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Hernández-Espinosa LC, Hernández-Muñoz R. Blood flow-bearing physical forces, endothelial glycocalyx, and liver enzyme mobilization: A hypothesis. J Gen Physiol 2024; 156:e202313462. [PMID: 38231124 PMCID: PMC10794122 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202313462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous elements involved in shear stress-induced signaling have been identified, recognizing their functions as mechanotransducing ion channels situated at cellular membranes. This form of mechanical signaling relies on transmembrane proteins and cytoplasmic proteins that restructure the cytoskeleton, contributing to mechanotransduction cascades. Notably, blood flow generates mechanical forces that significantly impact the structure and remodeling of blood vessels. The primary regulation of blood vessel responses occurs through hemodynamic forces acting on the endothelium. These mechanical events intricately govern endothelial biophysical, biochemical, and genetic responses. Endothelial cells, positioned on the intimal surface of blood vessels, have the capability to express components of the glycocalyx. This endothelial structure emerges as a pivotal factor in mechanotransduction and the regulation of vascular tone. The endothelial glycocalyx assumes diverse roles in both health and disease. Our findings propose a connection between the release of specific enzymes from the rat liver and variations in the hepatic blood flow/mass ratio. Importantly, this phenomenon is not correlated with liver necrosis. Consequently, this review serves as an exploration of the potential involvement of membrane proteins in a hypothetical mechanotransducing phenomenon capable of controlling the release of liver enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Carmina Hernández-Espinosa
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Department of Cell Biology and Development, Institute of Cellular Physiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
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Jiang T, Tang XY, Su H, Chen JY, Qin YQ, Qin YC, Ouyang NJ, Tang GH. Neutrophils are involved in early bone formation during midpalatal expansion. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 38135895 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Midpalatal expansion (MPE) is routinely employed to treat transverse maxillary arch deficiency. Neutrophils are indispensable for recruiting bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) at the initial stage of bone regeneration. This study aimed to explore whether neutrophils participate in MPE and how they function during bone formation under mechanical stretching. MATERIALS AND METHODS The presence and phenotype of neutrophils in the midpalatal suture during expansion were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining. The possible mechanism of neutrophil recruitment and polarization was explored in vitro by exposing vascular endothelial cells (VECs) to cyclic tensile strain. RESULTS The number of neutrophils in the distracted suture peaked on Day 3, and N2-type neutrophils significantly increased on Day 5 after force application. The depletion of circulatory neutrophils reduced bone volume by 43.6% after 7-day expansion. The stretched VECs recruited neutrophils via a CXCR2 mechanism in vitro, which then promoted BMSC osteogenic differentiation through the VEGFA/VEGFR2 axis. Consistently, these neutrophils showed higher expression of canonical N2 phenotype genes, including CD206 and Arg1. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that neutrophils participated in early bone formation during MPE. Based on these findings, we propose that stretched VECs recruited and polarized neutrophils, which, in turn, induced BMSC osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Yue Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Su
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia-Yi Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Qi Qin
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Chen Qin
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning-Juan Ouyang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Hua Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Benenson I, Waldron FA, Holly C. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Patients with Hypertensive Emergencies: Implication for Risk Stratification. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2023:10.1007/s40292-023-00586-1. [PMID: 37284909 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-023-00586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute severe elevation of blood pressure (BP) is a common clinical event, that can present as hypertensive emergency (HTNE) and hypertensive urgency (HTNU). HTNE results in life-threatening target organ damage, including myocardial infarction, pulmonary edema, stroke, and acute kidney injury. It is associated with high utilization of healthcare and increased cost. HTNU is high BP without acute serious complications. AIM The purpose of this review was to examine the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of patients with HTNE and propose a risk stratification framework to differentiate between the two conditions, since prognosis, setting of therapy and treatment is vastly different. METHODS Systematic review. RESULTS Fourteen full-text studies were included in this review. In comparison with HTNU, patients with HTNE had higher mean systolic (mean difference 2.413, 95% CI 0.477, 4.350) and diastolic BP (mean difference 2.043, 95% CI 0.624, 3.461). HTNE were more prevalent in men (OR 1.390, 95% CI 1.207, 1.601), older adults (mean difference 5.282, 95% CI 3.229, 7.335) and those with diabetes (OR 1.723, 95% CI 1.485, 2.000). Non-adherence to BP medications (OR 0.939, 95% CI 0.647, 1.363) and unawareness of hypertension diagnosis (OR 0.807, 95% CI 0.564, 1.154) did not elevate the risk of HTNE. CONCLUSIONS Systolic and diastolic BP are marginally higher in patients with HTNE. Given that these differences are not clinically significant, other epidemiological and medical characteristics (older age, male sex, cardiometabolic comorbidities) as well as patient's presentation should be considered to differentiate between HTNU and HTNE.
