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Jósvai A, Török M, Hetthéssy J, Mátrai M, Monori-Kiss A, Makk J, Vezér M, Sára L, Szabó I, Székács B, Nádasy GL, Várbíró S. Additive damage in the thromboxane related vasoconstriction and bradykinin relaxation of intramural coronary resistance arterioles in a rodent model of andropausal hypertension. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11533. [PMID: 36406706 PMCID: PMC9667244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and andropause both accelerate age–related vascular deterioration. We aimed to evaluate the effects of angiotensin-II induced hypertension and deficiency of testosterone combined regarding the resistance coronaries found intramurally. Four male groups were formed from the animals: control group (Co, n = 10); the group that underwenr orchidectomy (ORC, n = 13), those that received an infusion of angiotensin-II (AII, n = 10) and a grous that received AII infusion and were also surgically orchidectomized (AII + ORC, n = 8). AII and AII + ORC animals were infused with infusing angiotensin-II (100 ng/min/kg) using osmotic minipumps. Orchidectomy was perfomed in the ORC and the AII + ORC groupsto establish deficiency regarding testosterone. Following four weeks of treatment, pressure-arteriography was performed in vitro, and the tone induced by administration of thromboxane-agonist (U46619) and bradykinin during analysis of the intramural coronaries (well-known to be resistance arterioles) was studied. U46619-induced vasoconstriction poved to be significantly decreased in the ORC and AII + ORC groups when compared with Co and AII animals. In ORC and AII + ORC groups, the bradykinin-induced relaxation was also significantly reduced to a greater extent compared to Co and AII rats. Following orchidectomy, the vasocontraction and vasodilatation capacity of blood vessels is reduced. The effect of testosterone deficiency on constrictor tone and relaxation remains pronounced even in AII hypertension: testosterone deficiency further narrows adaptation range in the double noxa (AII + ORC) group. Our studies suggest that vascular changes caused by high blood pressure and testosterone deficiency together may significantly increase age-related cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Jósvai
- Doctoral School of Theoretical and Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hungarian Defense Forces Medical Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marianna Török
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Workgroup of Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Corresponding author.
| | - Judit Hetthéssy
- Workgroup of Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Orthopedics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Mátrai
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Monori-Kiss
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jennifer Makk
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márton Vezér
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Levente Sára
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Székács
- Department Internal Medicine, Department Section of Geriatrics, Szt Imre Teaching Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György L. Nádasy
- Department of Physiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Workgroup of Science Management, Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Ellagic Acid prevents vascular dysfunction in small mesenteric arteries of ovariectomized hypertensive rats. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 105:108995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Rouver WDN, Ferreira CRS, Delgado NTB, Santos RLD. Surgically induced deficiency of sex hormones modulates coronary vasodilation by estradiol in hypertension. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2020; 32:215-223. [PMID: 34005843 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The effect of oestrogen in hormonal dysfunction is not clear, especially in the coronary vascular bed. This study aimed at estradiol action (E2) in the coronary vascular bed from sham-operated and gonadectomized female and male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). METHODS Male and female SHRs had their mean arterial pressure (MAP) and baseline coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) determined. The effects of E2 (10 μM) were evaluated in isolated hearts by in bolus infusion before and after endothelium denudation (0.25 μM sodium deoxycholate) or perfusion with 100 μM NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), 2.8 μM indomethacin, 0.75 μM clotrimazole, L-NAME after endothelium denudation, L-NAME plus indomethacin, or 4 mM tetraethylammonium (TEA). RESULTS MAP was higher in males than in females, with gonadectomy increasing in females and reducing in males. CPP was higher in female group, remaining unaltered after gonadectomy. E2-induced vasorelaxation was observed in all groups, with no differences having been found between sexes even after gonadectomy. Perfusion with TEA, L-NAME, L-NAME plus indomethacin, and L-NAME after endothelium removal attenuated the relaxing response in all groups. Clotrimazole inhibited vasorelaxation only in female groups, and indomethacin did so only in gonadectomized groups. Endothelium participation was confirmed in female groups and in the gonadectomized male group. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicated that the vasodilator effect of E2 was mediated by an indirect mechanism - via endothelium - as well as by direct action - via vascular smooth muscle - in both groups. The characterization of these mechanisms in coronary arteries might shed light on the functional basis of hormonal dysfunction symptoms in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wender do Nascimento Rouver
