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Dong WS, Hu C, Hu M, Gao YP, Hu YX, Li K, Ye YJ, Zhang X. Metrnl: a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:389. [PMID: 39103830 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01767-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern human society is burdened with the pandemic of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Metrnl is a widely distributed secreted protein in the body, involved in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and maintaining cardiovascular system homeostasis. In this review, we present the predictive and therapeutic roles of Metrnl in various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, cardiac remodeling, heart failure, hypertension, chemotherapy-induced myocardial injury, diabetes mellitus, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sheng Dong
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University at Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Can Hu
- Department of Ultrasound, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Clinical Research Center for Medical Imaging in Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi-Peng Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yu-Xin Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University at Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Kang Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University at Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yun-Jia Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University at Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University at Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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de Almeida Chuffa LG, Seiva FRF, Silveira HS, Cesário RC, da Silva Tonon K, Simão VA, Zuccari DAPC, Reiter RJ. Melatonin regulates endoplasmic reticulum stress in diverse pathophysiological contexts: A comprehensive mechanistic review. J Cell Physiol 2024:e31383. [PMID: 39039752 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is crucial for protein quality control, and disruptions in its function can lead to various diseases. ER stress triggers an adaptive response called the unfolded protein response (UPR), which can either restore cellular homeostasis or induce cell death. Melatonin, a safe and multifunctional compound, shows promise in controlling ER stress and could be a valuable therapeutic agent for managing the UPR. By regulating ER and mitochondrial functions, melatonin helps maintain cellular homeostasis via reduction of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Melatonin can directly or indirectly interfere with ER-associated sensors and downstream targets of the UPR, impacting cell death, autophagy, inflammation, molecular repair, among others. Crucially, this review explores the mechanistic role of melatonin on ER stress in various diseases including liver damage, neurodegeneration, reproductive disorders, pulmonary disease, cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, renal dysfunction, and cancer. Interestingly, while it alleviates the burden of ER stress in most pathological contexts, it can paradoxically stimulate ER stress in cancer cells, highlighting its intricate involvement in cellular homeostasis. With numerous successful studies using in vivo and in vitro models, the continuation of clinical trials is imperative to fully explore melatonin's therapeutic potential in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Gustavo de Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio Rodrigues Ferreira Seiva
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henrique S Silveira
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Carvalho Cesário
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karolina da Silva Tonon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Augusto Simão
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Bioscences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Aparecida P C Zuccari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine of São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UTHealth, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Ulaganathan T, Perales S, Mani S, Baskhairoun BA, Rajasingh J. Pathological implications of cellular stress in cardiovascular diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2023; 158:106397. [PMID: 36931385 PMCID: PMC10124590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2023.106397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress has been a key factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Major types of cellular stress such as mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, hypoxia, and replicative stress have been implicated in clinical complications of cardiac patients. The heart is the central regulator of the body by supplying oxygenated blood throughout the system. Impairment of cellular function could lead to heart failure, myocardial infarction, ischemia, and even stroke. Understanding the effect of these distinct types of cellular stress on cardiac function is crucial for the scientific community to understand and develop novel therapeutic approaches. This review will comprehensively explain the different mechanisms of cellular stress and the most recent findings related to stress-induced cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thennavan Ulaganathan
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Selene Perales
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Saiprahalad Mani
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, 603203, India
| | - Boula A Baskhairoun
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Johnson Rajasingh
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Medicine-Cardiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
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PAK2 is essential for chromosome alignment in metaphase I oocytes. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 36813765 PMCID: PMC9947007 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
As a highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) participates in diverse biologic events. However, its roles in mouse oocyte meiotic maturation remain unclear. The present study revealed that mouse oocytes depleted of Pak2 were unable to completely progress through meiosis and that a majority were arrested at metaphase I. Pak2 depletion thus prompted MI arrest and induced meiotic chromosome alignment defects in mouse oocytes, in part due to a reduction in polo-like kinase (PLK1). We demonstrated that PAK2's interaction with PLK1 protected it from degradation by APC/CCdh1, and that it promoted meiotic progression and bipolar spindle formation. Our data collectively display critical functions for PAK2 in meiotic progression and chromosome alignment in mouse oocytes.