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Fushimi T, Oyama S, Koizumi R, Fujii Y, Osakabe N. Impact of cyanidin 3- O-glucoside on rat micro-and systemic circulation, possibly thorough angiogenesis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2023; 72:132-138. [PMID: 36936871 PMCID: PMC10017319 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.22-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C3G), an antioxidant, is one of the most abundant anthocyanin in plant foods. Intervention trials and subsequent meta-analyses have suggested that anthocyanins could reduce the risks of cardiovascular diseases. This study investigated hemodynamic alterations following a single intragastric dose of C3G by measuring blood flow in rat cremaster muscle arteriole for 60 min. Next, in excised aortas, we performed western blotting to measure the phosphorylation of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). A single oral dose of C3G significantly increased blood flow soon after ingestion, and it was maintained throughout the experimental period. In addition, aortic Akt phosphorylation increased. Then, we examined the impact of repeated oral administrations of C3G for 14 days. The mean blood pressure was significantly reduced at 7 and 14 days after treatment, with a slight increase in aortic eNOS expression. Immunohistochemical analyses of the soleus showed that the level of CD31, an angiogenesis-marker protein, was significantly increased with C3G. These results suggested that an oral dose of C3G increased blood flow, which promoted angiogenesis within skeletal muscle, and consequently, blood pressure was reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Fushimi
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Shiori Oyama
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Ryo Koizumi
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujii
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Naomi Osakabe
- Functional Control Systems, Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, 307 Fukasaku, Minumaku, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Exarchos V, Zacharova E, Neuber S, Giampietro C, Motta SE, Hinkov H, Emmert MY, Nazari-Shafti TZ. The path to a hemocompatible cardiovascular implant: Advances and challenges of current endothelialization strategies. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:971028. [PMID: 36186971 PMCID: PMC9515323 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.971028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular (CV) implants are still associated with thrombogenicity due to insufficient hemocompatibility. Endothelialization of their luminal surface is a promising strategy to increase their hemocompatibility. In this review, we provide a collection of research studies and review articles aiming to summarize the recent efforts on surface modifications of CV implants, including stents, grafts, valves, and ventricular assist devises. We focus in particular on the implementation of micrometer or nanoscale surface modifications, physical characteristics of known biomaterials (such as wetness and stiffness), and surface morphological features (such as gratings, fibers, pores, and pits). We also review how biomechanical signals originating from the endothelial cell for surface interaction can be directed by topography engineering approaches toward the survival of the endothelium and its long-term adaptation. Finally, we summarize the regulatory and economic challenges that may prevent clinical implementation of endothelialized CV implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Exarchos
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ema Zacharova
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Life Sciences, IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Sebastian Neuber
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Experimental Continuum Mechanics, Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, Institute for Mechanical Systems, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah E. Motta
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hristian Hinkov
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Y. Emmert
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Cardiovascular Surgery, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti
- Cardiosurgical Research Group, Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, German Heart Center Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Translational Cardiovascular Regenerative Technologies Group, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, BIH Charité (Junior) (Digital) Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timo Z. Nazari-Shafti,
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Zhang J, Yuan HK, Chen S, Zhang ZR. Detrimental or beneficial: Role of endothelial ENaC in vascular function. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:29-48. [PMID: 34279047 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the past, it was believed that the expression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) was restricted to epithelial tissues, such as the distal nephron, airway, sweat glands, and colon, where it is critical for sodium homeostasis. Over the past two decades, this paradigm has shifted due to the finding that ENaC is also expressed in various nonepithelial tissues, notably in vascular endothelial cells. In this review, the recent findings of the expression, regulation, and function of the endothelial ENaC (EnNaC) are discussed. The expression of EnNaC subunits is reported in a variety of endothelial cell lines and vasculatures, but this is controversial across different species and vessels and is not a universal finding in all vascular beds. The expression density of EnNaC is very faint compared to ENaC in the epithelium. To date, little is known about the regulatory mechanism of EnNaC. Through it can be regulated by aldosterone, the detailed downstream signaling remains elusive. EnNaC responds to increased extracellular sodium with the feedforward activation mechanism, which is quite different from the Na+ self-inhibition mechanism of ENaC. Functionally, EnNaC was shown to be a determinant of cellular mechanics and vascular tone as it can sense shear stress, and its activation or insertion into plasma membrane causes endothelial stiffness and reduced nitric oxide production. However, in some blood vessels, EnNaC is essential for maintaining the integrity of endothelial barrier function. In this context, we discuss the possible reasons for the distinct role of EnNaC in vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Kai Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Departments of Pharmacy and Cardiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Metabolic Disorder & Cancer Related Cardiovascular Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin Medical University & Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
