 28673273 PMCID: PMC5496178 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-017-1401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies investigating the risk factors for or causation of dementia must consider subjects prior to disease onset. To overcome the limitations of prospective studies and self-reported recall of information, the use of existing data is key. This review provides a narrative account of dementia ascertainment methods using sources of existing data. METHODS The literature search was performed using: MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo and Web of Science. Included articles reported a UK-based study of dementia in which cases were ascertained using existing data. Existing data included that which was routinely collected and that which was collected for previous research. After removing duplicates, abstracts were screened and the remaining articles were included for full-text review. A quality tool was used to evaluate the description of the ascertainment methodology. RESULTS Of the 3545 abstracts screened, 360 articles were selected for full-text review. 47 articles were included for final consideration. Data sources for ascertainment included: death records, national datasets, research databases and hospital records among others. 36 articles used existing data alone for ascertainment, of which 27 used only a single data source. The most frequently used source was a research database. Quality scores ranged from 7/16 to 16/16. Quality scores were better for articles with dementia ascertainment as an outcome. Some papers performed validation studies of dementia ascertainment and most indicated that observed rates of dementia were lower than expected. CONCLUSIONS We identified a lack of consistency in dementia ascertainment methodology using existing data. With no data source identified as a "gold-standard", we suggest the use of multiple sources. Where possible, studies should access records with evidence to confirm the diagnosis. Studies should also calculate the dementia ascertainment rate for the population being studied to enable a comparison with an expected rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Sibbett
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9JZ UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Rietbergen C, Debray TPA, Klugkist I, Janssen KJM, Moons KGM. Reporting of Bayesian analysis in epidemiologic research should become more transparent. J Clin Epidemiol 2017; 86:51-58.e2. [PMID: 28428139 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the use of Bayesian data analysis in epidemiology in the past decade and particularly to evaluate the quality of research papers reporting the results of these analyses. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Complete volumes of five major epidemiological journals in the period 2005-2015 were searched via PubMed. In addition, we performed an extensive within-manuscript search using a specialized Java application. Details of reporting on Bayesian statistics were examined in the original research papers with primary Bayesian data analyses. RESULTS The number of studies in which Bayesian techniques were used for primary data analysis remains constant over the years. Though many authors presented thorough descriptions of the analyses they performed and the results they obtained, several reports presented incomplete method sections and even some incomplete result sections. Especially, information on the process of prior elicitation, specification, and evaluation was often lacking. CONCLUSION Though available guidance papers concerned with reporting of Bayesian analyses emphasize the importance of transparent prior specification, the results obtained in this systematic review show that these guidance papers are often not used. Additional efforts should be made to increase the awareness of the existence and importance of these checklists to overcome the controversy with respect to the use of Bayesian techniques. The reporting quality in epidemiological literature could be improved by updating existing guidelines on the reporting of frequentist analyses to address issues that are important for Bayesian data analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Rietbergen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas P A Debray
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Huispost Str. 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Huispost Str. 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Klugkist
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht University, Padualaan 14, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands; Section of Research Methodology, Measurement and Data Analysis, Department of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, Twente University, P.O. Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Kristel J M Janssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Huispost Str. 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
| | - Karel G M Moons
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, UMC Utrecht, Huispost Str. 6.131, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508 GA, The Netherlands
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Killin LOJ, Starr JM, Shiue IJ, Russ TC. Environmental risk factors for dementia: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2016; 16:175. [PMID: 27729011 PMCID: PMC5059894 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-016-0342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dementia risk reduction is a major and growing public health priority. While certain modifiable risk factors for dementia have been identified, there remains a substantial proportion of unexplained risk. There is evidence that environmental risk factors may explain some of this risk. Thus, we present the first comprehensive systematic review of environmental risk factors for dementia. METHODS We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases from their inception to January 2016, bibliographies of review articles, and articles related to publically available environmental data. Articles were included if they examined the association between an environmental risk factor and dementia. Studies with another outcome (for example, cognition), a physiological measure of the exposure, case studies, animal studies, and studies of nutrition were excluded. Data were extracted from individual studies which were, in turn, appraised for methodological quality. The strength and consistency of the overall evidence for each risk factor identified was assessed. RESULTS We screened 4784 studies and included 60 in the review. Risk factors were considered in six categories: air quality, toxic heavy metals, other metals, other trace elements, occupational-related exposures, and miscellaneous environmental factors. Few studies took a life course approach. There is at least moderate evidence implicating the following risk factors: air pollution; aluminium; silicon; selenium; pesticides; vitamin D deficiency; and electric and magnetic fields. CONCLUSIONS Studies varied widely in size and quality and therefore we must be circumspect in our conclusions. Nevertheless, this extensive review suggests that future research could focus on a short list of environmental risk factors for dementia. Furthermore, further robust, longitudinal studies with repeated measures of environmental exposures are required to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis O. J. Killin
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Dementia Clinical Research Network, NHS Scotland, Perth, UK
| | - John M. Starr
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ivy J. Shiue
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Tom C. Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing & Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Dementia Prevention, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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