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Roger Lyrio Dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Science, Federal University of Espirito Santo - UFES, Vitoria, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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Shi Y, Leung SWS. Long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition prevents 17β-estradiol-induced suppression of cyclooxygenase-dependent contractions and enhancement of endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like relaxation in mesenteric arteries of ovariectomized rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 882:173275. [PMID: 32535100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is associated with a reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO). In this study, the effects of 17β-estradiol supplement on endothelial function were examined in ovariectomized (OVX) rats following long-term inhibition of NO synthases with L-NAME. Female Sprague Dawley rats were ovariectomized at 12 weeks old. They were supplemented with 17β-estradiol (25 μg/kg/day, intramuscularly) or its vehicle (olive oil) until they were killed. At 18 weeks old, they were administered daily with NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME (60 mg/kg, by gavage) or its vehicle (distilled water) for 6 weeks. Rats were then anesthetized for blood pressure measurement and for isolation of mesenteric arteries and aortae for isometric tension measurement. Long-term L-NAME-treatment, without or with 17β-estradiol supplement, resulted in reduced plasma nitrite/nitrate level without causing an increase in blood pressure in OVX rats. Acute inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX) with indomethacin improved relaxations of mesenteric arteries to the calcium ionophore A23187 in OVX rats, and in those with long-term L-NAME-treatment without or with 17β-estradiol supplement, but not in those with female hormone supplement only. 17β-estradiol supplement or long-term L-NAME-treatment resulted in a greater endothelium-dependent hyperpolarization-like relaxation in mesenteric arteries. In the quiescent aorta, 17β-estradiol supplement or long-term L-NAME-treatment unmasked the COX-dependent components of A23187-induced contractions, but prevented that of the smooth muscle contractions to U46619 in OVX rats. In summary, long-term 17β-estradiol-supplement results in differential effects in different blood vessel types, and its beneficial vascular effects are masked under the conditions with NO synthase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shi
- Institute of Clinical Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, PR China
| | - Susan Wai Sum Leung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
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Melo Junior AF, Dalpiaz PLM, Escouto LDS, Sousa GJ, Aires R, Oliveira ND, Carmona AK, Gava ÁL, Bissoli NS. Involvement of sex hormones, oxidative stress, ACE and ACE2 activity in the impairment of renal function and remodelling in SHR. Life Sci 2020; 257:118138. [PMID: 32712298 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hypertension is a relevant sex and sex hormones-dependent risk factor where the cardiovascular and renal health of the population are concerned. Men experience greater losses of renal function (RF) than women, but the mechanisms remain somewhat unclear. Our goal was to evaluate the relationship between oxidative stress (OS), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activities and RF in male and female SHR. MAIN METHODS Twelve-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were submitted to either castration or SHAM surgery and divided into 4 groups, SHAM or Castrated (CAST) males or females. After 51 days we evaluated RF (inulin and sodium para-aminohippurate), ACE and ACE2 activities (fluorimetry), OS (flow cytometry), collagen deposition (picrosirius red) and protein expression (western blot). KEY FINDINGS Males presented lower RF than females and castration impaired this parameter in both groups. Sexual dimorphism was not observed regarding OS and inflammation; however, castration increased this parameter more severely in males than in females. SHAM males exhibited higher collagen deposition than females, though castration increased it in both sexes, eliminating the difference. We found sexual dimorphism regarding renal ACE and ACE2 activities, which were lower in males than in females. Although castration did not alter ACE activity, it reduced ACE2 activity in females and increased it in males. SIGNIFICANCE These results indicate that sex hormones affect RF in SHR. As alterations in the oxidative system were capable of promoting podocyte injury, inflammation, and collagen deposition, we put forward that these effects are differently modulated by ACE and ACE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio F Melo Junior
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Polyana Lima M Dalpiaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Leonardo da Silva Escouto
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Glauciene Januário Sousa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Aires
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nayara Damacena Oliveira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Ágata Lages Gava
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Souza Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
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The Coexistence of Hypertension and Ovariectomy Additively Increases Cardiac Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122036. [PMID: 27929425 PMCID: PMC5187836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether the coexistence of hypertension and ovariectomy will increase cardiac Fas receptor and mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic pathways, histopathological analysis, the TUNEL assay and Western blotting were performed on the excised hearts from three groups of female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), which were divided into a sham-operated group (SHR-Sham), bilaterally ovariectomized group (SHR-OVX) and normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). Compared with the WKY group, the SHR-Sham group exhibited decreased protein levels of ERα, ERβ, p-Akt/Akt, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and p-Bad and decreased further in the SHR-OVX group, as well as protein levels of t-Bid, Bak, Bad, Bax, cytochrome c, activated caspase-9 and activated caspase-3 (mitochondria-dependent apoptosis) increased in the SHR-Sham group and increased further in the SHR-OVX group. Compared with the WKY group, protein levels of Fas ligand, TNF-α, Fas death receptors, TNFR1, FADD and activated caspase-8 (Fas receptor-dependent apoptosis) increased in the SHR-Sham group, but did not increase in the SHR-OVX group, except Fas ligand and TNF-α. The coexistence of hypertension and ovariectomy attenuated the estrogen receptor survival pathway and appeared to additively increase the cardiac mitochondria-dependent, but not the Fas receptor-dependent apoptosis pathway, which might provide one possible mechanism for the development of cardiac abnormalities in hypertensive postmenopausal women.
