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Buledi JA, Solangi AR, Mallah A, Hassan SS, Ameen S, Karaman C, Karimi-Maleh H. A Reusable Nickel Oxide Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Platinum Electrode for the Detection of Linezolid Drug. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jamil A. Buledi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro76080, Pakistan
| | - Amber R. Solangi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro76080, Pakistan
| | - Arfana Mallah
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491Trondheim, Norway
- M. A. Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro76080, Pakistan
| | - Syeda Sara Hassan
- U. S. Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Water, Mehran University of Engineering and Technology, Jamshoro76080, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Ameen
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University, Shaheed Benazirabad, Sindh67450, Pakistan
| | - Ceren Karaman
- Department of Electricity and Energy, Akdeniz University, Antalya07070, Turkey
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Xiyuan Ave, Chengdu611731, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, 9477177870, Iran
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, India602105
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2
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Seraissol P, Lanot T, Baklouti S, Mané C, Ruiz S, Lavit M, De Riols P, Garrigues JC, Gandia P. Evaluation of 4 quantification methods for monitoring 16 antibiotics and 1 beta-lactamase inhibitor in human serum by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114900. [PMID: 35752026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic (ATB) prescription in an intensive care unit (ICU) requires continuous monitoring of serum dosages due to the patient's pathophysiological condition. Dosing adjustment is necessary to achieve effective targeted concentrations. Since ICUs routinely use a large number of ATBs, global monitoring needs to be developed. In the present study, we developed a global analytical method for extracting, separating and quantifying the most widely used ATBs in ICUs: amoxicillin, piperacillin, cefazolin, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftolozane, ceftriaxone, ertapenem, meropenem, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, daptomycin, dalbavancin, linezolid and a beta-lactamase inhibitor: tazobactam. To guarantee the robustness of the quantification, we differentiated the 16 ATBs and the beta lactamase inhibitor into 4 pools (ATB1 to ATB4), taking into account prescription frequency in the ICU, the physicochemical properties and the calibration ranges of the ATBs selected. The whole ATB was then separated with two LC columns in reversed phase: Kinetex Polar-C18 100 Å and Polar-RP-80 synergy, in less than 6.5 min. Detection was carried out by electrospray in positive ion mode, by tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS. The four quantification methods were validated according to the European guidelines on bioanalytical method validation (EMEA guide), after determining the extraction yields, matrix effects, recovery, precision, accuracy, within-run precision and between-run precision. For all analyses, bias is < 15% and is comparable to the literature and LOQs vary from 0.05 mg.L-1 for ciprofloxacin to 1.00 mg.L-1 for ceftriaxone and dalbavancin. The stability time of cefepime and piperacillin is 3 hrs and for the other ATBs 6 hrs in serum at room temperature. For long-term stability, freezing at - 80 °C guarantees 3 months of stability for ceftriaxone and dalbavancin and more than 6 months for the other ATBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Seraissol
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; Laboratoire Départemental 31, Eau - Vétérinaire - Air, 76 chemin de Boudou, CS 50013, 31140 Launaguet, France
| | - Thomas Lanot
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sarah Baklouti
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Camille Mané
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Stéphanie Ruiz
- Service de Réanimation Polyvalente Adulte, Hôpital Rangueil, 1 avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Michel Lavit
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Pascale De Riols
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Garrigues
- Laboratoire des IMRCP, Université de Toulouse, UMR 5623, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
| | - Peggy Gandia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, IFB, Hôpital Purpan, 330 Avenue de Grande-Bretagne, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France; INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRA, ENVT, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076 Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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3