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Chow HY, Karchugina S, Groendyke BJ, Toenjes S, Hatcher J, Donovan KA, Fischer ES, Abalakov G, Faezov B, Dunbrack R, Gray NS, Chernoff J. Development and Utility of a PAK1-Selective Degrader. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15627-15641. [PMID: 36416208 PMCID: PMC10029980 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of PAK1, a druggable kinase, is common in several malignancies, and inhibition of PAK1 by small molecules has been shown to impede the growth and survival of such cells. Potent inhibitors of PAKs 1-3 have been described, but clinical development has been hindered by recent findings that PAK2 function is required for normal cardiovascular function in adult mice. A unique allosteric PAK1-selective inhibitor, NVS-PAK1-1, provides a potential path forward, but has modest potency. Here, we report the development of BJG-05-039, a PAK1-selective degrader consisting of NVS-PAK1-1 conjugated to lenalidomide, a recruiter of the E3 ubiquitin ligase substrate adaptor Cereblon. BJG-05-039 induced selective degradation of PAK1 and displayed enhanced anti-proliferative effects relative to its parent compound in PAK1-dependent, but not PAK2-dependent, cell lines. Our findings suggest that selective PAK1 degradation may confer more potent pharmacological effects compared with catalytic inhibition and highlight the potential advantages of PAK1-targeted degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi-Yee Chow
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China 610041
| | | | - Brian J. Groendyke
- Department of Cancer Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Current address: Blueprint Medicines, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Sean Toenjes
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - John Hatcher
- Department of Cancer Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Katherine A. Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Eric S. Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology; Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | | | - Bulat Faezov
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008
| | | | - Nathanael S. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Chem-H and Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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Gu J, Shi J, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang S, Sun J, Shan T, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang L. LncRNA FAF attenuates hypoxia/ischaemia‐induced pyroptosis via the miR‐185‐5p/PAK2 axis in cardiomyocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:2895-2907. [PMID: 35373434 PMCID: PMC9097851 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gu
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jian‐Zhou Shi
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Ya‐Xing Wang
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Si‐Bo Wang
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Jia‐Teng Sun
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Tian‐Kai Shan
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Qi‐Ming Wang
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Lian‐Sheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
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Fa H, Xiao D, Chang W, Ding L, Yang L, Wang Y, Wang M, Wang J. MicroRNA-194-5p Attenuates Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress by Targeting P21-Activated Kinase 2. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:815916. [PMID: 35321102 PMCID: PMC8934884 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.815916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Many studies have reported that microRNAs (miRs) are involved in the regulation of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity. MiR-194-5p has been reported significantly upregulated in patients with myocardial infarction; however, its role in myocardial diseases is still unclear. Various stimuluses can trigger the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and it may activate the apoptosis signals eventually. This study aims to explore the regulatory role of miR-194-5p in DOX-induced ER stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Methods H9c2 was treated with 2 μM DOX to induce apoptosis, which is to stimulate the DOX-induced cardiotoxicity model. The expression of miR-194-5p was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); the interaction between miR-194-5p and P21-activated kinase 2 (PAK2) was tested by dual luciferase reporter assay; terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and caspase-3/7 activity were used to assess apoptosis; trypan blue staining was applied to measure cell death; Western blotting was performed to detect protein expressions; and ER-related factors splicing X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1s) was detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunofluorescence to verify the activation of ER stress. Results MiR-194-5p was upregulated in cardiomyocytes and mouse heart tissue with DOX treatment, while the protein level of PAK2 was downregulated. PAK2 was predicted as the target of miR-194-5p; hence, dual luciferase reporter assay indicated that miR-194-5p directly interacted with PAK2 and inhibited its expression. TUNEL assay, caspase-3/7 activity test, and trypan blue stain results showed that either inhibition of miR-194-5p or overexpression of PAK2 reduced DOX-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Silencing of miR-194-5p also improved DOX-induced cardiac dysfunction. In addition, DOX could induce ER stress in H9c2, which led to XBP1 and caspase-12 activation. The expression level of XBP1s with DOX treatment increased first then decreased. Overexpression of XBP1s suppressed DOX-induced caspase-3/7 activity elevation as well as the expression of cleaved caspase-12, which protected cardiomyocyte from apoptosis. Additionally, the activation of XBP1s was regulated by miR-194-5p and PAK2. Conclusion Our findings revealed that silencing miR-194-5p could alleviate DOX-induced cardiotoxicity via PAK2 and XBP1s in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the novel miR-194-5p/PAK2/XBP1s axis might be the potential prevention/treatment targets for cancer patients receiving DOX treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongge Fa
