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Mechanisms and Regulation of Cardiac Ca V1.2 Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115927. [PMID: 34072954 PMCID: PMC8197997 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During cardiac excitation contraction coupling, the arrival of an action potential at the ventricular myocardium triggers voltage-dependent L-type Ca2+ (CaV1.2) channels in individual myocytes to open briefly. The level of this Ca2+ influx tunes the amplitude of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release from ryanodine receptors (RyR2) on the junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum and thus the magnitude of the elevation in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and ultimately the downstream contraction. The number and activity of functional CaV1.2 channels at the t-tubule dyads dictates the amplitude of the Ca2+ influx. Trafficking of these channels and their auxiliary subunits to the cell surface is thus tightly controlled and regulated to ensure adequate sarcolemmal expression to sustain this critical process. To that end, recent discoveries have revealed the existence of internal reservoirs of preformed CaV1.2 channels that can be rapidly mobilized to enhance sarcolemmal expression in times of acute stress when hemodynamic and metabolic demand increases. In this review, we provide an overview of the current thinking on CaV1.2 channel trafficking dynamics in the heart. We highlight the numerous points of control including the biosynthetic pathway, the endosomal recycling pathway, ubiquitination, and lysosomal and proteasomal degradation pathways, and discuss the effects of β-adrenergic and angiotensin receptor signaling cascades on this process.
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Casini S, Albesa M, Wang Z, Portero V, Ross-Kaschitza D, Rougier JS, Marchal GA, Chung WK, Bezzina CR, Abriel H, Remme CA. Functional Consequences of the SCN5A-p.Y1977N Mutation within the PY Ubiquitylation Motif: Discrepancy between HEK293 Cells and Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205033. [PMID: 31614475 PMCID: PMC6829230 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 (encoded by the SCN5A gene) is associated with arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. SCN5A mutations associated with long QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3) lead to enhanced late sodium current and consequent action potential (AP) prolongation. Internalization and degradation of Nav1.5 is regulated by ubiquitylation, a post-translational mechanism that involves binding of the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2 to a proline-proline-serine-tyrosine sequence of Nav1.5, designated the PY-motif. We investigated the biophysical properties of the LQT3-associated SCN5A-p.Y1977N mutation located in the Nav1.5 PY-motif, both in HEK293 cells as well as in newly generated mice harboring the mouse homolog mutation Scn5a-p.Y1981N. We found that in HEK293 cells, the SCN5A-p.Y1977N mutation abolished the interaction between Nav1.5 and Nedd4-2, suppressed PY-motif-dependent ubiquitylation of Nav1.5, and consequently abrogated Nedd4-2 induced sodium current (INa) decrease. Nevertheless, homozygous mice harboring the Scn5a-p.Y1981N mutation showed no electrophysiological alterations nor changes in AP or (late) INa properties, questioning the in vivo relevance of the PY-motif. Our findings suggest the presence of compensatory mechanisms, with additional, as yet unknown, factors likely required to reduce the “ubiquitylation reserve” of Nav1.5. Future identification of such modulatory factors may identify potential triggers for arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death in the setting of LQT3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Casini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maxime Albesa
- Ion Channels and Channelopathies Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Zizun Wang
- Ion Channels and Channelopathies Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vincent Portero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Daniela Ross-Kaschitza
- Ion Channels and Channelopathies Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Rougier
- Ion Channels and Channelopathies Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Gerard A Marchal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Departments of Pediatrics & Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 1150 St Nicholas Avenue, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Hugues Abriel
- Ion Channels and Channelopathies Laboratory, Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Centre, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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SPRED2 deficiency elicits cardiac arrhythmias and premature death via impaired autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:13-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Choy MK, Javierre BM, Williams SG, Baross SL, Liu Y, Wingett SW, Akbarov A, Wallace C, Freire-Pritchett P, Rugg-Gunn PJ, Spivakov M, Fraser P, Keavney BD. Promoter interactome of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes connects GWAS regions to cardiac gene networks. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2526. [PMID: 29955040 PMCID: PMC6023870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-range chromosomal interactions bring distal regulatory elements and promoters together to regulate gene expression in biological processes. By performing promoter capture Hi-C (PCHi-C) on human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs), we show that such promoter interactions are a key mechanism by which enhancers contact their target genes after hESC-CM differentiation from hESCs. We also show that the promoter interactome of hESC-CMs is associated with expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) in cardiac left ventricular tissue; captures the dynamic process of genome reorganisation after hESC-CM differentiation; overlaps genome-wide association study (GWAS) regions associated with heart rate; and identifies new candidate genes in such regions. These findings indicate that regulatory elements in hESC-CMs identified by our approach control gene expression involved in ventricular conduction and rhythm of the heart. The study of promoter interactions in other hESC-derived cell types may be of utility in functional investigation of GWAS-associated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mun-Kit Choy
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Biola M Javierre
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Campus ICO-Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, 08916, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon G Williams
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Stephanie L Baross
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Yingjuan Liu
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Steven W Wingett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Artur Akbarov
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chris Wallace
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Paula Freire-Pritchett
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
- Division of Cell Biology, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Peter J Rugg-Gunn
- Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Mikhail Spivakov
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK
| | - Peter Fraser
- Nuclear Dynamics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, CB22 3AT, UK.