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Wu C, Zhang X, Xie J, Li Q, He J, Hu L, Wang H, Liu A, Xu J, Yang C, Yang Y, Qiu H, Huang Y. PK/PD parameters of linezolid in the epithelial lining fluid of patients with sepsis. J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 62:891-897. [PMID: 35049077 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Changde Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Xiwen Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jianfeng Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Qing Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jie He
- Department of Pharmacy Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Linlin Hu
- Department of Pharmacy Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Haofei Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Airan Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Jingyuan Xu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Congshan Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
| | - Yingzi Huang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine Department of Critical Care Medicine Zhongda Hospital School of Medicine Southeast University Nanjing China
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4
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Tietjen AK, Kroemer N, Cattaneo D, Baldelli S, Wicha SG. Population pharmacokinetics and target attainment analysis of linezolid in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 88:1835-1844. [PMID: 34622478 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM This study investigates the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment of linezolid in patients infected with multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis (TB). METHODS A pharmacometric model was developed including 244 timed linezolid concentration samples from 39 patients employing NONMEM 7.4. The probability of target attainment (PTA, PK/PD target: unbound (f) area-under-the-concentration-time-curve (AUC)/minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 119) as well as a region-specific cumulative fraction of response (CFR) were estimated for different dosing regimens. RESULTS A one-compartment model with linear elimination with a clearance (CL) of 7.69 L/h (interindividual variability 34.1%), a volume of distribution (Vd) of 45.2 L and an absorption constant (KA) of 0.679 h-1 (interoccasion variability 143.7%) allometric scaled by weight best described the PK of linezolid. The PTA at an MIC of 0.5 mg/L was 55% or 97% if patients receiving 300 or 600 mg twice daily, respectively. CFRs varied greatly among populations and geographic regions. A desirable global CFR of ≥90% was achieved if linezolid was administered at a dose of 600 mg twice daily but not at a dose of 300 mg twice daily. CONCLUSION This study showed that a dose of 300 mg twice daily of linezolid might not be sufficient to treat MDR-TB patients from a PK/PD perspective. Thus, it might be recommendable to start with a higher dose of 600 mg twice daily to ensure PK/PD target attainment. Hereby, therapeutic drug monitoring and MIC determination should be performed to control PK/PD target attainment as linezolid shows high variability in its PK in the TB population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Tietjen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.,University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niklas Kroemer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sebastian G Wicha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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5
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Amina M, Hamza K, Malki F, Hamdi A, Aboul-Enein HY. Method Development and Validation for the Determination of Linezolid Drug in Human Plasma by Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. CURR PHARM ANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412917666210823092454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
Linezolid is a significant antibiotic used against severe infections initiated by multi-resistant bacterial pathogens.
Method:
Linezolid extraction from plasma is obtained using methanol. Chromatographic separation is achieved isocratically on a C18 column [Zorbax C18, 5 µm particle size, 150 mm ˟ 4.6 mm] making use of a mobile phase of acetonitrile / 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.5 (30 : 70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detector DAD, at a wavelength of 256 nm.
Method:
Linezolid extraction from plasma is obtained using methanol. Chromatographic separation is achieved isocratically on a C18 column [Zorbax C18, 5 µm particle size, 150 mm ˟ 4.6 mm] making use of a mobile phase of acetonitrile / 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH = 4.5 (30 : 70 v/v) at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min with photodiode array detector DAD, at a wavelength of 256 nm.
Results :
The retention time of linezolid was 2.5 min. The analytical method was linear (r2 > 0.998) over the calibration range of 0.30 to 50.0 µg/mL. The extraction recoveries of linezolid range from 71.03 to 91.93 %. The limit of quantification and the limit of detection were 0.112 µg and 0.037 µg, respectively. The RSDs for intraday and interday assays were < 7.77 and 4.32 %, respectively. The intraday and interday accuracies were in the range 80.6-112 % and 77.44-104.85 %, respectively.