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Benenson I, Waldron FA, Jadotte YT, Dreker MP, Holly C. Risk factors for hypertensive crisis in adult patients: a systematic review. JBI Evid Synth 2021; 19:1292-1327. [PMID: 33555818 DOI: 10.11124/jbies-20-00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to examine the best available evidence on the risk factors for hypertensive crisis in adult patients with hypertension. INTRODUCTION Hypertensive crisis is an acute severe elevation in blood pressure, which can present as hypertensive urgency or emergency. In contrast to hypertensive urgency, which is a markedly elevated blood pressure without acute target organ damage, hypertensive emergency is associated with equally high blood pressure in the presence of potentially life-threatening target organ damage, such as myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary edema, or acute kidney injury. Hypertensive crisis results in adverse clinical outcomes and high utilization of health care. INCLUSION CRITERIA This review considered studies of non-modifiable factors (age, sex, ethnicity) and modifiable factors such as socioeconomic factors (lack of medical insurance, lack of access to medical care), adherence to medical therapies, presence of comorbidities (diabetes, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, history of stroke, chronic kidney disease, congestive heart failure), and substance abuse in persons of either sex, older than 18 years with a diagnosis of hypertension. METHODS A search of four databases, seven gray literature sites, and relevant organizational websites revealed 11,387 titles. After duplicates were removed, 9183 studies were screened by the title and abstract for eligibility. Forty full-text articles were retrieved, and each was assessed for eligibility. Twenty-one articles were excluded. The remaining 19 full-text studies were critically appraised and included in this review. RESULTS The risk of hypertensive crisis was higher in patients with a history of comorbid cardiovascular conditions, such as chronic kidney disease (odds ratio [OR] 2.899, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32, 6.364), coronary artery disease (OR 1.654, 95% CI 1.232, 2.222), or stroke (OR 1.769, 95% CI 1.218, 2.571). Patients with hypertensive emergency had higher mean systolic blood pressure (mean difference [MD] 2.413, 95% CI 0.477, 4.350) and diastolic blood pressure (MD 2.043, 95% CI 0.624, 3.461). Hypertensive emergency was more common in men (OR 1.390, 95% CI 1.207,1.601), older patients (MD 5.282, 95% CI 3.229, 7.335), and those with diabetes (OR 1.723, 95% CI 1.485, 2.000) and hyperlipidemia (OR 2.028, 95% CI 1.642, 2.505). Non-adherence to antihypertensive medications (OR 0.939, 95% CI 0.647,1.363) and hypertensive diagnosis unawareness (OR 0.807, 95% CI 0.564, 1.154) did not increase the risk of hypertensive emergency. CONCLUSIONS Comorbid cardiac, renal, and cerebral comorbidities (coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, and chronic kidney disease) increase the risk of hypertensive crisis. The risk of hypertensive crisis is higher in patients with unhealthy alcohol and recreational drug use. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure are marginally higher in patients with hypertensive emergency compared to patients with hypertensive urgency. Since these differences are small and not clinically significant, clinicians should rely on other symptoms and signs to differentiate between hypertensive urgency and hypertensive emergency. The risk of hypertensive emergency is higher in older adults. The coexistence of diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and chronic kidney disease increases the risk of hypertensive emergency. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO (CRD42019140093).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Benenson
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): A JBI Centre Excellence, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Yuri T Jadotte
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): A JBI Centre Excellence, Newark, NJ, USA.,Stony Brook School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | | | - Cheryl Holly
- School of Nursing, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.,The Northeast Institute for Evidence Synthesis and Translation (NEST): A JBI Centre Excellence, Newark, NJ, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
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Schofield CL, Rodrigo-Navarro A, Dalby MJ, Van Agtmael T, Salmeron-Sanchez M. Biochemical‐ and Biophysical‐Induced Barriergenesis in the Blood–Brain Barrier: A Review of Barriergenic Factors for Use in In Vitro Models. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew J. Dalby
- Centre for the Cellular Microenvironment University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow UK
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Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Regulator of Fibrotic Processes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062996. [PMID: 33804258 PMCID: PMC7999025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx, the gel layer covering the endothelium, is composed of glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and adsorbed plasma proteins. This structure modulates vessels’ mechanotransduction, vascular permeability, and leukocyte adhesion. Thus, it regulates several physiological and pathological events. In the present review, we described the mechanisms that disturb glycocalyx stability such as reactive oxygen species, matrix metalloproteinases, and heparanase. We then focused our attention on the role of glycocalyx degradation in the induction of profibrotic events and on the possible pharmacological strategies to preserve this delicate structure.
