1
|
Effects of Cannabidiol on Innate Immunity: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Relevance. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043125. [PMID: 36834537 PMCID: PMC9964491 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is the main non-psychotropic cannabinoid derived from cannabis (Cannabis sativa L., fam. Cannabaceae). CBD has received approval by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA) for the treatment of seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome or Dravet syndrome. However, CBD also has prominent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects; evidence exists that it could be beneficial in chronic inflammation, and even in acute inflammatory conditions, such as those due to SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this work, we review available evidence concerning CBD's effects on the modulation of innate immunity. Despite the lack so far of clinical studies, extensive preclinical evidence in different models, including mice, rats, guinea pigs, and even ex vivo experiments on cells from human healthy subjects, shows that CBD exerts a wide range of inhibitory effects by decreasing cytokine production and tissue infiltration, and acting on a variety of other inflammation-related functions in several innate immune cells. Clinical studies are now warranted to establish the therapeutic role of CBD in diseases with a strong inflammatory component, such as multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, cancer, asthma, and cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
|
2
|
Guasti L, Gaudio G, Lupi A, D'Avino M, Sala C, Mugellini A, Vulpis V, Felis S, Sarzani R, Vanasia M, Maffioli P, Derosa G. Ambulatory blood pressure parameters after canrenone addition to existing treatment regimens with maximum tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers plus hydrochlorothiazide in uncontrolled hypertensive patients. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2017; 11:2293-2300. [PMID: 28831241 PMCID: PMC5552154 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s134826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a cornerstone in cardiovascular disease prevention and hypertension treatment. The relevance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) has been widely confirmed for both increasing the accuracy of blood pressure (BP) measurements, particularly in pharmacological trials, and focusing on 24 h BP prognostic parameters. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of canrenone addition on ambulatory BP in uncontrolled hypertensive patients already treated with the highest tolerated dose of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) antagonists plus hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). METHODS ABPM was performed at baseline and after 3 months of combination therapy in 158 outpatients with stage 1 or 2 hypertension who were randomized to add canrenone (50 or 100 mg) to the pre-existing therapy with ACE inhibitors or AT1R antagonists plus HCT. Twenty-four-hour systolic and diastolic BPs were considered normalized when the values were <130 and <80 mmHg, respectively. RESULTS The addition of canrenone was associated with a reduction in systolic and diastolic BPs (24 h and daytime and nighttime; P<0.001), mean arterial pressures (P<0.001), and pulse pressures (P<0.01). The Δ 24 h systolic/diastolic BPs were -13.5±11.2/-8±8 mmHg and -16.1±13.5/-11.2±8.3 mmHg (50 and 100 mg/day, respectively). In the 50 mg arm, the 24 h systolic and diastolic BPs were normalized in 67.5% and 74% of the patients, respectively, and in 61.6% and 68.5% of the patients in the 100 mg arm, respectively (P<0.05; P= not significant for 50 vs 100 mg). The percentage of patients whose nocturnal decrease was >10% with respect to diurnal values did not change during combination therapy. CONCLUSION Canrenone addition to ACE inhibitors or AT1R antagonists plus HCT was associated with a significant reduction of 24 h BP and to an increased number of patients meeting 24 h ABPM targets in a clinical setting of uncontrolled stage 1 or 2 hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Guasti
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, Internal Medicine 1, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Giovanni Gaudio
- Internal Medicine Division, Ospedale Angelo Bellini, ASST Valle Olona Somma, Varese, Italy
| | - Alessandro Lupi
- Cardiology Unit, ASL VCO Verbania-Domodossola, Verbania, Italy
| | - Marinella D'Avino
- Unit for the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension, Ospedale Cardarelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carla Sala
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milano, Italy.,Cardiovascular Unit, Fondazione IRCCSS Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | - Amedeo Mugellini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vito Vulpis
- Unit for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Arterial Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Riccardo Sarzani
- ESH Center of Hypertension, Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, University Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy.,IRCCS-INRCA, Ancona, Italy
| | | | - Pamela Maffioli
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Derosa
