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Acevedo-Villavicencio LN, López-Luna CE, Castillo-Cruz J, Gutiérrez-Rojas RA, Paredes-González IS, Villafaña S, Huang F, Vargas-De-León C, Romero-Nava R, Aguayo-Cerón KA. Modulator Effect of AT1 Receptor Knockdown on THP-1 Macrophage Proinflammatory Activity. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:382. [PMID: 38927262 PMCID: PMC11200961 DOI: 10.3390/biology13060382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it is known that angiotensin II (AngII) induces inflammation, and an AT1R blockade has anti-inflammatory effects. The use of an AT1 receptor antagonist promotes the inhibition of the secretion of multiple proinflammatory cytokines in macrophages, as well as a decrease in the concentration of reactive oxygen species. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AT1 receptor gene silencing on the modulation of cytokines (e.g., IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) in THP-1 macrophages and the relation to the gene expression of NF-κB. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated the gene expression of PPAR-γ in THP-1 macrophages using PMA (60 ng/mL). For the silencing, cells were incubated with the siRNA for 72 h and telmisartan (10 µM) was added to the medium for 24 h. After that, cells were incubated during 1 and 24 h, respectively, with Ang II (1 µM). The gene expression levels of AT1R, NF-κB, and cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10) were measured by RT-qPCR. RESULTS We observed that silencing of the AT1 receptor causes a decrease in the expression of mRNA of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), NF-κB, and PPAR-γ. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AT1R gene silencing is an alternative to modulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β via NF-κB in macrophages and having high blood pressure decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Nallely Acevedo-Villavicencio
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Carlos Enrique López-Luna
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Juan Castillo-Cruz
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | | | - Iris Selene Paredes-González
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Inmunología, Universidad Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 70228, Mexico;
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico;
| | - Cruz Vargas-De-León
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
- División de Investigación, Hospital Juárez de Mexico, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (L.N.A.-V.); (C.E.L.-L.); (J.C.-C.); (S.V.); (C.V.-D.-L.)
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Ghaffari T, Moradi N, Chamani E, Ebadi Z, Fadaei R, Alizadeh-Fanalou S, Yarahmadi S, Fallah S. Captopril and Spironolactone Can Attenuate Diabetic Nephropathy in Wistar Rats by Targeting ABCA1 and microRNA-33. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220401143249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nephropathy diabetes is one of the important causes of death and a more prevalent cause of end-stage renal disease.
Objective:
The present study investigated the effect of applying spironolactone and captopril and their combination on some renal performance indices and cholesterol-efflux-related gene expression in nephropathy diabetic rats.
Methods:
Intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in rats. FBS, creatinine, and BUN were assayed using the calorimetry technique; also, urine microalbumin was assayed by ELISA. Hepatic gene expressions of ABCA1, ABCG1, and miR-33 were evaluated by the real-time PCR method.
Results:
FBS levels in the captopril-treated group were significantly decreased compared with the untreated diabetic group. BUN levels of treated groups with captopril and a combination of captopril + spironolactone were significantly increased. GFR of both treated diabetic groups with captopril and spironolactone was significantly lower than an untreated diabetic group. ABCA1 gene expression in hepatic cells of the combination of spironolactone + captopril treated group was significantly increased compared to other treated and untreated diabetic groups. The hepatic expression of the ABCG1 gene in the treated and untreated diabetic groups was significantly lower than in the control group. Treatment of the diabetic group with only combination therapy decreased the hepatic gene expression of miR-33 significantly.
Conclusion:
Obtained results suggest that S+C combination therapy can improve nephropathy and diabetes disorders by targeting the ABCA1 and miR-33 gene expression. It is suggested miR-33 and ABCA1 genes evaluation could be a new therapeutic strategy for nephropathy diabetes remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ghaffari
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Nariman Moradi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Elham Chamani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zahra Ebadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Reza Fadaei
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Shahin Alizadeh-Fanalou
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Sahar Yarahmadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
| | - Soudabeh Fallah
- Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences
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Elkahloun AG, Rodriguez Y, Alaiyed S, Wenzel E, Saavedra JM. Telmisartan Protects a Microglia Cell Line from LPS Injury Beyond AT1 Receptor Blockade or PPARγ Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3193-3210. [PMID: 30105672 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1300-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB) Telmisartan reduces inflammation through Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activation. However, in a mouse microglia-like BV2 cell line, imitating primary microglia responses with high fidelity and devoid of AT1 receptor gene expression or PPARγ activation, Telmisartan reduced gene expression of pro-injury factors, enhanced that of anti-inflammatory genes, and prevented LPS-induced increase in inflammatory markers. Using global gene expression profiling and pathways analysis, we revealed that Telmisartan normalized the expression of hundreds of genes upregulated by LPS and linked with inflammation, apoptosis and neurodegenerative disorders, while downregulating the expression of genes associated with oncological, neurodegenerative and viral diseases. The PPARγ full agonist Pioglitazone had no neuroprotective effects. Surprisingly, the PPARγ antagonists GW9662 and T0070907 were neuroprotective and enhanced Telmisartan effects. GW9226 alone significantly reduced LPS toxic effects and enhanced Telmisartan neuroprotection, including downregulation of pro-inflammatory TLR2 gene expression. Telmisartan and GW9662 effects on LPS injury negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory factors and upstream regulators, including TLR2, and positively with known neuroprotective factors and upstream regulators. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) of the Telmisartan and GW9662 data revealed negative correlations with sets of genes associated with neurodegenerative and metabolic disorders and toxic treatments in cultured systems, while demonstrating positive correlations with gene sets associated with neuroprotection and kinase inhibition. Our results strongly suggest that novel neuroprotective effects of Telmisartan and GW9662, beyond AT1 receptor blockade or PPARγ activation, include downregulation of the TLR2 signaling pathway, findings that may have translational relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel G Elkahloun