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306, FL, USA.
| | - Bernard D Keavney
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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Bruyneel AAN, McKeithan WL, Feyen DAM, Mercola M. Using iPSC Models to Probe Regulation of Cardiac Ion Channel Function. Curr Cardiol Rep 2018; 20:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11886-018-1000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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SUMOylation and calcium signalling: potential roles in the brain and beyond. Neuronal Signal 2017; 1:NS20160010. [PMID: 32714579 PMCID: PMC7373246 DOI: 10.1042/ns20160010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) conjugation (or SUMOylation) is a post-translational protein modification implicated in alterations to protein expression, localization and function. Despite a number of nuclear roles for SUMO being well characterized, this process has only started to be explored in relation to membrane proteins, such as ion channels. Calcium ion (Ca2+) signalling is crucial for the normal functioning of cells and is also involved in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying relevant neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Intracellular Ca2+ levels are tightly regulated; at rest, most Ca2+ is retained in organelles, such as the sarcoplasmic reticulum, or in the extracellular space, whereas depolarization triggers a series of events leading to Ca2+ entry, followed by extrusion and reuptake. The mechanisms that maintain Ca2+ homoeostasis are candidates for modulation at the post-translational level. Here, we review the effects of protein SUMOylation, including Ca2+ channels, their proteome and other proteins associated with Ca2+ signalling, on vital cellular functions, such as neurotransmission within the central nervous system (CNS) and in additional systems, most prominently here, in the cardiac system.
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Huang KY, Su MG, Kao HJ, Hsieh YC, Jhong JH, Cheng KH, Huang HD, Lee TY. dbPTM 2016: 10-year anniversary of a resource for post-translational modification of proteins. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:D435-46. [PMID: 26578568 PMCID: PMC4702878 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to the importance of the post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins in regulating biological processes, the dbPTM (http://dbPTM.mbc.nctu.edu.tw/) was developed as a comprehensive database of experimentally verified PTMs from several databases with annotations of potential PTMs for all UniProtKB protein entries. For this 10th anniversary of dbPTM, the updated resource provides not only a comprehensive dataset of experimentally verified PTMs, supported by the literature, but also an integrative interface for accessing all available databases and tools that are associated with PTM analysis. As well as collecting experimental PTM data from 14 public databases, this update manually curates over 12 000 modified peptides, including the emerging S-nitrosylation, S-glutathionylation and succinylation, from approximately 500 research articles, which were retrieved by text mining. As the number of available PTM prediction methods increases, this work compiles a non-homologous benchmark dataset to evaluate the predictive power of online PTM prediction tools. An increasing interest in the structural investigation of PTM substrate sites motivated the mapping of all experimental PTM peptides to protein entries of Protein Data Bank (PDB) based on database identifier and sequence identity, which enables users to examine spatially neighboring amino acids, solvent-accessible surface area and side-chain orientations for PTM substrate sites on tertiary structures. Since drug binding in PDB is annotated, this update identified over 1100 PTM sites that are associated with drug binding. The update also integrates metabolic pathways and protein-protein interactions to support the PTM network analysis for a group of proteins. Finally, the web interface is redesigned and enhanced to facilitate access to this resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yao Huang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Min-Gang Su
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Kao
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chung Hsieh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Jhih-Hua Jhong
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Hao Cheng
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan Innovation Center for Big Data and Digital Convergence, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