Conclusion:
The applied method is precise, accurate and appropriate for pharmacokinetic studies and therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Missoum Amina
- Department Research Laboratory on Bioactive Products and Biomass Valorization, Higher normal School Cheikh Mohamed El-Bachir El- Ibrahimi, Vieux-Kouba – Algiers 16308, Algeria
| | - Kahina Hamza
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Saad Dahlab University, Soumaa – Blida 09000, Algeria
| | - Fatiha Malki
- Department Research Laboratory on Bioactive Products and Biomass Valorization, Higher normal School Cheikh Mohamed El-Bachir El- Ibrahimi, Vieux-Kouba – Algiers 16308, Algeria
| | - Abderrezak Hamdi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Houari Boumediene University of Science and Technology, Bab ezzouar – Algiers 16111, Algeria
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
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Cheli S, Fusi M, De Silvestri A, Bonini I, Clementi E, Cattaneo D, Montrasio C, Baldelli S. In linezolid underexposure, pharmacogenetics matters: The role of CYP3A5. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111631. [PMID: 33940510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The exposure to linezolid is characterized by a large inter-individual variability; age, renal dysfunction and body weight explain this variability only to a limited extent and a considerable portion of it remains unexplained; therefore, we decided to investigate the role of individual genetic background focusing in particular on the risk of linezolid underexposure. 191 patients in therapy with linezolid at the standard dose of 600 mg twice daily were considered. Linezolid plasma concentration was determined at the steady state and classified as "below", "within" or "above" reference range. Genetic polymorphisms for ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily B Member 1 (ABCB1), Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, and Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase (POR) were investigated. Age significantly correlated with drug exposure, and patients CYP3A5 expressers (GA and AA) were found at high risk to be underexposed to the drug when treated at standard dose. This association was confirmed even after correction with age. No association was found with ABCB1 polymorphism. Our data suggest that CYP3A5 polymorphisms might significantly affect linezolid disposition, putting patients at higher risk to be underexposed, while P-glycoprotein polymorphism seem not to play any role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Cheli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Marta Fusi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Dept Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - Annalisa De Silvestri
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Igor Bonini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Dept Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università di Milano, 20157 Milano, Italy; Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Italy
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Montrasio
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milano, Italy.
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7
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Rao GG, Konicki R, Cattaneo D, Alffenaar JW, Marriott DJE, Neely M. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring Can Improve Linezolid Dosing Regimens in Current Clinical Practice: A Review of Linezolid Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Ther Drug Monit 2021; 42:83-92. [PMID: 31652190 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is an antibiotic used to treat infections caused by drug-resistant gram-positive organisms, including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The adverse effects of linezolid can include thrombocytopenia and neuropathy, which are more prevalent with higher exposures and longer treatment durations. Although linezolid is traditionally administered at a standard 600 mg dose every 12 hours, the resulting exposure can vary greatly between patients and can lead to treatment failure or toxicity. The efficacy and toxicity of linezolid are determined by the exposure achieved in the patient; numerous clinical and population pharmacokinetics (popPK) studies have identified threshold measurements for both parameters. Several special populations with an increased need for linezolid dose adjustments have also been identified. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is a clinical strategy that assesses the response of an individual patient and helps adjust the dosing regimen to maximize efficacy while minimizing toxicity. Adaptive feedback control and model-informed precision dosing are additional strategies that use Bayesian algorithms and PK models to predict patient-specific drug exposure. TDM is a very useful tool for patient populations with sparse clinical data or known alterations in pharmacokinetics, including children, patients with renal insufficiency or those receiving renal replacement therapy, and patients taking co-medications known to interact with linezolid. As part of the clinical workflow, clinicians can use TDM with the thresholds summarized from the current literature to improve linezolid dosing for patients and maximize the probability of treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gauri G Rao
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robyn Konicki
- UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Jan-Willem Alffenaar
- University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Pharmacy.,Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute of Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Deborah J E Marriott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Neely