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mechanisms of action of sacubitril/valsartan on cardiac remodeling: a systems biology approach. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2017. [PMID: 28649439 PMCID: PMC5460292 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-017-0013-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sacubitril/Valsartan, proved superiority over other conventional heart failure management treatments, but its mechanisms of action remains obscure. In this study, we sought to explore the mechanistic details for Sacubitril/Valsartan in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction remodeling, using an in silico, systems biology approach. Myocardial transcriptome obtained in response to myocardial infarction in swine was analyzed to address post-infarction ventricular remodeling. Swine transcriptome hits were mapped to their human equivalents using Reciprocal Best (blast) Hits, Gene Name Correspondence, and InParanoid database. Heart failure remodeling was studied using public data available in gene expression omnibus (accession GSE57345, subseries GSE57338), processed using the GEO2R tool. Using the Therapeutic Performance Mapping System technology, dedicated mathematical models trained to fit a set of molecular criteria, defining both pathologies and including all the information available on Sacubitril/Valsartan, were generated. All relationships incorporated into the biological network were drawn from public resources (including KEGG, REACTOME, INTACT, BIOGRID, and MINT). An artificial neural network analysis revealed that Sacubitril/Valsartan acts synergistically against cardiomyocyte cell death and left ventricular extracellular matrix remodeling via eight principal synergistic nodes. When studying each pathway independently, Valsartan was found to improve cardiac remodeling by inhibiting members of the guanine nucleotide-binding protein family, while Sacubitril attenuated cardiomyocyte cell death, hypertrophy, and impaired myocyte contractility by inhibiting PTEN. The complex molecular mechanisms of action of Sacubitril/Valsartan upon post-myocardial infarction and heart failure cardiac remodeling were delineated using a systems biology approach. Further, this dataset provides pathophysiological rationale for the use of Sacubitril/Valsartan to prevent post-infarct remodeling. The new wonder drug in heart failure management, Sacubitril/Valsartan, rejuvenates the heart by preventing its dilation. Using data from myocardial infarction and heart failure samples, we generated a mathematical model to better understand how Sacubitril/Valsartan modulates pathological heart resize and the combined effect of the drug. Our analysis revealed that Sacubitril/Valsartan mainly acts by blocking both, cell death and the pathological makeover of the outer-membrane of the cardiac cells. These two major processes occur after a heart attack. Most importantly, we discovered a core of 8 proteins that emerge as key players in this process. A better understanding of the mechanism of novel cardiovascular drugs at the most basic level may help decipher future therapies and indications.
Collapse
|
4
|
Marino F, Schembri L, Rasini E, Pinoli M, Scanzano A, Luini A, Congiu T, Cosentino M. Characterization of human leukocyte-HUVEC adhesion: Effect of cell preparation methods. J Immunol Methods 2017; 443:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
5
|
Guasti L, Maresca AM, Schembri L, Rasini E, Dentali F, Squizzato A, Klersy C, Robustelli Test L, Mongiardi C, Campiotti L, Ageno W, Grandi AM, Cosentino M, Marino F. Relationship between regulatory T cells subsets and lipid profile in dyslipidemic patients: a longitudinal study during atorvastatin treatment. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2016; 16:26. [PMID: 26822994 PMCID: PMC4731979 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-016-0201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The CD4+ T-lymphocytes and their subtype CD4 + CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory T cells are receiving growing interest as major regulators of atherogenesis. We sought to investigate 1) whether the CD4 + cell subsets were expressed differently in dyslipidemic patients (Pts) and healthy subjects (HS) and 2) whether atorvastatin treatment could be associated in-vivo and in-vitro with cell changes in expression and functional response. Methods CD4+ subsets frequency (CD4 + CD25highFoxP3+, CD4 + CD25-FoxP3+) and mRNA expression for FoxP3, IL-10 and TGF-β were evaluated in 30 consecutive Pts at baseline and after a 3-month atorvastatin therapy, and in 17 HS. Results The % of CD4 + cells did not differ between HS and Pts. The % of CD4 + CD25highFoxP3+ was higher in Pts than HS and did not change during treatment. The CD4 + CD25-FoxP3+ cells were similar between the two groups and were lower in Pts at visit 2. Cytokine expression and FoxP3 did not differ in HS and Pts and no substantial change was observed during treatment. At visit 1, CD4 + CD25highFoxP3+ cells were significantly correlated with both total-cholesterol (r = 0.570, P = 0.0002), LDL-cholesterol (r = 0.715, P = 0.0001), Apolipoprotein B (r = 0.590, P = 0.0001). In-vitro atorvastatin (up to 5 μM) failed to induce any significant modulation of cell functions. Conclusion CD4 + CD25highFoxP3+ regulatory cells seem to be over-stimulated in the early pre-clinical phase of atherosclerosis and a relationship exists between their frequency and circulating lipids. A potential immuno-modulation by statin treatment is not achieved through a normalization in peripheral CD4 + cell subsets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigina Guasti
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Andrea Maria Maresca
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy. .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, Varese, 21100, Italy.
