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Plotnikov MB, Chernysheva GA, Smol’yakova VI, Aliev OI, Fomina TI, Sandrikina LA, Sukhodolo IV, Ivanova VV, Osipenko AN, Anfinogenova ND, Khlebnikov AI, Atochin DN, Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT. Cardioprotective Effects of a Selective c-Jun N-terminal Kinase Inhibitor in a Rat Model of Myocardial Infarction. Biomedicines 2023; 11:714. [PMID: 36979693 PMCID: PMC10044897 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) is involved in myocardial injury, left ventricular remodeling (LV), and heart failure (HF) after myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of a selective JNK inhibitor, 11H-indeno [1,2-b]quinoxalin-11-one oxime (IQ-1), on myocardial injury and acute myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in adult male Wistar rats. Intraperitoneal administration of IQ-1 (25 mg/kg daily for 5 days) resulted in a significant decrease in myocardial infarct size on day 5 after MI. On day 60 after MI, a significant (2.6-fold) decrease in LV scar size, a 2.2-fold decrease in the size of the LV cavity, a 2.9-fold decrease in the area of mature connective tissue, and a 1.7-fold decrease in connective tissue in the interventricular septum were observed compared with the control group. The improved contractile function of the heart resulted in a significant (33%) increase in stroke size, a 40% increase in cardiac output, a 12% increase in LV systolic pressure, a 28% increase in the LV maximum rate of pressure rise, a 45% increase in the LV maximum rate of pressure drop, a 29% increase in the contractility index, a 14% increase in aortic pressure, a 2.7-fold decrease in LV end-diastolic pressure, and a 4.2-fold decrease in LV minimum pressure. We conclude that IQ-1 has cardioprotective activity and reduces the severity of HF after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Plotnikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
- Faculty of Radiophysics, National Research Tomsk State University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Galina A. Chernysheva
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vera I. Smol’yakova
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Oleg I. Aliev
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Tatyana I. Fomina
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Sandrikina
- Department of Pharmacology, Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634028 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Irina V. Sukhodolo
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Vera V. Ivanova
- Department of Morphology and General Pathology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Anton N. Osipenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nina D. Anfinogenova
- Cardiology Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634012 Tomsk, Russia
| | | | - Dmitriy N. Atochin
- Kizhner Research Center, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02115, USA
| | - Igor A. Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Mark T. Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
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2
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Thorn SL, Barlow SC, Feher A, Stacy MR, Doviak H, Jacobs J, Zellars K, Renaud JM, Klein R, deKemp RA, Khakoo AY, Lee T, Spinale FG, Sinusas AJ. Application of Hybrid Matrix Metalloproteinase-Targeted and Dynamic 201Tl Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography/Computed Tomography Imaging for Evaluation of Early Post-Myocardial Infarction Remodeling. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2019; 12:e009055. [PMID: 31707811 PMCID: PMC7250243 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.119.009055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and reduction in tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs) plays a role in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury post-myocardial infarction (MI) and subsequent left ventricular remodeling. We developed a hybrid dual isotope single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography approach for noninvasive evaluation of regional myocardial MMP activation with 99mTc-RP805 and dynamic 201Tl for determination of myocardial blood flow, to quantify the effects of intracoronary delivery of recombinant TIMP-3 (rTIMP-3) on I/R injury. METHODS Studies were performed in control pigs (n=5) and pigs following 90-minute balloon occlusion-induced ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of left anterior descending artery (n=9). Before reperfusion, pigs with I/R were randomly assigned to intracoronary infusion of rTIMP-3 (1.0 mg/kg; n=5) or saline (n=4). Three days post-I/R, dual isotope imaging was performed with 99mTc-RP805 and 201Tl along with contrast cineCT to assess left ventricular function. RESULTS The ischemic to nonischemic ratio of 99mTc-RP805 was significantly increased following I/R in saline group (4.03±1.40), and this ratio was significantly reduced with rTIMP-3 treatment (2.22±0.57; P=0.03). This reduction in MMP activity in the MI-rTIMP-3 treatment group was associated with an improvement in relative MI region myocardial blood flow compared with the MI-saline group and improved myocardial strain in the MI region. CONCLUSIONS We have established a novel hybrid single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography imaging approach for the quantitative assessment of regional MMP activation, myocardial blood flow, and cardiac function post-I/R that can be used to evaluate therapeutic interventions such as intracoronary delivery of rTIMP-3 for reduction of I/R injury in the early phases of post-MI remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Thorn
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Shayne C. Barlow
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | - Attila Feher
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Mitchel R. Stacy
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, New Haven, CT
| | - Heather Doviak
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | - Julia Jacobs
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | - Kia Zellars
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | | | - Ran Klein
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - TaeWeon Lee
- Amgen, CardioMetabolic Disorders, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Francis G. Spinale
- Cardiovascular Translational Research Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine and the WJB Dorn Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Columbia, SC
| | - Albert J. Sinusas
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Yale Translational Research Imaging Center, New Haven, CT
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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3
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Baehr A, Klymiuk N, Kupatt C. Evaluating Novel Targets of Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Pig Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4749. [PMID: 31557793 PMCID: PMC6801853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary heart diseases are of high relevance for health care systems in developed countries regarding patient numbers and costs. Disappointingly, the enormous effort put into the development of innovative therapies and the high numbers of clinical studies conducted are counteracted by the low numbers of therapies that become clinically effective. Evidently, pre-clinical research in its present form does not appear informative of the performance of treatments in the clinic and, even more relevant, it appears that there is hardly any consent about how to improve the predictive capacity of pre-clinical experiments. According to the steadily increasing relevance that pig models have gained in biomedical research in the recent past, we anticipate that research in pigs can be highly predictive for ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) therapies as well. Thus, we here describe the significance of pig models in IRI, give an overview about recent developments in evaluating such models by clinically relevant methods and present the latest insight into therapies applied to pigs under IRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Baehr
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Internal Medicine I, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Nikolai Klymiuk
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Internal Medicine I, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany.