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Hu Y, Chen M, Wang M, Li X. Flow-mediated vasodilation through mechanosensitive G protein-coupled receptors in endothelial cells. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2021; 32:61-70. [PMID: 33406458 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2020.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Currently, endothelium-dependent vasodilatation involves three main mechanisms: production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), synthesis of prostanoids by cyclooxygenase, and/or opening of calcium-sensitive potassium channels. Researchers have proposed multiple mechanosensors that may be involved in flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), including G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), ion channels, and intercellular junction proteins, among others. However, GPCRs are considered the major mechanosensors that play a pivotal role in shear stress signal transduction. Among mechanosensitive GPCRs, G protein-coupled receptor 68, histamine H1 receptors, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1, and bradykinin B2 receptors have been identified as endothelial sensors of flow shear stress regulating flow-mediated vasodilation. Thus, this review aims to expound on the mechanism whereby flow shear stress promotes vasodilation through the proposed mechanosensitive GPCRs in ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China.
| | - Miao Chen
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130021, China.
| | - Meili Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Shandong University, NO.238, Jingshi East Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
| | - Xiucun Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, No.247, Beiyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250031, China; Department of Anatomy and Histoembryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, NO.44, Wenhua West Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.
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Turpaev KT. Transcription Factor KLF2 and Its Role in the Regulation of Inflammatory Processes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:54-67. [PMID: 32079517 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
KLF2 is a member of the Krüppel-like transcription factor family of proteins containing highly conserved DNA-binding zinc finger domains. KLF2 participates in the differentiation and regulation of the functional activity of monocytes, T lymphocytes, adipocytes, and vascular endothelial cells. The activity of KLF2 is controlled by several regulatory systems, including the MEKK2,3/MEK5/ERK5/MEF2 MAP kinase cascade, Rho family G-proteins, histone acetyltransferases CBP and p300, and histone deacetylases HDAC4 and HDAC5. Activation of KLF2 in endothelial cells induces eNOS expression and provides vasodilatory effect. Many KLF2-dependent genes participate in the suppression of blood coagulation and aggregation of T cells and macrophages with the vascular endothelium, thereby preventing atherosclerosis progression. KLF2 can have a dual effect on the gene transcription. Thus, it induces expression of multiple genes, but suppresses transcription of NF-κB-dependent genes. Transcription factors KLF2 and NF-κB are reciprocal antagonists. KLF2 inhibits induction of NF-κB-dependent genes, whereas NF-κB downregulates KLF2 expression. KLF2-mediated inhibition of NF-κB signaling leads to the suppression of cell response to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNFα and results in the attenuation of inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Turpaev
- Center for Theoretical Problems of Physicochemical Pharmacology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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Thériault M, Roy O, Brunette I, Proulx S. Physiological pressure enhances the formation of tight junctions in engineered and native corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res 2019; 179:102-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Waldron FA, Benenson I, Jones-Dillon SA, Zinzuwadia SN, Adeboye AM, Eris E, Mbadugha NE, Vicente N, Over A. Prevalence and risk factors for hypertensive crisis in a predominantly African American inner-city community. Blood Press 2019; 28:114-123. [PMID: 30669866 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2019.1568183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A 3-year case control study was conducted to determine the prevalence of hypertensive crisis and its subtypes, hypertensive emergency and hypertensive urgency. The secondary objectives were to identify risk factors for hypertensive emergencies and to determine the odds of developing acute target organ damage among predominantly African American patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using emergency department medical records, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of hypertension were identified. From the pool of hypertensive patients, cases and controls were selected and matched 1:1 for age, gender and race. Cases were hypertensive patients with hypertensive crisis, defined as BP ≥ 200/120 mmHg. Controls had a diagnosis of hypertension and BP < 200/120 mmHg. Cases and controls, as well as cases with hypertensive emergencies and hypertensive urgencies were compared based on important demographic and clinical variables. RESULTS Almost 90% of study population were African Americans. The prevalence of hypertensive crisis was 11.4% and hypertensive emergencies was 3.2%. Hypertensive emergencies accounted for 28% of patients with crisis. The predictors for hypertensive emergencies were older age (p = .002), male gender (p < .007), anemia (p < .0001), history of coronary artery disease (p < .001), congestive heart failure (p < .001) and chronic renal insufficiency (p < .001). Having healthcare insurance and access to medical care did not reduce the odds of developing hypertensive emergencies. Race was not a significant risk factor in the progression from hypertensive crisis to hypertensive emergencies (p = .47). CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the high prevalence of hypertensive crisis and hypertensive emergencies in the predominantly African American urban population, which is 5 times the United States average. However, race is not a predictor of development of hypertensive emergencies and acute target organ damage in patients with already severely elevated blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick A Waldron