| | - Laura Schembri
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Rasini
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Francesco Dentali
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | | | - Catherine Klersy
- Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Research Department, Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | - Walter Ageno
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Grandi
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | - Franca Marino
- Research Center on Dyslipidemia, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Merlo S, Starčević JN, Mankoč S, Šantl Letonja M, Cokan Vujkovac A, Zorc M, Petrovič D. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene Polymorphism (rs2010963) and Its Receptor, Kinase Insert Domain-Containing Receptor Gene Polymorphism (rs2071559), and Markers of Carotid Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:1482194. [PMID: 26881237 PMCID: PMC4736196 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1482194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The current study was designed to reveal possible associations between the polymorphisms of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene (rs2010963) and its receptor, kinase insert domain-containing receptor (KDR) gene polymorphism (rs2071559), and markers of carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients and Methods. 595 T2DM subjects and 200 control subjects were enrolled. The carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and plaque characteristics (presence and structure) were assessed ultrasonographically. Biochemical analyses were performed using standard biochemical methods. Genotyping of VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) was performed using KASPar assays. Results. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies of the VEGF/KDR polymorphisms (rs2010963, rs2071559) were not statistically significantly different between diabetic patients and controls. In our study, we demonstrated an association between the rs2071559 of KDR and either CIMT or the sum of plaque thickness in subjects with T2DM. We did not, however, demonstrate any association between the tested polymorphism of VEGF (rs2010963) and either CIMT, the sum of plaque thickness, the number of involved segments, hsCRP, the presence of carotid plaques, or the presence of unstable carotid plaques. Conclusions. In the present study, we demonstrated minor effect of the rs2071559 of KDR on markers of carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with T2DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastjan Merlo
- Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Zaloška 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jovana Nikolajević Starčević
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Mankoč
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Marjeta Zorc
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Petrovič
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University in Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, Sl-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Daniel Petrovič:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marino F, Tozzi M, Schembri L, Ferraro S, Tarallo A, Scanzano A, Legnaro M, Castelli P, Cosentino M. Production of IL-8, VEGF and Elastase by Circulating and Intraplaque Neutrophils in Patients with Carotid Atherosclerosis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124565. [PMID: 25893670 PMCID: PMC4404350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in atherosclerotic plaques have been identified only recently, and their contribution to plaque development is not yet fully understood. In this study, production of elastase, interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by PMN was investigated in subjects with carotid stenosis undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). Methods The study enrolled 50 patients (Pts) and 10 healthy subjects (HS). Circulating PMN (cPMN) isolated from venous blood (in both Pts and HS) and from plaques (pPMN, in Pts) were cultured, alone or with 0.1 μM fMLP. Elastase, IL-8 and VEGF mRNA were analyzed by real-time PCR. In CEA specimens, PMN were localized by immunohistochemistry. Results In both Pts cPMN and pPMN, IL-8 mRNA was higher at rest but lower after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), and VEGF mRNA was higher both at rest and after fMLP (P<0.01 vs HS), while elastase mRNA was not significantly different. On the contrary, protein production was always higher in cPMN of HS with respect to values measured in cells of Pts. In CEA specimens, CD66b+ cells localized to areas with massive plaque formation close to neovessels. Pts with soft and mix plaques, as defined by computed tomography, did not differ in cPMN or pPMN IL-8, VEGF or elastase mRNA, or in intraplaque CD66b+ cell density. However, Pts with soft plaques had higher white blood cell count due to increased PMN. Conclusions In Pts with carotid plaques, both circulating and intraplaque PMN produce IL-8, VEGF and elastase, which are crucial for plaque development and progression. These findings suggest mechanistic explanations to the reported correlation between PMN count and cardiovascular mortality in carotid ATH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Tozzi
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Schembri
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferraro
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Antonino Tarallo
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Angela Scanzano
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Legnaro
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Patrizio Castelli