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics and Bioinformatics, The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; and.,Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Zheng J, Sun Z, Sun L, Zhang X, Hou G, Han Q, Li X, Liu G, Gao Y, Ye M, Wang H, Yu K. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Linezolid in Patients With Sepsis Receiving Continuous Venovenous Hemofiltration and Extended Daily Hemofiltration. J Infect Dis 2021; 221:S279-S287. [PMID: 32176792 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study compared pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of linezolid in patients with sepsis receiving continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) with patients receiving extended daily hemofiltration (EDH). METHODS Patients with sepsis treated with linezolid and CVVH or EDH were included. Serial blood samples were collected and linezolid concentrations measured. PKs were analyzed using Pmetrics. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate PD target achievement. RESULTS From 20 patients, 320 blood samples were collected for PK and PD analysis. PK profiles of linezolid were best described by a 2-compartment model. PK parameters were not significantly different between EDH and CVVH groups and were associated with body weight, renal replacement therapy (RRT) duration, and sequential organ failure assessment score. Monte Carlo simulations showed poor fractional target attainment for a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2 mg/L with standard 600 mg intravenous administration every 12 hours. CONCLUSIONS Patients with sepsis receiving RRT exhibited variability in PK/PD parameters for linezolid. PK parameters were not significantly different between CVVH- and EDH-treated patients. Higher probability of target attainment would be achievable at a MIC of 2 mg/L in EDH patients. Higher linezolid doses should be considered for patients on RRT to achieve adequate blood levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zheng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhidan Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guiying Hou
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiuyuan Han
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xianghui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Gaofeng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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9
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Cattaneo D, Fusi M, Cozzi V, Baldelli S, Bonini I, Gervasoni C, Clementi E. Supra-therapeutic Linezolid Trough Concentrations in Elderly Patients: A Call for Action? Clin Pharmacokinet 2020; 60:603-609. [PMID: 33180272 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-020-00964-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE According to the drug label, linezolid dosage adjustments are not needed in geriatric patients. Nevertheless, clinical evidence suggests that elderly patients may benefit from the use of reduced linezolid doses to limit drug overexposure. Here, we aimed to describe the results of the last 5 years of therapeutic drug monitoring of linezolid in our institution with a special focus on elderly patients. METHODS Linezolid therapeutic drug monitoring requests collected between January 2016 and June 2020 were considered. Linezolid trough concentrations were considered both as a continuous variable and as a categorical variable, clustering data according to the therapeutic range proposed by available literature (< 2, 2-8, and > 8 mg/L, respectively). Patients' age and sex were considered as categorical variables. Comparisons of linezolid trough concentrations between groups of patients stratified according to age were performed using an analysis of variance; comparisons in the frequency distributions were performed using the chi-squared test. RESULTS From 2016 to 2020, we collected 3250 linezolid TDM requests. A highly significant, progressive increment in the linezolid trough concentrations was observed moving from patients aged < 50 years (5.8 ± 5.6 mg/L) to those aged > 90 years (16.6 ± 10.0 mg/L), with an overall increment of 30% per decade of age. Nearly 30%, 50%, and 65% of patients aged < 65 years, 65-80 years, and > 80 years, respectively, had supra-therapeutic linezolid trough concentrations at the first therapeutic drug monitoring assessment. This trend did not change significantly moving from 2016 to 2020. CONCLUSIONS Elderly patients given linezolid at the conventional 600-mg twice-daily dose might be at a high risk of being overexposed to treatment, eventually increasing their risk to experience drug-related hematological toxicity. Reduced linezolid dosing schemes should be potentially considered in elderly patients at a low risk of treatment failure, ideally guided by therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy. .,Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy. .,Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, ASST Fatebenefratelli, Sacco University Hospital, Via GB Grassi 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marta Fusi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cozzi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Igor Bonini
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Gestione Ambulatoriale Politerapie (GAP) Outpatient Clinic, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,E. Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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10
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Massumi S, Ahmadi E, Akbari A, Gholivand MB. Highly sensitive and selective sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymer for voltammetric determination of Nevirapine in biological samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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11
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Koosha E, Shamsipur M, Salimi F, Ramezani M. A microextraction method based on precipitation for the simultaneous separation and preconcentration of cadmium and lead before their determination by FAAS: experimental design methodology. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1788597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Koosha
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
| | - Majid Ramezani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
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12
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Sakurai N, Nakamura Y, Kawaguchi H, Abe J, Yamada K, Nagayama K, Kakeya H. Measurement of Linezolid and Its Metabolites PNU-142300 and PNU-142586 in Human Plasma Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:439-444. [DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka City University Hospital
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Osaka City University Hospital
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Junko Abe
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Koichi Yamada
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Infection Control, Osaka City University Hospital
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Hiroshi Kakeya
- Department of Infection Control Science, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Infection Control, Osaka City University Hospital
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Sciences (RCIDS), Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine
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13