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Irina Benenson
- b Advanced Nursing Practice Division, School of Nursing , Rutgers University , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Shelley A Jones-Dillon
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Shreni N Zinzuwadia
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Adedamola M Adeboye
- c Department of Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ela Eris
- c Department of Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Nkechi E Mbadugha
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Natali Vicente
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
| | - Alexandra Over
- a Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , New Jersey , USA
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14
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Benenson I, Waldron FA, Jones Dillon SA, Zinzuwadia SN, Mbadugha N, Vicente N, Aris E, Adeboye AM, Makdisi C. Hypertensive emergencies in diabetic patients from predominantly African American urban communities. Clin Exp Hypertens 2018; 41:531-537. [PMID: 30285508 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1516774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for hypertensive emergencies in diabetic patients presenting with severely elevated blood pressure. Methods: Using electronic medical records, this study identified diabetic patients with hypertensive crisis who presented to the emergency department of Newark Beth Israel Medical Center, Newark, NJ from June 2013 to May 2016. Diabetic patients with hypertensive emergencies were compared with non-diabetic patients based on important demographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Patients with diabetes accounted for 52.27% of all hypertensive emergencies during the study period. There were 264 diabetic patients with hypertensive emergencies and 519 diabetic patients with hypertensive urgencies. The majority of patients were African Americans (88.6%). The odds of hypertensive emergencies were strikingly higher in diabetic patients with hyperlipidemia (OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.23-2.24), coronary artery disease (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.15-4.05), congestive heart failure (OR 6.28, 95% CI 4.49-8.80), renal insufficiency (OR 2.84, 95% CI 2.10-3.86) and low hemoglobin (OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.84-0.97). Acute or worsening heart failure was the most frequent acute target organ injury (49.6%) followed by non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (41.7%). Diabetic and non-diabetic patients had similar rates of target organ injuries. Conclusion: The development of hypertensive emergencies in patients with diabetes was not because of diabetes per se but because of coexisting highly elevated blood pressure. Tight blood pressure control may decrease the risk of hypertensive emergencies in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Benenson
- a Division of Advanced Nursing Practice , School of Nursing, Rutgers University , Newark , NJ , USA
| | | | - Shelly A Jones Dillon
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Shreni N Zinzuwadia
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Nkehci Mbadugha
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Natali Vicente
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Ela Aris
- c Department of Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Adedamola M Adeboye
- c Department of Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Makdisi
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , Newark Beth Israel Medical Center , Newark , NJ , USA
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15
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Cui H, Miao S, Esworthy T, Zhou X, Lee SJ, Liu C, Yu ZX, Fisher JP, Mohiuddin M, Zhang LG. 3D bioprinting for cardiovascular regeneration and pharmacology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 132:252-269. [PMID: 30053441 PMCID: PMC6226324 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Compared to traditional therapeutic strategies, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is one of the most advanced techniques for creating complicated cardiovascular implants with biomimetic features, which are capable of recapitulating both the native physiochemical and biomechanical characteristics of the cardiovascular system. The present review provides an overview of the cardiovascular system, as well as describes the principles of, and recent advances in, 3D bioprinting cardiovascular tissues and models. Moreover, this review will focus on the applications of 3D bioprinting technology in cardiovascular repair/regeneration and pharmacological modeling, further discussing current challenges and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Shida Miao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Timothy Esworthy
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Se-Jun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Chengyu Liu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John P Fisher
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Center for Engineering Complex Tissues, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | - Lijie Grace Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA; Department of Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA.
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16
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Jiang YN, Zhao J, Chu FT, Jiang YY, Tang GH. Tension-loaded bone marrow stromal cells potentiate the paracrine osteogenic signaling of co-cultured vascular endothelial cells. Biol Open 2018; 7:bio.032482. [PMID: 29716948 PMCID: PMC6031349 DOI: 10.1242/bio.032482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Co-culture of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is a promising strategy for better osteogenesis and pre-vascularization in bone tissue engineering. Recent reports have shown that mechanical stretching further promotes osteogenesis in BMSC/VEC co-culture systems, but the underlying mechanism of this process remains unclear. In this study, noncontact co-cultures of rat primary BMSCs and VECs were employed to interrogate paracrine cell-to-cell communications in response to tension. Exposure of VECs to 6% tension for 48 h elicited neither ALP activity nor mRNA expression of OCN and OPN in BMSCs incubated in a shared culture medium. Instead, BMSCs subjected to tension induced robust VEGF release, and its conditioned medium enhanced the proliferation and tubular formation of VECs with a concurrent increase in BMP-2 and IGF-1 production. Conditioned medium from activated VECs in turn promoted expression of osteogenic genes in BMSCs, followed by an increase in matrix mineralization. The addition of VEGF-R inhibitor Tivozanib to these systems abrogated the tension-induced paracrine effects on VECs and subsequently impaired BMSC osteogenesis. These results clearly demonstrate that the response of BMSCs to tension potentiates paracrine osteogenic signaling from VECs; this positive feedback loop is initiated by VEGF release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nan Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Ting Chu