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center of Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Scanzano A, Schembri L, Rasini E, Luini A, Dallatorre J, Legnaro M, Bombelli R, Congiu T, Cosentino M, Marino F. Adrenergic modulation of migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, ROS and interleukin-8 production by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Inflamm Res 2015; 64:127-35. [PMID: 25561369 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0791-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adrenergic modulation of immunity has been extensively characterized, however, few information exist regarding polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), despite their key role in immunity and inflammation. We investigated the effect of adrenergic agents on human PMN migration, CD11b and CD18 expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interleukin (IL)-8 production, and on adrenoceptor (AR) expression. METHODS Migration was measured by the Boyden chamber assay, CD11b/CD18 expression was assessed by flow cytometry, intracellular ROS were detected by spectrofluorimetry, and IL-8 was quantitated by standard ELISA assay. AR mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR and PMN morphology was studied by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Adrenaline(A), noradrenaline and the β-AR agonist isoprenaline reduced N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP)-induced migration, CD11b/CD18 expression, and ROS production, without affecting IL-8. The effect of A on CD11b was antagonized by yohimbine and propranolol, and increased by prazosin. The effect on ROS production was completely abolished by propranolol. PMN expressed α(1A)-, α(1B)-, α(1D)-, α(2A)-, α(2C)-, β(1)-, β(2)-, and β(3)-AR mRNA. A prevented fMLP-induced morphological changes of PMN. CONCLUSIONS Adrenergic agents reduced PMN responses mainly through β-AR, although α-AR may contribute at least to CD11b expression. AR-operated pathways in PMN should be investigated in disease conditions and in the response to therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Scanzano
- Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, University of Insubria, Via Ottorino Rossi n.9, 21100, Varese VA, Italy,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marino F, Maresca AM, Castiglioni L, Cosentino M, Maio RC, Schembri L, Klersy C, Mongiardi C, Robustelli Test L, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Simvastatin down-regulates the production of interleukin-8 by neutrophil leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:37. [PMID: 24629144 PMCID: PMC3995542 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neutrophil (PMN) leukocytes participate to the initial phases of atherosclerosis through the release of Interleukin 8 (CxCL8; IL-8) that contribute to amplification of inflammation. Aim of the study is to investigate the production of IL-8 by PMN leukocytes from dyslipidemic patients treated with simvastatin. METHODS In 15 dyslipidemic subjects with moderately increased cardiovascular risk, assessed by Framingham Risk Score, blood samples were obtain to investigate PMNs IL-8 production [at baseline and after N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) stimulation] before and after long-term (1-year) simvastatin treatment. RESULTS The resting release of IL-8 was higher in dyslipidemic patients at baseline when compared with control subjects (p < 0.05). One year of treatment was significantly associated with reduced IL-8 production (p < 0.01). Moreover, the fMLP-induced IL-8 production in dyslipidemic untreated patients was higher than that of controls (p < 0.05) and was reduced after simvastatin treatment (p < 0.01). IL-8 release after 1 year of treatment was reduced to levels which were lower than those observed in control subjects both for resting and stimulated cytokine production (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Prolonged treatment with simvastatin is associated with a reduction of IL-8 production, suggesting the possibility of statin to modulate the pro-inflammatory response in PMNs of patients with moderately increased cardiovascular risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Maria Maresca
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Viale Borri 57, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mihos CG, Pineda AM, Santana O. Cardiovascular effects of statins, beyond lipid-lowering properties. Pharmacol Res 2014; 88:12-9. [PMID: 24631782 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, better known as 'statins', are amongst the most widely used medications in the world. They have become a pivotal component in the primary and secondary prevention of coronary artery and vascular disease. However, a growing amount of evidence has suggested that statins also possess strong pleiotropic effects irrespective of their lipid-lowering properties, which include enhancement of endothelial function, anti-inflammatory and anti-atherothrombotic properties, and immunomodulation. The following provides a comprehensive and updated review of the clinical evidence regarding the pleiotropic effects of statins in cardiovascular disorders and their potential therapeutic benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christos G Mihos
- Columbia University, Division of Cardiology at the Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Andres M Pineda
- Columbia University, Division of Cardiology at the Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, United States
| | - Orlando Santana
- Columbia University, Division of Cardiology at the Mount Sinai Heart Institute, Miami Beach, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Soluble RAGE plasma levels in patients with coronary artery disease and peripheral artery disease. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:584504. [PMID: 24228009 PMCID: PMC3817642 DOI: 10.1155/2013/584504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was define in a relatively large patient population with coronary artery disease (CAD) whether the concomitant presence of peripheral artery disease (PAD), which is known to convey additional cardiovascular risk, was associated with different circulating levels of sRAGE with respect to CAD alone and control subjects. Clinical and laboratory parameters including the ankle brachial index (ABI) and sRAGE (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit) were investigated in 544 patients with angiographically documented CAD and 328 control subjects. 213/554 CAD patients (39%) showed an ABI <0.9 associated with typical symptoms (group CAD + PAD), whereas 331 patients were free from PAD. The concentration of plasma sRAGE was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in CAD population, with and without PAD, than in control subjects. Among CAD patients, those with PAD showed lower levels of sRAGE. The distribution of the three groups (CAD, CAD + PAD, and controls) according to sRAGE tertiles showed that lower levels were more frequent in patients with CAD and CAD + PAD, whereas higher levels were more frequently found in controls. CAD patients presenting with PAD have lower sRAGE levels than CAD patients without peripheral atherosclerosis showing that stable atherosclerotic lesions in different vascular districts are inversely related to soluble decoy receptor sRAGE.