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenguang Chang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Ding
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanting Yang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengyu Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jianxun Wang,
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Zeng J, Liu N, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Li Y, Guo X, Luo Q, Zhu L, Guan H, Song B, Sun X. Pak2 reduction induces a failure of early embryonic development in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:181. [PMID: 34879863 PMCID: PMC8656077 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of the early embryo is vital to embryonic development and implantation. As a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) participates in diverse biologic processes, especially in cytoskeleton remodeling and cell apoptosis. In mice, Pak2 knock out and endothelial depletion of Pak2 showed embryonic lethality. However, the role of Pak2 in preimplantation embryos remains unelucidated. METHODS In the present work, Pak2 was reduced using a specific small interfering RNA in early mouse embryos, validating the unique roles of Pak2 in spindle assembly and DNA repair during mice early embryonic development. We also employed immunoblotting, immunostaining, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and image quantification analyses to test the Pak2 knockdown on the embryonic development progression, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, oxidative stress, DNA lesions and blastocyst cell apoptosis. Areas in chromatin with γH2AX were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and serve as a biomarker of DNA damages. RESULTS We found that Pak2 knockdown significantly reduced blastocyst formation of early embryos. In addition, Pak2 reduction led to dramatically increased abnormal spindle assembly and chromosomal aberrations in the embryos. We noted the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with Pak2 knockdown in embryos. In response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the histone protein H2AX is specifically phosphorylated at serine139 to generate γH2AX, which is used to quantitative DSBs. In this research, Pak2 knockdown also resulted in the accumulation of phosphorylated γH2AX, indicative of increased embryonic DNA damage. Commensurate with this, a significantly augmented rate of blastocyst cell apoptosis was detected in Pak2-KD embryos compared to their controls. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that Pak2 may serve as an important regulator of spindle assembly and DNA repair, and thus participate in the development of early mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nengqing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanshuai Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifen Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Novel Insight into the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in the Pathogenesis of Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5529810. [PMID: 33854692 PMCID: PMC8019635 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5529810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Impaired function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is followed by evolutionarily conserved cell stress responses, which are employed by cells, including cardiomyocytes, to maintain and/or restore ER homeostasis. ER stress activates the unfolded protein response (UPR) to degrade and remove abnormal proteins from the ER lumen. Although the UPR is an intracellular defense mechanism to sustain cardiomyocyte viability and heart function, excessive activation initiates ER-dependent cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a pathological process occurring during or after revascularization of ischemic myocardium. Several molecular mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiac I/R injury. Due to the dual protective/degradative effects of ER stress on cardiomyocyte viability and function, it is of interest to understand the basic concepts, regulatory signals, and molecular processes involved in ER stress following myocardial I/R injury. In this review, therefore, we present recent findings related to the novel components of ER stress activation. The complex effects of ER stress and whether they mitigate or exacerbate myocardial I/R injury are summarized to serve as the basis for research into potential therapies for cardioprotection through control of ER homeostasis.
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response in cardiovascular diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2021; 18:499-521. [PMID: 33619348 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-021-00511-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as ischaemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, hypertension, stroke and heart failure, are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although specific CVDs and the associated cardiometabolic abnormalities have distinct pathophysiological and clinical manifestations, they often share common traits, including disruption of proteostasis resulting in accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). ER proteostasis is governed by the unfolded protein response (UPR), a signalling pathway that adjusts the protein-folding capacity of the cell to sustain the cell's secretory function. When the adaptive UPR fails to preserve ER homeostasis, a maladaptive or terminal UPR is engaged, leading to the disruption of ER integrity and to apoptosis. ER stress functions as a double-edged sword, with long-term ER stress resulting in cellular defects causing disturbed cardiovascular function. In this Review, we discuss the distinct roles of the UPR and ER stress response as both causes and consequences of CVD. We also summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the importance of the UPR and ER stress in the pathogenesis of CVD and discuss potential therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring ER proteostasis in CVDs.