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Abstract
Estrogens are known to affect vascular function. In order to decipher the underlying mechanisms, it is essential to study the direct actions of estrogenic substances on blood vessels. There are two widely used approaches to assess the effects of estrogenic substances directly on blood vessels, the isolated perfused intact mesenteric vascular bed (McGregor preparation) and the isolated perfused/pressurized vessel approach. The McGregor preparation relies on constant flow with vascular reactivity assessed as changes in perfusion pressure. The isolated perfused/pressurized vessel approach uses a single vessel mounted on glass micropipettes. The main readout in this approach is vascular diameter. This chapter describes these approaches which remain cornerstones in the investigation of direct vascular actions of estrogenic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Martin
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Eyster
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E. Clark Street, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA
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Dalpiaz PLM, Lamas AZ, Caliman IF, Ribeiro RF, Abreu GR, Moyses MR, Andrade TU, Gouvea SA, Alves MF, Carmona AK, Bissoli NS. Sex Hormones Promote Opposite Effects on ACE and ACE2 Activity, Hypertrophy and Cardiac Contractility in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127515. [PMID: 26010093 PMCID: PMC4444272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is growing interest in sex differences and RAS components. However, whether gender influences cardiac angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) activity is still unknown. In the present work, we determined the relationship between ACE and ACE2 activity, left ventricular function and gender in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Methodology / Principal Findings Twelve-week-old female (F) and male (M) SHRs were divided into 2 experimental groups (n = 7 in each group): sham (S) and gonadectomized (G). Fifty days after gonadectomy, we measured positive and negative first derivatives (dP/dt maximum left ventricle (LV) and dP/dt minimum LV, respectively), hypertrophy (morphometric analysis) and ACE and ACE2 catalytic activity (fluorimetrically). Expression of calcium handling proteins was measured by western blot. Male rats exhibited higher cardiac ACE and ACE2 activity as well as hypertrophy compared to female rats. Orchiectomy decreased the activity of these enzymes and hypertrophy, while ovariectomy increased hypertrophy and ACE2, but did not change ACE activity. For cardiac function, the male sham group had a lower +dP/dt than the female sham group. After gonadectomy, the +dP/dt increased in males and reduced in females. The male sham group had a lower -dP/dt than the female group. After gonadectomy, the -dP/dt increased in the male and decreased in the female groups when compared to the sham group. No difference was observed among the groups in SERCA2a protein expression. Gonadectomy increased protein expression of PLB (phospholamban) and the PLB to SERCA2a ratio in female rats, but did not change in male rats. Conclusion Ovariectomy leads to increased cardiac hypertrophy, ACE2 activity, PLB expression and PLB to SERCA2a ratio, and worsening of hemodynamic variables, whereas in males the removal of testosterone has the opposite effects on RAS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. L. M. Dalpiaz
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - A. Z. Lamas
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - I. F. Caliman
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - R. F. Ribeiro
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - G. R. Abreu
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - M. R. Moyses
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - T. U. Andrade
- Department of Pharmacy, University Vila Velha, Vila Velha, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - S. A. Gouvea
- Nucleus of Biotechnology, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
| | - M. F. Alves
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. K. Carmona
- Department of Biophysics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N. S. Bissoli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, Espirito Santo, Brazil
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Sasser JM, Brinson KN, Tipton AJ, Crislip GR, Sullivan JC. Blood pressure, sex, and female sex hormones influence renal inner medullary nitric oxide synthase activity and expression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:jah3899. [PMID: 25862792 PMCID: PMC4579936 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Background We previously reported that sexually mature female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) have greater nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) enzymatic activity in the renal inner medulla (IM), compared to age‐matched males. However, the mechanisms responsible for this sexual dimorphism are unknown. The current study tested the hypothesis that sex differences in renal IM NOS activity and NOS1 expression in adult SHRs develop with sexual maturation and increases in blood pressure (BP) in a female sex hormone‐dependent manner. Methods and Results Renal IM were isolated from sexually immature 5‐week‐old and sexually mature 13‐week‐old male and female SHRs. Whereas NOS activity and NOS1 expression were comparable in 5‐ and 13‐week‐old male SHRs and 5‐week‐old female SHRs, 13‐week‐old females had greater NOS activity and NOS1 expression, compared to 5‐week‐old female SHRs and age‐matched males. NOS3 expression was greater in 5‐week‐old than 13‐week‐old SHRs regardless of sex. Treatment with antihypertensive therapy (hydrochlorothiazide and reserpine) from 6 to 12 weeks of age to attenuate age‐related increases in BP abolished the sex difference in NOS activity and NOS1 expression between sexually mature SHR males and females. To assess the role of female sex hormones in age‐related increases in NOS, additional females were ovariectomized (OVX), and NOS activity was studied 8 weeks post‐OVX. OVX decreased NOS activity and NOS1 expression. Conclusions The sex difference in renal IM NOS in SHR is mediated by a sex hormone‐ and BP‐dependent increase in NOS1 expression and NOS activity exclusively in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Sasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (J.M.S.)