Collapse
|
12
|
Benigni A, Orisio S, Noris M, Iatropoulos P, Castaldi D, Kamide K, Rakugi H, Arai Y, Todeschini M, Ogliari G, Imai E, Gondo Y, Hirose N, Mari D, Remuzzi G. Variations of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene are associated with extreme human longevity. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:993-1005. [PMID: 22569962 PMCID: PMC3636412 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9408-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Longevity phenotype in humans results from the influence of environmental and genetic factors. Few gene polymorphisms have been identified so far with a modest effect on lifespan leaving room for the search of other players in the longevity game. It has been recently demonstrated that targeted disruption of the mouse homolog of the human angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) gene (AGTR1) translates into marked prolongation of animal lifespan (Benigni et al., J Clin Invest 119(3):524-530, 2009). Based on the above study in mice, here we sought to search for AGTR1 variations associated to reduced AT1 receptor protein levels and to prolonged lifespan in humans. AGTR1 was sequenced in 173 Italian centenarians and 376 younger controls. A novel non-synonymous mutation was detected in a centenarian. Two polymorphisms in AGTR1 promoter, rs422858 and rs275653, in complete linkage disequilibrium, were significantly associated with the ability to attain extreme old age. We then replicated the study of rs275653 in a large independent cohort of Japanese origin (598 centenarians and semi-supercentenarians, 422 younger controls) and indeed confirmed its association with exceptional old age. In combined analyses, rs275653 was associated to extreme longevity either at recessive model (P = 0.007, odds ratio (OR) 3.57) or at genotype level (P = 0.015). Significance was maintained after correcting for confounding factors. Fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis revealed that subjects homozygous for the minor allele of rs275653 had less AT1R-positive peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells. Moreover, rs275653 was associated to lower blood pressure in centenarians. These findings highlight the role of AGTR1 as a possible candidate among longevity-enabling genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ariela Benigni
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Silvia Orisio
- />Department of Molecular Medicine, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marina Noris
- />Transplant Research Center, “Chiara Cucchi De Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Paraskevas Iatropoulos
- />Clinical Research Center for Rare Diseases “Aldo e Cele Daccò”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Davide Castaldi
- />Ph.D. School of Informatics, DISCo, University of Milan—Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Kei Kamide
- />Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Rakugi
- />Department of Geriatric Medicine and Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- />Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marta Todeschini
- />Transplant Research Center, “Chiara Cucchi De Alessandri & Gilberto Crespi”, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, 24020 Ranica, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogliari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Enyu Imai
- />Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550 Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Gondo
- />Department of Clinical Thanatology and Geriatric Behavioral Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- />Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 160-8582 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daniela Mari
- />Department of Medical Sciences, Geriatric Unit, IRCCS Ca’ Granda Foundation Maggiore Policlinico Hospital, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- />Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Via Stezzano 87, 24126 Bergamo, Italy
- />Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, 24128 Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Marino F, Maresca AM, Cosentino M, Castiglioni L, Rasini E, Mongiardi C, Maio RC, Legnaro M, Schembri L, Dentali F, Grandi AM, Guasti L. Angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptor expression in circulating monocytes of diabetic and hypercholesterolemic patients over 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:153. [PMID: 23259529 PMCID: PMC3549933 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In diabetes, a variety of pro-inflammatory cellular changes has been found in various cell types, including monocytes which are known to be involved in all the phases of atherogenesis. Angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT1R) mediates the pro-atherogenic effects of Ang II whereas the type 2 receptor (AT2R) seems associated with atheroprotection. We sought to investigate the potential changes of AT1R-AT2R expression in human monocytes of type 2 diabetic- hypercholesterolemic