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China.,Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
| | - Guo Hua Tang
- Department of Orthodontics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China .,Oral Bioengineering Lab, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, People's Republic of China
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17
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Shear stress: An essential driver of endothelial progenitor cells. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 118:46-69. [PMID: 29549046 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The blood flow through vessels produces a tangential, or shear, stress sensed by their innermost layer (i.e., endothelium) and representing a major hemodynamic force. In humans, endothelial repair and blood vessel formation are mainly performed by circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) characterized by a considerable expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2), CD34, and CD133, pronounced tube formation activity in vitro, and strong reendothelialization or neovascularization capacity in vivo. EPCs have been proposed as a promising agent to induce reendothelialization of injured arteries, neovascularization of ischemic tissues, and endothelialization or vascularization of bioartificial constructs. A number of preconditioning approaches have been suggested to improve the regenerative potential of EPCs, including the use of biophysical stimuli such as shear stress. However, in spite of well-defined influence of shear stress on mature endothelial cells (ECs), articles summarizing how it affects EPCs are lacking. Here we discuss the impact of shear stress on homing, paracrine effects, and differentiation of EPCs. Unidirectional laminar shear stress significantly promotes homing of circulating EPCs to endothelial injury sites, induces anti-thrombotic and anti-atherosclerotic phenotype of EPCs, increases their capability to form capillary-like tubes in vitro, and enhances differentiation of EPCs into mature ECs in a dose-dependent manner. These effects are mediated by VEGFR2, Tie2, Notch, and β1/3 integrin signaling and can be abrogated by means of complementary siRNA/shRNA or selective pharmacological inhibitors of the respective proteins. Although the testing of sheared EPCs for vascular tissue engineering or regenerative medicine applications is still an unaccomplished task, favorable effects of unidirectional laminar shear stress on EPCs suggest its usefulness for their preconditioning.
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18
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Whole-Transcriptome Sequencing: a Powerful Tool for Vascular Tissue Engineering and Endothelial Mechanobiology. High Throughput 2018; 7:ht7010005. [PMID: 29485616 PMCID: PMC5876531 DOI: 10.3390/ht7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Among applicable high-throughput techniques in cardiovascular biology, whole-transcriptome sequencing is of particular use. By utilizing RNA that is isolated from virtually all cells and tissues, the entire transcriptome can be evaluated. In comparison with other high-throughput approaches, RNA sequencing is characterized by a relatively low-cost and large data output, which permits a comprehensive analysis of spatiotemporal variation in the gene expression profile. Both shear stress and cyclic strain exert hemodynamic force upon the arterial endothelium and are considered to be crucial determinants of endothelial physiology. Laminar blood flow results in a high shear stress that promotes atheroresistant endothelial phenotype, while a turbulent, oscillatory flow yields a pathologically low shear stress that disturbs endothelial homeostasis, making respective arterial segments prone to atherosclerosis. Severe atherosclerosis significantly impairs blood supply to the organs and frequently requires bypass surgery or an arterial replacement surgery that requires tissue-engineered vascular grafts. To provide insight into patterns of gene expression in endothelial cells in native or bioartificial arteries under different biomechanical conditions, this article discusses applications of whole-transcriptome sequencing in endothelial mechanobiology and vascular tissue engineering.
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19
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Whyte-Fagundes P, Zoidl G. Mechanisms of pannexin1 channel gating and regulation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1860:65-71. [PMID: 28735901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Pannexins are a family of integral membrane proteins with distinct post-translational modifications, sub-cellular localization and tissue distribution. Panx1 is the most studied and best-characterized isoform of this gene family. The ubiquitous expression, as well as its function as a major ATP release and nucleotide permeation channel, makes Panx1 a primary candidate for participating in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders. While many investigations revolve around Panx1 functions in health and disease, more recently, details started emerging about mechanisms that control Panx1 channel activity. These advancements in Panx1 biology have revealed that beyond its classical role as an unopposed plasma membrane channel, it participates in alternative pathways involving multiple intracellular compartments, protein complexes and a myriad of extracellular participants. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Panx1 at the center of these pathways, highlighting its modulation in a context specific manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Gap Junction Proteins edited by Jean Claude Herve.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Georg Zoidl
- Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada.