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Regulation of the cardiac Na+ channel NaV1.5 by post-translational modifications. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 82:36-47. [PMID: 25748040 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac voltage-gated Na(+) channel, Na(V)1.5, is responsible for the upstroke of the action potential in cardiomyocytes and for efficient propagation of the electrical impulse in the myocardium. Even subtle alterations of Na(V)1.5 function, as caused by mutations in its gene SCN5A, may lead to many different arrhythmic phenotypes in carrier patients. In addition, acquired malfunctions of Na(V)1.5 that are secondary to cardiac disorders such as heart failure and cardiomyopathies, may also play significant roles in arrhythmogenesis. While it is clear that the regulation of Na(V)1.5 protein expression and function tightly depends on genetic mechanisms, recent studies have demonstrated that Na(V)1.5 is the target of various post-translational modifications that are pivotal not only in physiological conditions, but also in disease. In this review, we examine the recent literature demonstrating glycosylation, phosphorylation by Protein Kinases A and C, Ca(2+)/Calmodulin-dependent protein Kinase II, Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase, Serum- and Glucocorticoid-inducible Kinases, Fyn and Adenosine Monophosphate-activated Protein Kinase, methylation, acetylation, redox modifications, and ubiquitylation of Na(V)1.5. Modern and sensitive mass spectrometry approaches, applied directly to channel proteins that were purified from native cardiac tissues, have enabled the determination of the precise location of post-translational modification sites, thus providing essential information for understanding the mechanistic details of these regulations. The current challenge is first, to understand the roles of these modifications on the expression and the function of Na(V)1.5, and second, to further identify other chemical modifications. It is postulated that the diversity of phenotypes observed with Na(V)1.5-dependent disorders may partially arise from the complex post-translational modifications of channel protein components.
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Stastna M, Van Eyk JE. Posttranslational modifications of lysine and evolving role in heart pathologies-recent developments. Proteomics 2015; 15:1164-80. [PMID: 25430483 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The alteration in proteome composition induced by environmental changes and various pathologies is accompanied by the modifications of proteins by specific cotranslational and PTMs. The type and site stoichiometry of PTMs can affect protein functions, alter cell signaling, and can have acute and chronic effects. The particular interest is drawn to those amino acid residues that can undergo several different PTMs. We hypothesize that these selected amino acid residues are biologically rare and act within the cell as molecular switches. There are, at least, 12 various lysine modifications currently known, several of them have been shown to be competitive and they influence the ability of a particular lysine to be modified by a different PTM. In this review, we discuss the PTMs that occur on lysine, specifically neddylation and sumoylation, and the proteomic approaches that can be applied for the identification and quantification of these PTMs. Of interest are the emerging roles for these modifications in heart disease and what can be inferred from work in other cell types and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Stastna
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i, Brno, Czech Republic
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.M., J.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark (Y.M., J.S.); and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan (Y.M.).
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Hydrogen peroxide induces vasorelaxation by enhancing 4-aminopyridine-sensitive Kv currents through S-glutathionylation. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:285-97. [PMID: 24756196 PMCID: PMC4293500 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor. Since opposing vasoactive effects have been reported for H2O2 depending on the vascular bed and experimental conditions, this study was performed to assess whether H2O2 acts as a vasodilator in the rat mesenteric artery and, if so, to determine the underlying mechanisms. H2O2 elicited concentration-dependent relaxation in mesenteric arteries precontracted with norepinephrine. The vasodilatory effect of H2O2 was reversed by treatment with dithiothreitol. H2O2-elicited vasodilation was significantly reduced by blocking 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-sensitive Kv channels, but it was resistant to blockers of big-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels and inward rectifier K+ channels. A patch-clamp study in mesenteric arterial smooth muscle cells (MASMCs) showed that H2O2 increased Kv currents in a concentration-dependent manner. H2O2 speeded up Kv channel activation and shifted steady state activation to hyperpolarizing potentials. Similar channel activation was seen with oxidized glutathione (GSSG). The H2O2-mediated channel activation was prevented by glutathione reductase. Consistent with S-glutathionylation, streptavidin pull-down assays with biotinylated glutathione ethyl ester showed incorporation of glutathione (GSH) in the Kv channel proteins in the presence of H2O2. Interestingly, conditions of increased oxidative stress within MASMCs impaired the capacity of H2O2 to stimulate Kv channels. Not only was the H2O2 stimulatory effect much weaker, but the inhibitory effect of H2O2 was unmasked. These data suggest that H2O2 activates 4-AP-sensitive Kv channels, possibly through S-glutathionylation, which elicits smooth muscle relaxation in rat mesenteric arteries. Furthermore, our results support the idea that the basal redox status of MASMCs determines the response of Kv currents to H2O2.