patients and in hypercholesterolemic subjects, upon clinical treatment with rosuvastatin. Methods The AT1R membrane protein and mRNA AT1R and AT2R expression in monocytes were investigated in 10 type 2 diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients and in 10 hypercholesterolemic subjects, before and after 3-month rosuvastatin treatment. Moreover, the serum cytokine levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected. Results As expected, rosuvastatin was associated with a change in the lipid profile in the two groups. Both the membrane protein (P = 0.008) and the AT1R mRNA expression (P = 0.038) were significantly reduced during treatment in the absence of AT2R expression change in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients whereas no significant difference was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The serum IL-4 levels were increased during treatment whereas no change was observed in IFN-γ in diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients. No cytokine change was observed in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Conclusions Our study on monocytes of diabetic-hypercholesterolemic patients, showing a reduced AT1R but not AT2R expression during rosuvastatin treatment, suggests that statin therapy may modulate favorably the AT1-AT2 receptor balance in subjects with coexistent type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Endothelium-derived vasoactive agents, AT1 receptors and inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 131:187-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
15
|
Nemati F, Rahbar-Roshandel N, Hosseini F, Mahmoudian M, Shafiei M. Anti-inflammatory effects of anti-hypertensive agents: influence on interleukin-1β secretion by peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes from patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011; 33:66-76. [PMID: 21309738 DOI: 10.3109/10641963.2010.496521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The effects of clinically relevant concentrations of anti-hypertensive agents on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) secretion by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) were investigated in vitro. Lipopolysaccharide-induced secretion of IL-1β by PMNs from 15 hypertensive and 15 normotensive subjects after incubation with losartan, captopril, amlodipine, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide were assessed. IL-1β secretion by PMNs markedly increased in hypertensive patients versus normotensive subjects. Losartan, captopril, and amlodipine caused a concentration-dependent attenuation of IL-1β levels in both groups. Losartan, captopril, and amlodipine demonstrated marked in vitro anti-inflammatory effects at clinically relevant serum concentrations but atenolol and hydrochlorothiazide did not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farkhondeh Nemati
- Department of Biology, Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ceolotto G, Papparella I, Bortoluzzi A, Strapazzon G, Ragazzo F, Bratti P, Fabricio ASC, Squarcina E, Gion M, Palatini P, Semplicini A. Interplay between miR-155, AT1R A1166C polymorphism, and AT1R expression in young untreated hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 2011; 24:241-6. [PMID: 20966899 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2010.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A silent polymorphism (+1166 A/C single-nucleotide polymorphism) localized in the 3'-UTR (untranslated region) of the human angiotensin II type-1 receptor (AT1R) has been associated with hypertension and cardiovascular complications. The +1166 A/C is recognized by a specific microRNA-155 (miR-155), which is base-pairing complementary with the +1166 A-allele but not with the mutant +1166 C allele. Aim of our study was to investigate the interplay between miR-155 and AT1R protein expression. METHODS Sixty-four subjects were selected for the +1166 A/C from the cohort of hypertensives (n = 573) of the Hypertension and Ambulatory Recording Venetia Study (HARVEST): 25 were homozygous for the 1166 A allele, 20 heterozygous, and 19 homozygous for the 1166 C allele. RESULTS miR-155 expression was significantly decreased in subjects with CC genotype in comparison to AA and AC genotype. AT1R protein expression was significantly increased in the CC group in comparison to AA and AC (P < 0.01) although AT1R mRNA expression was not significantly different in the three groups. AT1R protein expression was positively correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure and negatively correlated with miR-155 expression level. Plasma transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) may have a modulator role in the interplay between miR-155 and AT1R protein expression as it was correlated negatively with miR-155 expression and positively with AT1R protein expression in subjects with CC genotype. CONCLUSION The interplay between miR-155 expression, +1166C polymorphism, and AT1R protein expression may have a role in the regulation of blood pressure.
