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Saponins of Selected Triterpenoids as Potential Therapeutic Agents: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16030386. [PMID: 36986485 PMCID: PMC10055990 DOI: 10.3390/ph16030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Saponins represent important natural derivatives of plant triterpenoids that are secondary plant metabolites. Saponins, also named glycoconjugates, are available both as natural and synthetic products. This review is focused on saponins of the oleanane, ursane, and lupane types of triterpenoids that include several plant triterpenoids displaying various important pharmacological effects. Additional convenient structural modifications of naturally-occurring plant products often result in enhancing the pharmacological effects of the parent natural structures. This is an important objective for all semisynthetic modifications of the reviewed plant products, and it is included in this review paper as well. The period covered by this review (2019–2022) is relatively short, mainly due to the existence of previously published review papers in recent years.
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TRPA1 participation in behavioral impairment induced by chronic corticosterone administration. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:157-169. [PMID: 36520197 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most diagnosed mental disorders. Despite this, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. In this context, basic research aims to unravel the pathophysiological mechanisms of MDD as well as investigate new targets and substances with therapeutic potential. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a transmembrane channel considered a sensor for inflammation and oxidative stress. Importantly, both inflammation and oxidative stress have been suggested as participants in the pathophysiology of MDD. However, the potential participation of TRPA1 in depressive disorder remains poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE To investigate the involvement of the TRPA1 channel in the behavioral changes induced by chronic corticosterone administration (CCA) in male mice. METHODS Swiss male mice were exposed to 21 days of CCA protocol and then treated with HC-030031 or A-967079, TRPA1 antagonists. Behavioral tests, analyzes of oxidative parameters and TRPA1 immunocontent were performed in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP). RESULTS CCA induced despair-like behavior in mice accompanied by an increase in the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a TRPA1 agonist, which was reversed by TRPA1 antagonists and ketamine (positive control). In addition, CCA protocol reduced the immunocontent of this channel in the HIP and showed a tendency to increase the TRPA1 protein expression in the PFC. CONCLUSION Our work suggests that TRPA1 channel appears crucial to mediate the behavioral impairment induced by CCA in male Swiss mice.
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Loureirin C and Xanthoceraside Prevent Abnormal Behaviors Associated with Downregulation of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor and AKT/mTOR/CREB Signaling in the Prefrontal Cortex Induced by Chronic Corticosterone Exposure in Mice. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:2865-2879. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Yu XD, Zhang D, Xiao CL, Zhou Y, Li X, Wang L, He Z, Reilly J, Xiao ZY, Shu X. P-Coumaric Acid Reverses Depression-Like Behavior and Memory Deficit Via Inhibiting AGE-RAGE-Mediated Neuroinflammation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11101594. [PMID: 35626632 PMCID: PMC9139330 DOI: 10.3390/cells11101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression, a mood disorder, affects one in fifteen adults, has multiple risk factors and is associated with complicated underlying pathological mechanisms. P-coumaric acid (p-CA), a phenolic acid, is widely distributed in vegetables, fruits and mushrooms. P-CA has demonstrated a protective role against oxidative stress and inflammation in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. In the current study, we investigated the protection of p-CA against depression and memory impairment in a corticosterone (CORT)-induced chronic depressive mouse model. CORT administration resulted in depression-like behaviors and memory impairment. P-CA treatment alleviated CORT-induced depression-related behaviors and memory impairment. Network pharmacology predicted that p-CA had multiple targets and mediated various signaling pathways, of which inflammation-associated targets and signaling pathways are predominant. Western blotting showed CORT-induced activation of the advanced glycation end product (AGE)-receptor of AGE (RAGE) (AGE-RAGE) signaling and increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in the hippocampus, while p-CA treatment inactivated AGE-RAGE signaling and decreased the levels of IL-1β and TNFα, suggesting that protection against depression and memory impairment by p-CA is mediated by the inhibition of inflammation, mainly via the AGE-RAGE signaling pathway. Our data suggest that p-CA treatment will benefit patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Yu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Southwest Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Southwest Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Chu-Li Xiao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Southwest Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xing Li
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiming He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
- Hunan Engineering Research Center of Development and Utilization of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Southwest Hunan, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China
| | - James Reilly
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;
| | - Zhi-Yong Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
- Correspondence: authors: (Z.-Y.X.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang 422000, China; (X.-D.Y.); (D.Z.); (C.-L.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (L.W.); (Z.H.)
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK;
- Correspondence: authors: (Z.-Y.X.); (X.S.)
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