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20
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Erkens R, Suvorava T, Kramer CM, Diederich LD, Kelm M, Cortese-Krott MM. Modulation of Local and Systemic Heterocellular Communication by Mechanical Forces: A Role of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2017; 26:917-935. [PMID: 27927026 PMCID: PMC5455615 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a key physiological mechanotransducer modulating both local and systemic heterocellular communication and contributing to the integrated (patho)physiology of the cardiovascular system. A deeper understanding of mechanotransduction-mediated local and systemic nodes controlling heterocellular communication between the endothelium, blood cells, and other cell types (e.g., cardiomyocytes) may suggest novel therapeutic strategies for endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease. Recent Advances: Mechanical forces acting on mechanoreceptors on endothelial cells activate the endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) to produce NO. NO participates in (i) abluminal heterocellular communication, inducing vasorelaxation, and thereby regulating vascular tone and blood pressure; (ii) luminal heterocellular communication, inhibiting platelet aggregation, and controlling hemostasis; and (iii) systemic heterocellular communication, contributing to adaptive physiological processes in response to exercise and remote ischemic preconditioning. Interestingly, shear-induced eNOS-dependent activation of vascular heterocellular communication constitutes the molecular basis of all methods applied in the clinical routine for evaluation of endothelial function. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The integrated physiology of heterocellular communication is still not fully understood. Dedicated experimental models are needed to analyze messengers and mechanisms underpinning heterocellular communication in response to physical forces in the cardiovascular system (and elsewhere). Antioxid. Redox Signal. 26, 917-935.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Erkens
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatsiana Suvorava
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian M Kramer
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lukas D Diederich
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Malte Kelm
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miriam M Cortese-Krott
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology and Angiology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf , Düsseldorf, Germany
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21
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Vanhoutte PM, Zhao Y, Xu A, Leung SWS. Thirty Years of Saying NO: Sources, Fate, Actions, and Misfortunes of the Endothelium-Derived Vasodilator Mediator. Circ Res 2017; 119:375-96. [PMID: 27390338 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells control vascular tone by releasing nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase. The activity of endothelial NO synthase is modulated by the calcium concentration and by post-translational modifications (eg, phosphorylation). When NO reaches vascular smooth muscle, soluble guanylyl cyclase is its primary target producing cGMP. NO production is stimulated by circulating substances (eg, catecholamines), platelet products (eg, serotonin), autacoids formed in (eg, bradykinin) or near (eg, adiponectin) the vascular wall and physical factors (eg, shear stress). NO dysfunction can be caused, alone or in combination, by abnormal coupling of endothelial cell membrane receptors, insufficient supply of substrate (l-arginine) or cofactors (tetrahydrobiopterin), endogenous inhibitors (asymmetrical dimethyl arginine), reduced expression/presence/dimerization of endothelial NO synthase, inhibition of its enzymatic activity, accelerated disposition of NO by reactive oxygen species and abnormal responses (eg, biased soluble guanylyl cyclase activity producing cyclic inosine monophosphate) of the vascular smooth muscle. Major culprits causing endothelial dysfunction, irrespective of the underlying pathological process (aging, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), include stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors, activation of endothelial Rho-kinase, augmented presence of asymmetrical dimethyl arginine, and exaggerated oxidative stress. Genetic and pharmacological interventions improve dysfunctional NO-mediated vasodilatations if protecting the supply of substrate and cofactors for endothelial NO synthase, preserving the presence and activity of the enzyme and reducing reactive oxygen species generation. Common achievers of such improvement include maintained levels of estrogens and increased production of adiponectin and induction of silent mating-type information regulation 2 homologue 1. Obviously, endothelium-dependent relaxations are not the only beneficial action of NO in the vascular wall. Thus, reduced NO-mediated responses precede and initiate the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yingzi Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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22
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Wang ZR, Liu HB, Sun YY, Hu QQ, Li YX, Zheng WW, Yu CJ, Li XY, Wu MM, Song BL, Mu JJ, Yuan ZY, Zhang ZR, Ma HP. Dietary salt blunts vasodilation by stimulating epithelial sodium channels in endothelial cells from salt-sensitive Dahl rats. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1305-1317. [PMID: 28409833 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Our recent studies show that the reduced activity of epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in endothelial cells accounts for the adaptation of vasculature to salt in Sprague-Dawley rats. The present study examines a hypothesis that enhanced ENaC activity mediates the loss of vasorelaxation in Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We used the cell-attached patch-clamp technique to record ENaC activity in split-open mesenteric arteries. Western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the levels of aldosterone, ENaC, eNOS and NO. Blood pressure was measured with the tail-cuff method and the artery relaxation was measured with the wire myograph assay. KEY RESULTS High-salt (HS) diet significantly increased plasma aldosterone and ENaC activity in the endothelial cells of Dahl SS rats. The endothelium-dependent artery relaxation was blunted by HS challenge in these rats. Amiloride, a potent blocker of ENaC, increased both phosphorylated eNOS and NO and therefore prevented the HS-induced loss of vasorelaxation. As, in SS rats, endogenous aldosterone was already elevated by HS challenge, exogenous aldosterone did not further elevate ENaC activity in the rats fed with HS. Eplerenone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, attenuated the effects of HS on both ENaC activity and artery relaxation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data suggest that HS diet blunts artery relaxation and causes hypertension via a pathway associated with aldosterone-dependent activation of ENaC in endothelial cells. This pathway provides one of the mechanisms by which HS causes hypertension in Dahl SS rats. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Rui Wang
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Hui-Bin Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying-Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Qing Hu
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Wei-Wan Zheng
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Chang-Jiang Yu
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Li
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Ming-Ming Wu
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Bin-Lin Song
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China
| | - Jian-Jun Mu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zu-Yi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi-Ren Zhang
- Departments of Cardiology and Clinical Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Institute of Metabolic Disease, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Key Laboratories of Education Ministry for Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment, Harbin, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - He-Ping Ma
- Department of Physiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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23
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 556] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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EPAC1 promotes adaptive responses in human arterial endothelial cells subjected to low levels of laminar fluid shear stress: Implications in flow-related endothelial dysfunction. Cell Signal 2016; 28:606-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Abstract
The vascular endothelium is an interface between the blood stream and the vessel wall. Changes in this single cell layer of the artery wall are believed of primary importance in the pathogenesis of vascular disease/atherosclerosis. The endothelium responds to humoral, neural and especially hemodynamic stimuli and regulates platelet function, inflammatory responses, vascular smooth muscle cell growth and migration, in addition to modulating vascular tone by synthesizing and releasing vasoactive substances. Compromised endothelial function contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease; endothelial 'dysfunction' is associated with risk factors, correlates with disease progression, and predicts cardiovascular events. Therapies for atherosclerosis have been developed, therefore, that are directed towards improving endothelial function.