Collapse
|
17
|
The Pleiotropic Effects of the Hydroxy-Methyl-Glutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Cardiovascular Disease. Cardiol Rev 2010; 18:298-304. [DOI: 10.1097/crd.0b013e3181f52a7f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
18
|
Groeschel M, Braam B. Connecting chronic and recurrent stress to vascular dysfunction: no relaxed role for the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2010; 300:F1-10. [PMID: 20980410 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00208.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is classically considered to be a protective system for volume balance and is activated during states of volume depletion. Interestingly, one of the major pathways activating the system is the sympathetic nervous system, also the primary mediator of the acute stress response. When one further examines the cells mediating the immune site of the response, which is primarily an inflammatory response leading to defense at a locally injured area, these cells all express the ANG II type 1 receptor (AGTR1). Scattered throughout the literature are reports indicating that acute and chronic stress can activate renin and increase plasma levels of components of the RAS. Moreover, there are reports describing that ANG II can modulate the distribution and function of immune cells. Since the inflammatory response is also implicated to be central in the initiation and progression of vascular damage, we propose in this review that recurrent acute stress and chronic stress can induce a state with inflammation, due to ANG II-mediated activation of inflammatory cells, specifically monocytes and lymphocytes. Such a proposal would explain a lot of the observations regarding RAS components in inflammatory cells. Despite its attractiveness, substantial research in this area would be required to substantiate this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Groeschel
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, and University of Alberta Hospital, Department of Medicine/Division of Nephrology and Immunology, 11-132 CSB Clinical Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G3
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Cardiac hypertrophy during hypercholesterolemia and its amelioration with rosuvastatin and amlodipine. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 54:327-34. [PMID: 19687748 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181b76713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a common accompaniment of atherosclerosis and may be associated with cardiac hypertrophy. To define the mechanistic basis of cardiac hypertrophy in hypercholesterolemia, we fed low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR KO) mice regular diet or high cholesterol (HC) diet for 26 weeks. There was clear evidence of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposition in the hearts of LDLR KO mice fed with HC diet, confirmed by histopathology (hematoxylin and eosin and Picrosirius staining) and upregulation of genes for brain natriuretic peptide, alpha-tubulin, transforming growth factor beta1, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). These changes were independent of change in blood pressure. The hypercholesterolemic mice hearts showed an upregulation of LOX-1, an oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) at messenger RNA level. In addition, there was a marked upregulation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) messenger RNA, indicating overexpression of markers of oxidant stress. A separate group of LDLR KO mice were fed HC diet along with a potent 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarylcoenzyme A reductase inhibitor rosuvastatin or a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker amlodipine. Administration of rosuvastatin or amlodipine reduced the overexpression of genes for LOX-1 and AT1R and associated NADPH oxidase and NF-kappaB. These phenomena were associated with a marked decrease in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposits in and around the cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, this study provides evidence of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in hypercholesterolemia independent of blood pressure change LOX-1 and AT1R act as possible signals for oxidant stress leading to alterations in cardiac structure during hypercholesterolemia. Most importantly, rosuvastatin and amlodipine ameliorate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and fibrosis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Expression and Interleukin-8 Production in Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes of Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2009; 54:520-5. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181bfadfd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
21
|
Baetta R, Corsini A. Role of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in atherosclerosis: current state and future perspectives. Atherosclerosis 2009; 210:1-13. [PMID: 19931081 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Revised: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to the long-standing and widely accepted belief that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are of marginal relevance in atherosclerosis, evidence revealing a previously unappreciated role of PMN in the process of atherosclerosis is being accumulating. Systemic inflammation involving activated PMN is clearly associated with unstable conditions of coronary artery disease and an increased number of circulating neutrophils is a well-known risk indicator of future cardiovascular outcomes. Furthermore, PMN are activated in a number of clinical conditions associated with high risk of developing atherosclerosis and are detectable into culprit lesions of patients with coronary artery disease. At present, pharmacological