| | - Christian Kupatt
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Internal Medicine I, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Munich Heart Alliance, 80802 Munich, Germany.
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Mátyás C, Kovács A, Németh BT, Oláh A, Braun S, Tokodi M, Barta BA, Benke K, Ruppert M, Lakatos BK, Merkely B, Radovits T. Comparison of speckle-tracking echocardiography with invasive hemodynamics for the detection of characteristic cardiac dysfunction in type-1 and type-2 diabetic rat models. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2018; 17:13. [PMID: 29338775 PMCID: PMC5769218 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Measurement of systolic and diastolic function in animal models is challenging by conventional non-invasive methods. Therefore, we aimed at comparing speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE)-derived parameters to the indices of left ventricular (LV) pressure–volume (PV) analysis to detect cardiac dysfunction in rat models of type-1 (T1DM) and type-2 (T2DM) diabetes mellitus. Methods Rat models of T1DM (induced by 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, n = 8) and T2DM (32-week-old Zucker Diabetic Fatty rats, n = 7) and corresponding control animals (n = 5 and n = 8, respectively) were compared. Echocardiography and LV PV analysis were performed. LV short-axis recordings were used for STE analysis. Global circumferential strain, peak strain rate values in systole (SrS), isovolumic relaxation (SrIVR) and early diastole (SrE) were measured. LV contractility, active relaxation and stiffness were measured by PV analysis. Results In T1DM, contractility and active relaxation were deteriorated to a greater extent compared to T2DM. In contrast, diastolic stiffness was impaired in T2DM. Correspondingly, STE described more severe systolic dysfunction in T1DM. Among diastolic STE parameters, SrIVR was more decreased in T1DM, however, SrE was more reduced in T2DM. In T1DM, SrS correlated with contractility, SrIVR with active relaxation, while in T2DM SrE was related to cardiac stiffness, cardiomyocyte diameter and fibrosis. Conclusions Strain and strain rate parameters can be valuable and feasible measures to describe the dynamic changes in contractility, active relaxation and LV stiffness in animal models of T1DM and T2DM. STE corresponds to PV analysis and also correlates with markers of histological myocardial remodeling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12933-017-0645-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Mátyás
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Kovács
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Tamás Németh
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szilveszter Braun
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Tokodi
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint András Barta
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kálmán Benke
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Károly Lakatos
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
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Varela A, Mavroidis M, Katsimpoulas M, Sfiroera I, Kappa N, Mesa A, Kostomitsopoulos NG, Cokkinos DV. The neuroprotective agent Rasagiline mesylate attenuates cardiac remodeling after experimental myocardial infarction. ESC Heart Fail 2017; 4:331-340. [PMID: 28772050 PMCID: PMC5542732 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Rasagiline mesylate (N-propargyl-1 (R)-aminoindan) (RG) is a selective, potent irreversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase-B with cardioprotective and anti-apoptotic properties. We investigated whether it could be cardioprotective in a rat model undergoing experimental myocardial infarction (MI) by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. METHODS AND RESULTS RG was administered, intraperitoneally, for 28 days (2 mg/kg) starting 24 h after MI induction. Echocardiography analysis revealed a significant reduction in left ventricular end-systolic and diastolic dimensions and preserved fractional shortening in RG-treated compared with normal saline group at 28 days post-MI (31.6 ± 2.3 vs. 19.6 ± 1.8, P < 0.0001), respectively. Treatment with RG prevented tissue fibrosis as indicated by interstitial collagen estimation by immunofluorescence staining and hydroxyproline content and attenuated the number of apoptotic myocytes in the border zone (65%) as indicated by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Caspase 3 relative protein levels were significantly decreased in the non-infarcted myocardium. Markedly decreased malondialdehyde levels in the border zone indicate a reduction in tissue oxidative stress. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a positive effect of RG in the post-MI period with a significant attenuation in cardiac remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Varela
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Manolis Mavroidis
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irini Sfiroera
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Kappa
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Angelica Mesa
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Dennis V Cokkinos
- Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research Center, Athens, Greece