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Wang J, Lu L, Chen S, Xie J, Lu S, Zhou Y, Jiang H. Up-regulation of PERK/Nrf2/HO-1 axis protects myocardial tissues of mice from damage triggered by ischemia-reperfusion through ameliorating endoplasmic reticulum stress. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:500-511. [PMID: 32695629 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, which leads to additionally cardiac tissue damage, is a severe adverse effect of reperfusion therapeutics used for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. Agents capable of alleviating I/R-induced myocardial injury are urgently needed. In this study, we investigated whether up-regulation of PERK/Nrf2/HO-1 axis provided protective roles for murine myocardium suffering I/R intervention. Methods The in vivo I/R model was formed by ligation of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery of C57BL/6J mice. All animals were assigned into the following groups at random: sham, I/R, rAAV9-PERK + I/R, rAAV9-Nrf2 + I/R, rAAV9-HO-1 + I/R, siRNA-HO-1 + rAAV9-PERK + I/R. The ligation of LAD was released after 30 min of ischemia, which was followed by reperfusion of LAD for 4 h. Then the cardiac tissues and blood serum were collected. TUNEL staining, ELISA assay, TTC staining, Western blotting and real-time PCR were used to determine I/R injury-related indicators. Results Our results showed that I/R administration triggered cardiomyocytes apoptosis and LDH and CK-MB release, yet overexpression of PERK decreased cellular apoptosis index in the cardiac tissue and reduced levels of LDH and CK-MB in the serum. We further found that the protective actions of PERK against I/R-evoked cardiac damage might be attributed to up-regulation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling transduction, given that overexpression of Nrf2 and HO-1 ameliorated cardiac cell apoptosis and reduced the size of infarction and ischemia in the myocardial tissue, yet gene silencing of HO-1 invalidated the beneficial roles of PERK overexpression in improving I/R-induced cardiac injury. Then, we investigated whether PERK-activated Nrf2/HO-1 cascade affected endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), considering the crucial roles of ERS-associated apoptosis in the development of I/R damage. Our findings indicated that up-regulation of PERK-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 pathway induced the expression reduction of GRP78, CRT, CHOP and caspase-12 both at the transcriptional and translational level. Conclusions We, for the first time, discovered that up-regulation of PERK/Nrf2/HO-1 axis improved I/R-induced myocardial injury via reducing ERS-related signal molecules and downstream pro-apoptotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sisi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuai Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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12
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Xu L, Cai Y, Wang Y, Xu C. Meteorin-Like (METRNL) Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury-Induced Cardiomyocytes Apoptosis by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress via Activation of AMPK-PAK2 Signaling in H9C2 Cells. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e924564. [PMID: 32594095 PMCID: PMC7343023 DOI: 10.12659/msm.924564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocardial ischemia mediates the progression of multiple cardiovascular diseases and leads to serious damage to the morphology, function, and metabolism of cardiomyocytes. The serum level of the hormone Meteorin-like (METRNL) was lower in patients with coronary artery disease and was negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokines. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between METRNL and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury, and investigate the molecular mechanisms implicated the pathogenesis of myocardial ischemia. MATERIAL AND METHODS In the present study, H9C2 cells underwent oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) treatment to establish a MI/R cell model. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to analyze the expression of target gene. Western blot was used to evaluate the protein expression. Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was employed to detect the cell viability. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was carried out to determine the levels of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to detect the apoptotic levels of cardiomyocytes. RESULTS The results showed that the expression of METRNL was downregulated in H9C2 cells during OGD/R. Interestingly, METRNL overexpression inhibited the inflammation, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum stress in H9C2 cells during OGD/R, which were totally reversed by PAK2 silencing. In addition, METRNL overexpression induced activation of AMPK-PAK2 signaling cascade. CONCLUSIONS METRNL attenuates MI/R injury-induced cardiomyocytes apoptosis by alleviating endoplasmic reticulum stress via activation of AMPK-PAK2 signaling in H9C2 cells. Our findings support that METRNL might be a promising target for treatment of myocardial ischemia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yinlian Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Yaoguo Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
| | - Chaoxiang Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian, China (mainland)
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13