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Yang Y, Jin X, Jiang C. S-glutathionylation of ion channels: insights into the regulation of channel functions, thiol modification crosstalk, and mechanosensing. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:937-51. [PMID: 23834398 PMCID: PMC3924852 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Ion channels control membrane potential, cellular excitability, and Ca(++) signaling, all of which play essential roles in cellular functions. The regulation of ion channels enables cells to respond to changing environments, and post-translational modification (PTM) is one major regulation mechanism. RECENT ADVANCES Many PTMs (e.g., S-glutathionylation, S-nitrosylation, S-palmitoylation, S-sulfhydration, etc.) targeting the thiol group of cysteine residues have emerged to be essential for ion channels regulation under physiological and pathological conditions. CRITICAL ISSUES Under oxidative stress, S-glutathionylation could be a critical PTM that regulates many molecules. In this review, we discuss S-glutathionylation-mediated structural and functional changes of ion channels. Criteria for testing S-glutathionylation, methods and reagents used in ion channel S-glutathionylation studies, and thiol modification crosstalk, are also covered. Mechanotransduction, and S-glutathionylation of the mechanosensitive KATP channel, are discussed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation of the ion channel S-glutathionylation, especially the physiological significance of S-glutathionylation and thiol modification crosstalk, could lead to a better understanding of the thiol modifications in general and the ramifications of such modifications on cellular functions and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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14
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Abstract
TRPM4 is a Ca(2+)-activated nonselective cation channel. The channel is activated by an increase of intracellular Ca(2+) and is regulated by several factors including temperature and Pi(4,5)P2. TRPM4 allows Na(+) entry into the cell upon activation, but is completely impermeable to Ca(2+). Unlike TRPM5, its closest relative in the transient receptor potential family, TRPM4 proteins are widely expressed in the body. Currents with properties that are reminiscent of TRPM4 have been described in a variety of tissues since the advent of the patch clamp technology, but their physiological role is only beginning to be clarified with the increasing characterization of knockout mouse models for TRPM4. Furthermore, mutations in the TRPM4 gene have been associated with cardiac conduction disorders in human patients. This review aims to overview the currently available data on the functional properties of TRPM4 and the current understanding of its physiological role in healthy and diseased tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilka Mathar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 802, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Zhao Y, Macgurn JA, Liu M, Emr S. The ART-Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase network comprises a plasma membrane quality control system that protects yeast cells from proteotoxic stress. eLife 2013; 2:e00459. [PMID: 23599894 PMCID: PMC3628405 DOI: 10.7554/elife.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory cargo that cannot fold properly in the ER are selectively targeted for removal by a well-studied ER-associated degradation pathway, or ERAD. In contrast, very little is known about post-ER quality control mechanisms for damaged or misfolded integral membrane proteins. Here we describe a quality control function of the Rsp5-ART ubiquitin ligase adaptor network that functions to protect plasma membrane (PM) integrity. Failure to mediate this protective response during heat stress leads to toxic accumulation of misfolded integral membrane proteins at the cell surface, which causes loss of PM integrity and cell death. Thus, the Rsp5-ART network comprises a PM quality control system that works together with sequential quality control pathways in the ER and Golgi to (i) target the degradation of proteins that have exceeded their functional lifetime due to damage and/or misfolding and (ii) limit the toxic accumulation of specific proteins at the cell surface during proteotoxic stress. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00459.001 Cells have evolved elaborate mechanisms for the detection of misfolded or damaged proteins, and for targeting their degradation. Since the accumulation of misfolded proteins is toxic to the cell, these protein quality control systems are critical for the maintenance of normal cellular function over the lifetime of an organism. The breakdown of this quality control correlates with the progression of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's, Huntington's and Parkinson's disease. Normal function of the protein quality control machinery can also cause disease: this is the case with channelopathies such as cystic fibrosis, in which mutant ion channels are targeted for degradation and therefore cannot function correctly at the cell surface. Understanding how protein quality control systems recognize misfolded proteins and target their degradation, and designing ways to stabilize or destabilize specific targets, particularly at the cell surface, could thus lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies. While protein quality control mechanisms in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) have been studied extensively, much less is known about quality control of integral membrane proteins after they exit the ER. Maintaining the quality of cell surface proteins impacts many critical biological functions including nutrient uptake, signaling and the functioning of specialized surface structures such as cell junctions. Here, Zhao et al. describe a new quality control mechanism that prevents misfolded proteins from accumulating in the plasma membrane. Building upon earlier work describing a network of adaptor proteins (called ARTs) for the Rsp5 ubiquitin ligase, Zhao et al. show that subjecting cells to proteotoxic stress, particularly thermal stress, triggers ART-Rsp5-mediated clearance of misfolded plasma membrane proteins. When ART-Rsp5-mediated clearance is abrogated, misfolded proteins accumulate at the cell surface, resulting in a rapid loss of cellular integrity. In the brain, such proteotoxicity can lead to cell death and neurodegeneration, thereby highlighting the importance of this plasma membrane quality control system. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.00459.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhao