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Blumberg Y, Ertracht O, Gershon I, Bachner-Hinenzon N, Reuveni T, Atar S. High-Intensity Training Improves Global and Segmental Strains in Severe Congestive Heart Failure. J Card Fail 2017; 23:392-402. [PMID: 28069473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-intensity training (HIT) is superior to moderate aerobic training (MAT) for improving quality of life in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. Speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) has recently been suggested for estimation of left ventricle global and regional function. We evaluated the utility of STE for characterizing differences in cardiac function following MAT or HIT in a CHF rat model. METHODS AND RESULTS After baseline physiologic assessment, CHF was induced by means of coronary artery ligation in Sprague-Dawley rats. Repeated measurements confirmed the presence of CHF (ejection fraction 52 ± 10%, global circumferential strain (GCS) 10.5 ± 4, and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) 71 ± 11 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1; P < .001 vs baseline for all). Subsequently, rats were divided into training protocols: sedentary (SED), MAT, or HIT. After the training period, rats underwent the same measurements and were killed. Training intensity improved V˙O2max (73 ± 13 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1 in MAT [P < .01 vs baseline] and 82 ± 6 mL⋅min-1⋅kg-1 in HIT [P < .05 vs baseline or SED] and ejection fraction (50 ± 21% in MAT [P < .001 vs baseline] and 66 ± 7% in HIT [P > .05 vs baseline]). In addition, strains of specific segments adjacent to the infarct zone regained basal values (P > .05 vs baseline), whereas global cardiac functional parameters as assessed with the use of 2-dimensional echocardiography did not improve. CONCLUSIONS High-intensity exercise training improved function in myocardial segments remote from the scar, which resulted in compensatory cardiac remodeling. This effect is prominent, yet it could be detected only with the use of STE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Blumberg
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel; Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Offir Ertracht
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel.
| | - Itai Gershon
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | | | - Tali Reuveni
- Eliachar Research Laboratory, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - Shaul Atar
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel; Department of Cardiology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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Malka A, Ertracht O, Bachner-Hinenzon N, Reiter I, Binah O. The cardioprotective efficacy of TVP1022 against ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardiac remodeling in rats. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00272. [PMID: 28097005 PMCID: PMC5226283 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Following acute myocardial infarction (MI), early and successful reperfusion is the most effective strategy for reducing infarct size and improving the clinical outcome. However, immediate restoration of blood flow to the ischemic zone results in myocardial damage, defined as “reperfusion‐injury”. Whereas we previously reported that TVP1022 (the S‐isomer of rasagiline, FDA‐approved anti‐Parkinson drug) decreased infarct size 24 h post ischemia reperfusion (I/R) in rats, in this study we investigated the chronic cardioprotective efficacy of TVP1022 14 days post‐I/R. To simulate the clinical settings of acute MI followed by reperfusion therapy, we employed a rat model of left anterior descending artery occlusion for 30 min followed by reperfusion and a follow‐up for 14 days. TVP1022 was initially administered postocclusion–prereperfusion, followed by chronic daily administrations. Cardiac performance and remodeling were evaluated using customary and advanced echocardiographic methods, hemodynamic measurements by Millar Mikro‐Tip® catheter, and histopathological techniques. TVP1022 administration markedly decreased the remodeling process as illustrated by attenuation of left ventricular enlargement and cardiac hypertrophy (both at the whole heart and the cellular level). Furthermore, TVP1022 inhibited cardiac fibrosis and reduced ventricular BNP levels. Functionally, TVP1022 treatment preserved cardiac wall motion. Specifically, the echocardiographic and most of the direct hemodynamic measures were pronouncedly improved by TVP1022. Collectively, these findings indicate that TVP1022 provides prominent cardioprotection against I/R injury and post‐MI remodeling in this I/R model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Malka
- Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee Bar-Ilan University Safed Israel
| | - Offir Ertracht
- Eliachar Research Laboratory Galilee Medical Center Nahariya Israel
| | - Noa Bachner-Hinenzon
- Migal Galilee Technology Center Department of Computational Science and Bioinformatics Kiryat, Shmona Israel
| | - Irina Reiter
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute Technion, Haifa Israel
| | - Ofer Binah
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology the Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute Technion, Haifa Israel
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