- Microarray Core, Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr, MSC 4435, Bethesda, MD, 20892-4435, USA
| | - Yara Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Seham Alaiyed
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Erin Wenzel
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Laboratory of Neuroprotection, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, SE402 Med/Dent, 3900 Reservoir Road, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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Michel MC, Brunner HR, Foster C, Huo Y. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in animal models of vascular, cardiac, metabolic and renal disease. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 164:1-81. [PMID: 27130806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have reviewed the effects of angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists (ARBs) in various animal models of hypertension, atherosclerosis, cardiac function, hypertrophy and fibrosis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and renal function and morphology. Those of azilsartan and telmisartan have been included comprehensively whereas those of other ARBs have been included systematically but without intention of completeness. ARBs as a class lower blood pressure in established hypertension and prevent hypertension development in all applicable animal models except those with a markedly suppressed renin-angiotensin system; blood pressure lowering even persists for a considerable time after discontinuation of treatment. This translates into a reduced mortality, particularly in models exhibiting marked hypertension. The retrieved data on vascular, cardiac and renal function and morphology as well as on glucose and lipid metabolism are discussed to address three main questions: 1. Can ARB effects on blood vessels, heart, kidney and metabolic function be explained by blood pressure lowering alone or are they additionally directly related to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system? 2. Are they shared by other inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system, e.g. angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors? 3. Are some effects specific for one or more compounds within the ARB class? Taken together these data profile ARBs as a drug class with unique properties that have beneficial effects far beyond those on blood pressure reduction and, in some cases distinct from those of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. The clinical relevance of angiotensin receptor-independent effects of some ARBs remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin C Michel
- Dept. Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Dept. Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany.
| | | | - Carolyn Foster
- Retiree from Dept. of Research Networking, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
| | - Yong Huo
- Dept. Cardiology & Heart Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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Kardassis D, Gafencu A, Zannis VI, Davalos A. Regulation of HDL genes: transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:113-179. [PMID: 25522987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
HDL regulation is exerted at multiple levels including regulation at the level of transcription initiation by transcription factors and signal transduction cascades; regulation at the posttranscriptional level by microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs which bind to the coding or noncoding regions of HDL genes regulating mRNA stability and translation; as well as regulation at the posttranslational level by protein modifications, intracellular trafficking, and degradation. The above mechanisms have drastic effects on several HDL-mediated processes including HDL biogenesis, remodeling, cholesterol efflux and uptake, as well as atheroprotective functions on the cells of the arterial wall. The emphasis is on mechanisms that operate in physiologically relevant tissues such as the liver (which accounts for 80% of the total HDL-C levels in the plasma), the macrophages, the adrenals, and the endothelium. Transcription factors that have a significant impact on HDL regulation such as hormone nuclear receptors and hepatocyte nuclear factors are extensively discussed both in terms of gene promoter recognition and regulation but also in terms of their impact on plasma HDL levels as was revealed by knockout studies. Understanding the different modes of regulation of this complex lipoprotein may provide useful insights for the development of novel HDL-raising therapies that could be used to fight against atherosclerosis which is the underlying cause of coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris Kardassis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Crete Medical School and Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation of Research and Technology of Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, 71110, Greece,
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The prognostic values of leukocyte Rho kinase activity in acute ischemic stroke. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:214587. [PMID: 24716192 PMCID: PMC3955656 DOI: 10.1155/2014/214587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Objective. It has been reported that leukocyte ROCK activity is elevated in patients after ischemic stroke, but it is unclear whether leukocyte ROCK activity is associated with clinical outcomes following acute stroke events. The objective of this study is to investigate if leukocyte ROCK activity can predict the outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Materials and Methods. We enrolled 110 patients of acute ischemic stroke and measured the leukocyte ROCK activity and plasma level of inflammatory cytokines to correlate the clinical outcomes of these patients. Results. The leukocyte ROCK activity at 48 hours after admission in acute ischemic stroke patients was higher as compared to a risk-matched population. The leukocyte ROCK activity significantly correlated with National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) difference between admission and 90 days after stroke event. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates showed lower stroke-free survival during follow-up period in patients with high leukocyte ROCK activity or plasma hsCRP level. Leukocyte ROCK activity independently predicted the recurrent stroke in patients with atherosclerotic stroke. Conclusions. This study shows elevated leukocyte ROCK activity in patients with ischemic stroke as compared to risk-matched subjects and is an independent predictor for recurrent stroke.
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