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Lin H, Guo Y, Kowal P, Airhihenbuwa CO, Di Q, Zheng Y, Zhao X, Vaughn MG, Howard S, Schootman M, Salinas-Rodriguez A, Yawson AE, Arokiasamy P, Manrique-Espinoza BS, Biritwum RB, Rule SP, Minicuci N, Naidoo N, Chatterji S, Qian ZM, Ma W, Wu F. Exposure to air pollution and tobacco smoking and their combined effects on depression in six low- and middle-income countries. Br J Psychiatry 2017; 211:157-162. [PMID: 28798061 PMCID: PMC5579326 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.117.202325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundLittle is known about the joint mental health effects of air pollution and tobacco smoking in low- and middle-income countries.AimsTo investigate the effects of exposure to ambient fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) and smoking and their combined (interactive) effects on depression.MethodMultilevel logistic regression analysis of baseline data of a prospective cohort study (n = 41 785). The 3-year average concentrations of PM2.5 were estimated using US National Aeronautics and Space Administration satellite data, and depression was diagnosed using a standardised questionnaire. Three-level logistic regression models were applied to examine the associations with depression.ResultsThe odds ratio (OR) for depression was 1.09 (95% C11.01-1.17) per 10 μg/m3 increase in ambient PM2.5, and the association remained after adjusting for potential confounding factors (adjusted OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.02-1.19). Tobacco smoking (smoking status, frequency, duration and amount) was also significantly associated with depression. There appeared to be a synergistic interaction between ambient PM2.5 and smoking on depression in the additive model, but the interaction was not statistically significant in the multiplicative model.ConclusionsOur study suggests that exposure to ambient PM2.5 may increase the risk of depression, and smoking may enhance this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualiang Lin
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Paul Kowal
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Collins O Airhihenbuwa
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Di
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Michael G Vaughn
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Steven Howard
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Mario Schootman
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Alfred E Yawson
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Perianayagam Arokiasamy
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Richard B Biritwum
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen P Rule
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Nadia Minicuci
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Somnath Chatterji
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhengmin Min Qian
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Hualiang Lin, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Yanfei Guo, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Paul Kowal, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland and University of Newcastle Research Centre on Gender, Health and Ageing, Newcastle, Australia; Collins O. Airhihenbuwa, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Qian Di, PhD candidate, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Yang Zheng, MPH, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China; Xing Zhao, PhD, west China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Michael G. Vaughn, PhD, Steven Howard, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Mario Schootman, PhD, Department of Epidemiology, College for Public Health and Social Justice, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Aaron Salinas-Rodriguez, MSc, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Alfred E. Yawson, PhD, School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Ghana; Perianayagam Arokiasamy, PhD, Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, Betty Soledad Manrique-Espinoza, PhD, Department Center for Evaluation and Survey Research, National Institute of Public Health, Mexico; Richard B. Biritwum, MD, Department of Community Health, University of Ghana Medical School, Ghana; Stephen P. Rule, PhD, Impact Assessment Research Use & Impact Assessment, Human Sciences Research Council, South Africa; Nadia Minicuci, PhD, CNR, Neuroscience Institute, via Giustiniani, Padova, Italy; Nirmala Naidoo, MS, Somnath Chatterji, PhD, WHO SAGE, Department of Health Statistics and Information Systems, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland; Zhengmin (Min) Qian, MD, PhD, College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis University, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Wenjun Ma, PhD, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China; Fan Wu, PhD, Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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