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Fernandes GFDS, Salgado HRN, Santos JLD. A critical review of HPLC-based analytical methods for quantification of Linezolid. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:196-211. [PMID: 31017000 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1605876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent belonging to the oxazolidinone class. Since its approval in the year 2000 until now, linezolid remains the main representative drug for the oxazolidinone class of drugs, which is used in therapy due to its unique mode of action, which involves inhibition of protein synthesis. As linezolid holds great importance in antimicrobial therapy, it is necessary to compile the various analytical methods that have been reported in the literature for its analysis. Analytical techniques used for pharmaceutical analyses and therapeutic drug monitoring play an important role in comprehending the aspects regarding bioavailability, bioequivalence, and therapeutic monitoring during patient follow-ups. Even though linezolid has had the approval for clinical use for more than 18 years now, most of the analytical methods for its determination reported in the scientific literature are the ones which utilize HPLC. Therefore, the present review provides a summary of the HPLC-based methods used in the determination and quantification of linezolid in different matrices since the time of its discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Felipe Dos Santos Fernandes
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Jean Leandro Dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
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14
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Kokilambigai KS, Lakshmi KS, Sai Susmitha A, Seetharaman R, Kavitha J. Linezolid-A Review of Analytical Methods in Pharmaceuticals and Biological Matrices. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 50:179-188. [PMID: 30957518 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1599709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a growing phenomenon in the world. Considering the relevance of antimicrobials for population and the reduction in the registration of new antimicrobials by regulatory agencies, proper quality control is required to minimize the spread of bacterial resistance and ensure the effectiveness of a treatment, as well as safety for the patient. The recent addition to the antimicrobial world is the oxazolidinone classes of antibiotics, especially useful to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Eperezolid and linezolid (LIN) are the two members of the oxazolidinone class of antibiotics. LIN was the first oxazolidinone approved by the Food and Drug Administration. The present review focuses on the analytical methods for the assessment of LIN in pharmaceuticals and biological matrices. The critical validation parameters like the linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification are discussed for the individual method. Also the critical quality attributes like the sensitivity and the sample preparation techniques for bioanalytical methods are also discussed. Furthermore, some future trends that can be incorporated in the determination of similar drugs are also suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Kokilambigai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K S Lakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Sai Susmitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Seetharaman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - J Kavitha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Comparison of the ARK Immunoassay With High-Performance Liquid Chromatography With Ultraviolet Detection for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Linezolid. Ther Drug Monit 2018; 40:140-143. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Mohammed SA, Eissa MS, Ahmed HM. Simple protein precipitation extraction technique followed by validated chromatographic method for linezolid analysis in real human plasma samples to study its pharmacokinetics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1043:235-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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17
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Cattaneo D, Gervasoni C, Cozzi V, Castoldi S, Baldelli S, Clementi E. Therapeutic drug management of linezolid: a missed opportunity for clinicians? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016; 48:728-731. [PMID: 27769709 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Some studies have shown that adjustments to the linezolid dose guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can reduce interindividual variability in drug exposure and improve linezolid tolerability. In this study, 6 years of linezolid TDM, a diagnostic service for our hospital and others in the Milan (Italy) area, is described. Samples were collected immediately before the morning dose intake (trough concentrations) in steady-state conditions. Linezolid concentrations were quantified by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Four hundred linezolid trough concentrations from 220 patients were collected. A 20-fold variability in linezolid levels was observed. Positive and significant correlations between linezolid trough concentrations and patient age (r = 0.325, P <0.01) or serum creatinine (r = 0.511, P <0.01) were found. A progressive increase in linezolid concentrations with time was observed in a subgroup of patients with more than one TDM assessment. Elderly patients, especially those aged >80 years and with impaired renal function, are at a higher risk of overexposure to linezolid. Despite the observed progressive increase in linezolid concentrations over time, most physicians did not change the drug dose according to the TDM results, even in the presence of frank overexposure to linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
| | - Cristina Gervasoni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, L. Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Cozzi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Castoldi
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Baldelli
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via Giovanni Battista Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Clementi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, L. Sacco University Hospital, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy; E. Medea Scientific Institute, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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18