| | - Krystal N Brinson
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (K.N.B., A.J.T., R.C., J.C.S.)
| | - Ashlee J Tipton
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (K.N.B., A.J.T., R.C., J.C.S.)
| | - G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (K.N.B., A.J.T., R.C., J.C.S.)
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA (K.N.B., A.J.T., R.C., J.C.S.)
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Dalpiaz PLM, Lamas AZ, Caliman IF, Medeiros ARS, Abreu GR, Moysés MR, Andrade TU, Alves MF, Carmona AK, Bissoli NS. The chronic blockade of angiotensin I-converting enzyme eliminates the sex differences of serum cytokine levels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:171-7. [PMID: 23369979 PMCID: PMC3854361 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones modulate the action of both cytokines and the renin-angiotensin system. However, the effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) on the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are unclear. We determined the relationship between ACE activity, cytokine levels and sex differences in SHR. Female (F) and male (M) SHR were divided into 4 experimental groups each (n = 7): sham + vehicle (SV), sham + enalapril (10 mg/kg body weight by gavage), castrated + vehicle, and castrated + enalapril. Treatment began 21 days after castration and continued for 30 days. Serum cytokine levels (ELISA) and ACE activity (fluorimetry) were measured. Male rats exhibited a higher serum ACE activity than female rats. Castration reduced serum ACE in males but did not affect it in females. Enalapril reduced serum ACE in all groups. IL-10 (FSV = 16.4 ± 1.1 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 ± 1.2 pg/mL), TNF-α (FSV = 16.6 ± 1.2 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 ± 1 pg/mL) and IL-6 (FSV = 10.3 ± 0.2 pg/mL; MSV = 7.2 ± 0.2 pg/mL) levels were higher in females than in males. Ovariectomy reduced all cytokine levels and orchiectomy reduced IL-6 but increased IL-10 concentrations in males. Castration eliminated the differences in all inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) between males and females. Enalapril increased IL-10 in all groups and reduced IL-6 in SV rats. In conclusion, serum ACE inhibition by enalapril eliminated the sexual dimorphisms of cytokine levels in SV animals, which suggests that enalapril exerts systemic anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L M Dalpiaz
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Vitória, ES, Brasil
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Martin DS, Klinkova O, Eyster KM. Regional differences in sexually dimorphic protein expression in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Mol Cell Biochem 2011; 362:103-14. [PMID: 22038629 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-011-1132-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is sexually dimorphic and modified by removal of endogenous sex steroids. This study tested the hypothesis that endogenous gonadal hormones exert differential effects on protein expression in the kidney and mesentery of SHR. At ~5 weeks of age male and female SHR underwent sham operation, orchidectomy, or ovariectomy (OVX). At 20-23 weeks of age, mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured in conscious rats. The mesenteric arterial tree and kidneys were collected, processed for Western blots, and probed for Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH), and Alpha 2A adrenergic receptor (A2AR) expression. MAP was unaffected by ovariectomy (Sham 164 ± 4: Ovariecttomy 159 ± 3 mm Hg). MAP was reduced by orchidectomy (Sham 189 ± 5:Orchidectomy 167 ± 2 mm Hg). In mesenteric artery, SOD1 expression was greater in male versus female SHR. Orchidectomy increased while ovariectomy decreased SOD1 expression. The kidney exhibited a different pattern of response. SOD1 expression was reduced in male compared to female SHR but gonadectomy had no effect. sEH expression was not significantly different among the groups in mesenteric artery. In kidney, sEH expression was greater in males compared to females. Ovariectomy but not orchidectomy increased sEH expression. A2AR expression was greater in female than male SHR in mesentery artery and kidney. Gonadectomy had no effect in either tissue. We conclude that sexually dimorphic hypertension is associated with regionally specific changes in expression of three key proteins involved in blood pressure control. These data suggest that broad spectrum inhibition or stimulation of these systems may not be the best approach for hypertension treatment. Instead regionally targeted manipulation of these systems should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Martin
- Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of South Dakota School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD 5760-2390, USA.
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