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Farwell SLN, Kanyi D, Hamel M, Slee JB, Miller EA, Cipolle MD, Lowe-Krentz LJ. Heparin Decreases in Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα)-induced Endothelial Stress Responses Require Transmembrane Protein 184A and Induction of Dual Specificity Phosphatase 1. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5342-54. [PMID: 26769965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the large number of heparin and heparan sulfate binding proteins, the molecular mechanism(s) by which heparin alters vascular cell physiology is not well understood. Studies with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) indicate a role for induction of dual specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) that decreases ERK activity and results in decreased cell proliferation, which depends on specific heparin binding. The hypothesis that unfractionated heparin functions to decrease inflammatory signal transduction in endothelial cells (ECs) through heparin-induced expression of DUSP1 was tested. In addition, the expectation that the heparin response includes a decrease in cytokine-induced cytoskeletal changes was examined. Heparin pretreatment of ECs resulted in decreased TNFα-induced JNK and p38 activity and downstream target phosphorylation, as identified through Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy. Through knockdown strategies, the importance of heparin-induced DUSP1 expression in these effects was confirmed. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy indicated that heparin treatment of ECs reduced TNFα-induced increases in stress fibers. Monoclonal antibodies that mimic heparin-induced changes in VSMCs were employed to support the hypothesis that heparin was functioning through interactions with a receptor. Knockdown of transmembrane protein 184A (TMEM184A) confirmed its involvement in heparin-induced signaling as seen in VSMCs. Therefore, TMEM184A functions as a heparin receptor and mediates anti-inflammatory responses of ECs involving decreased JNK and p38 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lynn N Farwell
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Daniela Kanyi
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, the Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18103
| | - Marianne Hamel
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Joshua B Slee
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, the Department of Natural Sciences, DeSales University, Center Valley, Pennsylvania 18034
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Mark D Cipolle
- the Department of Surgery, Lehigh Valley Hospital Center, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18103, and
| | - Linda J Lowe-Krentz
- From the Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015,
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Xu G, Fan X, Ma M, Liu X. Reconfiguration of the Carotid Artery after Angioplasty and Stenting: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. INTERVENTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 4:38-42. [PMID: 26600795 DOI: 10.1159/000438777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Severe carotid stenosis or occlusion may cause insufficient blood flow and lead to distal artery wall collapse and extensive lumen contraction. Whether this 'adaptive narrowing' can restitute after carotid recanalization is unclear. We report a patient with global ischemia due to occlusions of bilateral carotid and right vertebral arteries. The occluded left carotid was recanalized successfully with angioplasty and stenting. The adaptively narrowed distal carotid did not restitute immediately but regained its morphology 1 week after the procedure. Carotid adaptive narrow distal occlusion or stenosis may not regain its original morphology immediately but several days after recanalization. This knowledge is instructive for treating occlusive carotid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Fan
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Minmin Ma
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China
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28
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Functional and morphological characteristics of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. Prog Retin Eye Res 2014; 40:53-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Abstract
The mechanical characteristics of endothelial cells reveal four distinct compartments, namely glycocalyx, cell cortex, cytoplasm and nucleus. There is accumulating evidence that endothelial nanomechanics of these individual compartments control vascular physiology. Depending on protein composition, filament formation and interaction with cross-linker proteins, these four compartments determine endothelial stiffness. Structural organization and mechanical properties directly influence physiological processes such as endothelial barrier function, nitric oxide release and gene expression. This review will focus on endothelial nanomechanics and its impact on vascular function.
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30
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Xi'an making history in vascular biology. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2013; 61:453-4. [PMID: 23676334 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182967d21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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