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Yu HC, Pan CW, Xie QP, Zheng Y, Hu YZ, Lin YM. Simultaneous determination of tedizolid and linezolid in rat plasma by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1011:94-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Wong G, Sime FB, Lipman J, Roberts JA. How do we use therapeutic drug monitoring to improve outcomes from severe infections in critically ill patients? BMC Infect Dis 2014; 14:288. [PMID: 25430961 PMCID: PMC4289211 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-14-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High mortality and morbidity rates associated with severe infections in the critically ill continue to be a significant issue for the healthcare system. In view of the diverse and unique pharmacokinetic profile of drugs in this patient population, there is increasing use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in attempt to optimize the exposure of antibiotics, improve clinical outcome and minimize the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Despite this, a beneficial clinical outcome for TDM of antibiotics has only been demonstrated for aminoglycosides in a general hospital patient population. Clinical outcome studies for other antibiotics remain elusive. Further, there is significant variability among institutions with respect to the practice of TDM including the selection of patients, sampling time for concentration monitoring, methodologies of antibiotic assay, selection of PK/PD targets as well as dose optimisation strategies. The aim of this paper is to review the available evidence relating to practices of antibiotic TDM, and describe how TDM can be applied to potentially improve outcomes from severe infections in the critically ill.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jason A Roberts
- Burns Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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El-Assal MI, Helmy SA. Single-dose linezolid pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients with impaired renal function especially chronic hemodialysis patients. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2014; 35:405-16. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona I. El-Assal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries; Future University; Egypt
| | - Sally A. Helmy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy; Damanhour University; Damanhour Egypt
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy; Taibah University; AL-Madinah AL-Munawarah Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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21
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Simultaneous Quantification of Linezolid, Tinidazole, Norfloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Levofloxacin, and Gatifloxacin in Human Plasma for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Pharmacokinetic Studies in Human Volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:770-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e318297b6b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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22
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Development and validation of a new UPLC-PDA method to quantify linezolid in plasma and in dried plasma spots. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 936:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Fortuna S, De Pascale G, Ragazzoni E, Antonelli M, Navarra P. Validation of a new HPLC-UV method for determination of the antibiotic linezolid in human plasma and in bronchoalveolar lavage. Biomed Chromatogr 2013; 27:1489-96. [PMID: 23813438 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and selective HPLC-UV method was developed for the quantification of linezolid (LNZ) in human plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at the concentrations associated with therapy. Plasma samples were extracted by solid-phase extraction followed by evaporation to dryness and reconstitution in mobile phase solution. The chromatographic separation was carried out on a C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase consisting of dihydrogen phosphate buffer 50 mm (pH 3.5) and acetonitrile (60:40 v/v). The detection was performed using a photodiode array. Under these conditions, a single chromatographic run could be completed within 12 min. The method was validated by estimating the precision and the accuracy for inter- and intra-day analysis in the concentration range of 25-25600 ng/mL. The method was linear over the investigated range with all the correlation coefficients R > 0.999. The intra- and inter-day precision was within 8.90% and the accuracy ranged from -4.76 to +5.20%. This rapid and sensitive method was fully validated and could be applied to pharmacokinetic study for the determination of LNZ levels in human plasma and BAL samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fortuna
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, 'Agostino Gemelli' Academic Hospital, Catholic University Medical School, Rome, Italy
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24
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Cattaneo D, Orlando G, Cozzi V, Cordier L, Baldelli S, Merli S, Fucile S, Gulisano C, Rizzardini G, Clementi E. Linezolid plasma concentrations and occurrence of drug-related haematological toxicity in patients with gram-positive infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2013; 41:586-9. [PMID: 23562639 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2013.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Retrospective studies have documented a significant association between linezolid (LNZ) plasma concentrations and drug-related haematological toxicity. However, the safe upper threshold level for LNZ plasma trough concentrations (Cmin values) has not been defined with certainty. A prospective observational study was performed aimed at comparing LNZ Cmin values in patients developing drug-related side effects with those measured in patients not experiencing LNZ toxicity. LNZ Cmin values were measured from the first week after starting therapy and were repeated periodically up to the end of treatment. Fifty patients, for a total of 210 LNZ Cmin evaluations, were considered. All patients (n=9) who developed drug-related haematological toxicity also had significantly higher plasma LNZ Cmin values during the first week of therapy (9.0±6.4 mg/L vs. 4.9±3.7 mg/L; P<0.01) and thereafter (9.3±5.4 mg/L vs. 4.4±3.4 mg/L; P<0.01). The significant association between LNZ plasma concentrations and haematological toxicity was also confirmed by multivariate logistic regression analysis including age, serum creatinine and concomitant medications as independent variables. A causal relationship between LNZ concentrations and the risk of developing drug-related haematological toxicity was observed. Accordingly, application of therapeutic drug monitoring may improve the safety outcome of patients receiving LNZ therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Cattaneo
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milan, Italy.
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