interventions aimed at blocking neutrophil emigration from the blood into the arterial wall and/or inhibiting neutrophil-mediated inflammatory functions are not an option for treating atherosclerosis. Nevertheless, several lines of evidence suggest that part of the atheroprotective effects of statins as well as HDL and HDL apolipoproteins may be related to their ability to modulate neutrophilic inflammation in the arterial wall. These hypotheses are not definitely established and warrant for further study. This Review describes the evidence suggesting that PMN may have a causative role in atherogenesis and atheroprogression and discusses the potential importance of modulating neutrophilic inflammation as part of a novel, improved strategy for preventing and treating atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Baetta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zineh I, Beitelshees AL, Welder GJ, Hou W, Chegini N, Wu J, Cresci S, Province MA, Spertus JA. Epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78), acute coronary syndrome prognosis, and modulatory effect of statins. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3117. [PMID: 18769620 PMCID: PMC2518836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial inflammation with chemokine involvement contributes to acute coronary syndromes (ACS). We tested the hypothesis that variation in the chemokine gene CXCL5, which encodes epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide (ENA-78), is associated with ACS prognosis. We also investigated whether statin use, a potent modulator of inflammation, modifies CXCL5's association with outcomes and characterized the in vitro effect of atorvastatin on endothelial ENA-78 production. Using a prospective cohort of ACS patients (n = 704) the association of the CXCL5 −156 G>C polymorphism (rs352046) with 3-year all-cause mortality was estimated with hazard ratios (HR). Models were stratified by genotype and race. To characterize the influence of statins on this association, a statin*genotype interaction was tested. To validate ENA-78 as a statin target in inflammation typical of ACS, endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with IL-1β and atorvastatin with subsequent quantification of CXCL5 expression and ENA-78 protein concentrations. C/C genotype was associated with a 2.7-fold increase in 3-year all-cause mortality compared to G/G+G/C (95%CI 1.19–5.87; p = 0.017). Statins significantly reduced mortality in G/G individuals only (58% relative risk reduction; p = 0.0009). In HUVECs, atorvastatin dose-dependently decreased IL-1β-stimulated ENA-78 concentrations (p<0.0001). Drug effects persisted over 48 hours (p<0.01). CXCL5 genotype is associated with outcomes after ACS with potential statin modification of this effect. Atorvastatin lowered endothelial ENA-78 production during inflammation typical of ACS. These findings implicate CXCL5/ENA-78 in ACS and the statin response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Issam Zineh
- Center for Pharmacogenomics and Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Marino F, Guasti L, Cosentino M, Rasini E, Ferrari M, Maio RC, Loraschi A, Cimpanelli MG, Schembri L, Legnaro M, Molteni E, Crespi C, Crema F, Venco A, Lecchini S. Simvastatin treatment in subjects at high cardiovascular risk modulates AT1R expression on circulating monocytes and T lymphocytes. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1147-55. [PMID: 18475152 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f97dde] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiotensin II, through the activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptors, plays a crucial role in atherosclerosis. Statins may interfere with the effects of angiotensin II. METHODS We have investigated the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor, angiotensin II type 2 receptor and angiotensinogen on circulating monocytes and T-lymphocytes from subjects at high risk for vascular events before and during simvastatin treatment, and healthy controls. In-vitro experiments were also performed to assess the ability of simvastatin to interfere with angiotensin II signalling. RESULTS In comparison with controls, high-risk subjects had similar angiotensin II type 1 receptor expression on the cell membranes but significantly higher angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA levels at least in monocyte subsets whereas their expression on T cells was similar. Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mRNA expression was higher than controls in both monocytes and T lymphocytes. No differences were observed in angiotensinogen expression on monocytes while T lymphocytes of high-risk subjects show higher expression. One-month treatment of high-risk subjects with simvastatin resulted in a reduction of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA without affecting angiotensin II type 2 receptor whereas angiotensinogen mRNA expression was reduced at least in monocytes. Incubation in vitro with simvastatin reduces the expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor mRNA levels on monocytes from untreated subjects. CONCLUSION Simvastatin induces down-regulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, interferes with angiotensin II activity in immune cells and contributes to the anti-inflammatory profile of statins that can explain the therapeutic effects of these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franca Marino
- Section of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Alba G, El Bekay R, Chacón P, Reyes ME, Ramos E, Oliván J, Jiménez J, López JM, Martín-Nieto J, Pintado E, Sobrino F. Heme oxygenase-1 expression is down-regulated by angiotensin II and under hypertension in human neutrophils. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:397-405. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|