- Weill Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology , Cornell University , Ithaca , United States
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Lyon RC, Lange S, Sheikh F. Breaking down protein degradation mechanisms in cardiac muscle. Trends Mol Med 2013; 19:239-49. [PMID: 23453282 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Regulated protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome and lysosomal/autophagy systems is critical for homeostatic protein turnover in cardiac muscle and for proper cardiac function. The discovery of muscle-specific components in these systems has illuminated how aberrations in their levels are pivotal to the development of cardiac stress and disease. New evidence suggests that equal importance in disease development should be given to ubiquitously expressed degradation components. These are compartmentalized within cardiac muscles and, when mislocalized, can be critical in the development of specific cardiac diseases. Here, we discuss how alterations in the compartmentalization of degradation components affect disease states, the tools available to investigate these mechanisms, as well as recent discoveries that highlight the therapeutic value of targeting these pathways in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Lyon
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Balse E, Steele DF, Abriel H, Coulombe A, Fedida D, Hatem SN. Dynamic of Ion Channel Expression at the Plasma Membrane of Cardiomyocytes. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:1317-58. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00041.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac myocytes are characterized by distinct structural and functional entities involved in the generation and transmission of the action potential and the excitation-contraction coupling process. Key to their function is the specific organization of ion channels and transporters to and within distinct membrane domains, which supports the anisotropic propagation of the depolarization wave. This review addresses the current knowledge on the molecular actors regulating the distinct trafficking and targeting mechanisms of ion channels in the highly polarized cardiac myocyte. In addition to ubiquitous mechanisms shared by other excitable cells, cardiac myocytes show unique specialization, illustrated by the molecular organization of myocyte-myocyte contacts, e.g., the intercalated disc and the gap junction. Many factors contribute to the specialization of the cardiac sarcolemma and the functional expression of cardiac ion channels, including various anchoring proteins, motors, small GTPases, membrane lipids, and cholesterol. The discovery of genetic defects in some of these actors, leading to complex cardiac disorders, emphasizes the importance of trafficking and targeting of ion channels to cardiac function. A major challenge in the field is to understand how these and other actors work together in intact myocytes to fine-tune ion channel expression and control cardiac excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Balse
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David F. Steele
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Abriel
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alain Coulombe
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Fedida
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane N. Hatem
- Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Heart and Metabolism Division, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR_S956, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology, and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; and Department of Clinical Research University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
From the moment of cotranslational insertion into the lipid bilayer of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), newly synthesized integral membrane proteins are subject to a complex series of sorting, trafficking, quality control, and quality maintenance systems. Many of these processes are intimately controlled by ubiquitination, a posttranslational modification that directs trafficking decisions related to both the biosynthetic delivery of proteins to the plasma membrane (PM) via the secretory pathway and the removal of proteins from the PM via the endocytic pathway. Ubiquitin modification of integral membrane proteins (or "cargoes") generally acts as a sorting signal, which is recognized, captured, and delivered to a specific cellular destination via specialized trafficking events. By affecting the quality, quantity, and localization of integral membrane proteins in the cell, defects in these processes contribute to human diseases, including cystic fibrosis, circulatory diseases, and various neuropathies. This review summarizes our current understanding of how ubiquitin modification influences cargo trafficking, with a special emphasis on mechanisms of quality control and quality maintenance in the secretory and endocytic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A MacGurn
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
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Wang J. Cardiac function and disease: emerging role of small ubiquitin-related modifier. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2011; 3:446-57. [PMID: 21197655 PMCID: PMC3110591 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-related modifiers, or SUMOs, have emerged as versatile regulators of many biological functions that do so by covalent attachment to a variety of substrates via enzymatic reactions. SUMO conjugation has also been shown to be involved in a number of human pathogenic processes. More recent advances in the SUMO field have indicated a potential role for SUMO conjugation pathway in cardiogenesis. This advanced review will describe the basic features of the SUMO conjugation pathway and will summarize the most recent studies implicating the influence of the sumoylation pathway in cardiac function under both physiological and pathological conditions. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 446-457 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.130
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Engineering, Department of Basic Research Laboratories, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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