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Qi X, Wang J. Melatonin improves mitochondrial biogenesis through the AMPK/PGC1α pathway to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial damage. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:7299-7312. [PMID: 32305957 PMCID: PMC7202489 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury is associated with reduced mitochondrial turnover and regeneration. There is currently no effective approach to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis in the reperfused myocardium. In this study, we investigated whether melatonin could increase mitochondrial biogenesis and thus promote mitochondrial homeostasis in cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes were subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury with or without melatonin treatment, and various mitochondrial functions were measured. H/R injury repressed mitochondrial biogenesis in cardiomyocytes, whereas melatonin treatment restored mitochondrial biogenesis through the 5’ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) pathway. Melatonin enhanced mitochondrial metabolism, inhibited mitochondrial oxidative stress, induced mitochondrial fusion and prevented mitochondrial apoptosis in cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R injury. The melatonin-induced improvement in mitochondrial biogenesis was associated with increased cardiomyocyte survival during H/R injury. On the other hand, silencing of PGC1α attenuated the protective effects of melatonin on cardiomyocyte viability, thereby impairing mitochondrial bioenergetics, disrupting the mitochondrial morphology, and activating mitochondrial apoptosis. Thus, H/R injury suppressed mitochondrial biogenesis, while melatonin activated the AMPK/PGC1α pathway and restored mitochondrial biogenesis, ultimately protecting the reperfused heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjing 300192, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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14
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Wang J, Toan S, Li R, Zhou H. Melatonin fine-tunes intracellular calcium signals and eliminates myocardial damage through the IP3R/MCU pathways in cardiorenal syndrome type 3. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 174:113832. [PMID: 32006470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorenal syndrome type-3 (CRS-3) is characterized by acute cardiac injury induced by acute kidney injury. Here, we investigated the causes of CRS-3 by analyzing cardiac function after renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) using echocardiography and evaluation of pro-inflammatory markers, calcium balance, mitochondrial function, and cardiomyocyte death. Our results show that renal IRI reduces cardiac diastolic function associated with cardiomyocyte death and inflammatory responses. Renal IRI also disrupts cardiomyocyte energy metabolism, induces calcium overload, and impairs mitochondrial function, as evidenced by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and increased mitochondrial fission. Further, renal IRI induces phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and expression of mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU), resulting in cytoplasmic calcium overload and mitochondrial calcium accumulation. Pretreatment with melatonin attenuates renal IRI-mediated cardiac damage by maintaining myocardial diastolic function and reducing cardiomyocyte death. Melatonin also inhibits IP3R phosphorylation and MCU expression, thereby alleviating cytoplasmic and mitochondrial calcium overload. Blockade of IP3R has similar cardioprotective effects, whereas MCU activation abrogates the melatonin-mediated cardioprotection. These results show that the negative effects of renal IRI on myocardial viability and cardiac function are caused by induced IP3R phosphorylation, MCU upregulation, and calcium overload. Melatonin protects cardiac function against CRS-3 by suppressing IP3R-MCU signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Sam Toan
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Ruibing Li
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Chinese PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China.
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15
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Colunga Biancatelli RML, Berrill M, Mohammed YH, Marik PE. Melatonin for the treatment of sepsis: the scientific rationale. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:S54-S65. [PMID: 32148926 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2019.12.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis affects 30 million people worldwide, leading to 6 million deaths every year (WHO), and despite decades of research, novel initiatives are drastically needed. According to the current literature, oxidative imbalance and mitochondrial dysfunction are common features of septic patients that can cause multiorgan failure and death. Melatonin, alongside its traditionally accepted role as the master hormonal regulator of the circadian rhythm, is a promising adjunctive drug for sepsis through its anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and powerful antioxidant properties. Several animal models of sepsis have demonstrated that melatonin can prevent multiorgan dysfunction and improve survival through restoring mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) function, inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis and reducing cytokine production. The purpose of this article is to review the current evidence for the role of melatonin in sepsis, review its pharmacokinetic profile and virtual absence of side effects. While clinical data is limited, we propose the adjunctive use of melatonin is patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Manuel Luciano Colunga Biancatelli
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,Policlinico Umberto I, La Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Max Berrill
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA.,St. Peter's Hospital, Department of Respiratory Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yassen H Mohammed
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Paul E Marik
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
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