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Hugh JC, Haddon LSJ, Githaka JM. DREAM On, DREAM Off: A Review of the Estrogen Paradox in Luminal A Breast Cancers. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1300. [PMID: 38927507 PMCID: PMC11201522 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12061300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
It is generally assumed that all estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancers proliferate in response to estrogen and, therefore, examples of the estrogen-induced regression of ER+ cancers are paradoxical. This review re-examines the estrogen regression paradox for the Luminal A subtype of ER+ breast cancers. The proliferative response to estrogen is shown to depend on the level of ER. Mechanistically, a window of opportunity study of pre-operative estradiol suggested that with higher levels of ER, estradiol could activate the DREAM-MMB (Dimerization partner, Retinoblastoma-like proteins, E2F4, and MuvB-MYB-MuvB) pathway to decrease proliferation. The response of breast epithelium and the incidence of breast cancers during hormonal variations that occur during the menstrual cycle and at the menopausal transition, respectively, suggest that a single hormone, either estrogen, progesterone or androgen, could activate the DREAM pathway, leading to reversible cell cycle arrest. Conversely, the presence of two hormones could switch the DREAM-MMB complex to a pro-proliferative pathway. Using publicly available data, we examine the gene expression changes after aromatase inhibitors and ICI 182,780 to provide support for the hypothesis. This review suggests that it might be possible to integrate all current hormonal therapies for Luminal A tumors within a single theoretical schema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith C. Hugh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Lacey S. J. Haddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
| | - John Maringa Githaka
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 116 St & 85 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada;
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Kim C, Wellons M. Sex Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease in Relation to Menopause. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2023; 52:195-210. [PMID: 36948775 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Natural menopause is defined as the cessation of menstruation among women who have not undergone hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy. The implications of menopause management are particularly important with the aging of the population and increasing awareness of the importance of midlife risk upon longevity. Our understanding of the relationships between reproductive milestones and cardiovascular disease continues to evolve particularly regarding shared determinants of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3841 Green Hills Village Dr #200, Nashville, TN 37215, USA
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Yang H, Fang B, Wang Z, Chen Y, Dong Y. The Timing Sequence and Mechanism of Aging in Endocrine Organs. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070982. [PMID: 37048056 PMCID: PMC10093290 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The world is increasingly aging, and there is an urgent need to find a safe and effective way to delay the aging of the body. It is well known that the endocrine glands are one of the most important organs in the context of aging. Failure of the endocrine glands lead to an abnormal hormonal environment, which in turn leads to many age-related diseases. The aging of endocrine glands is closely linked to oxidative stress, cellular autophagy, genetic damage, and hormone secretion. The first endocrine organ to undergo aging is the pineal gland, at around 6 years old. This is followed in order by the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, gonads, pancreatic islets, and thyroid gland. This paper summarises the endocrine gland aging-related genes and pathways by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, it systematically summarises the changes in the structure and function of aging endocrine glands as well as the mechanisms of aging. This study will advance research in the field of aging and help in the intervention of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zixu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoxing Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Song J, Wang T, Guo J, Guo Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Xu K, Sa Y, Yuan L, Jiang H, Sun Z. Advanced High-Coverage Targeted Metabolomics Method (SWATHtoMRM) for Exploring the Relationship of Follicular Fluid Components with Age. CURR PHARM ANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573412915666190218155820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background:
The complexity of follicular fluid metabolome presents a huge challenge for
qualitative and quantitative metabolite profiling and discovery of the comprehensive biomarkers.
Objective:
In order to address this challenge, novel SWATHtoMRM metabolomics method was used
for providing broad coverage and excellent quantitative capability to discover the human follicular fluid
metabolites related to age and evaluate their relationship with pregnancy outcome and oocyte senescence.
Methods:
The patients were divided into four groups according to age, including group A (28 cases, 21-
27 years old), group B (42 cases, 28-34 years old), group C (31 cases, 35-41 years old), and group D (24
cases, 42-48 years old). Follicular fluid samples from 125 IVF patients were analyzed. The differential
ions among the four groups were identified by principal components analysis according to accurate
mass, isotope ratio, and tandem mass spectroscopic spectra. Then, the differential metabolic pathways
were further identified by a KEGG cluster analysis.
Results:
A total of 18 metabolites in the follicular fluid differed among the four groups, including
amino acids, lipids, hormones, and vitamins. A total of 15 metabolites, including 6-oxohexanoate,
phenylalanine, proline, hexadecanoic acid, linoleate, arachidonate, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid,
LysoPC(16:1), LysoPC(20:5), LysoPC (20:3), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, 5-dehydroepisterol, 27-
hydroxycholesterol, and 5beta-cholestane-3alpha,7alpha,12alpha,23,25-pentol, were down-regulated
with age and 3 metabolites, including LysoPC(18:3), LysoPC(18:1), and 13,14-dihydroretinol, were upregulated
with age.
Conclusion:
Our study provides useful information for revealing the relationship between age and female
reproductive capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyan Song
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Ying Guo
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Kaiyue Xu
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Yuanhong Sa
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lihua Yuan
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Huaying Jiang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the First Clinical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Zhengao Sun
- Reproductive and Genetic Center of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250011, China
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Abstract
Perimenopause, or the menopausal transition, represents a period of time during which newly arising symptoms can present complex management decisions for providers. Many women present to care with complaints of hot flashes, vaginal and sexual changes, altered mood and sleep, and changing bleeding patterns. The effect of these symptoms on quality of life, even before a woman enters menopause, can be significant. The appropriate evaluation and evidence-based management of women in this transition is reviewed in this article. Two case vignettes are used to highlight certain evaluation and treatment challenges.
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Changes in androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, estradiol, and estrone over the menopausal transition. Womens Midlife Health 2017; 3. [PMID: 29333273 PMCID: PMC5761074 DOI: 10.1186/s40695-017-0028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous reports have noted that dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) increases prior to the final menstrual period (FMP) and remains stable beyond the FMP. How DHEAS concentrations correspond with other sex hormones across the menopausal transition (MT) including androstenedione (A4), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) is not known. Our objective was to examine how DHEAS, A4, T, E1, and E2 changed across the MT by White vs. African-American (AA) race/ethnicity. Methods We conducted a longitudinal observational analysis of a subgroup of women from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation observed over 4 visits prior to and 4 visits after the FMP (n = 110 women over 9 years for 990 observations). The main outcome measures were DHEAS, A4, T, E1, and E2. Results Compared to the decline in E2 concentrations, androgen concentrations declined minimally over the MT. T (β 9.180, p < 0.0001) and E1 (β 11.365, p < 0.0001) were higher in Whites than in AAs, while elevations in DHEAS (β 28.80, p = 0.061) and A4 (β 0.2556, p = 0.052) were borderline. Log-transformed E2 was similar between Whites and AAs (β 0.0764, p = 0.272). Body mass index (BMI) was not significantly associated with concentrations of androgens or E1 over time. Conclusion This report suggests that the declines in E2 during the 4 years before and after the FMP are accompanied by minimal changes in DHEAS, A4, T, and E1. There are modest differences between Whites and AAs and minimal differences by BMI.
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Matsui S, Yasui T, Kasai K, Yoshida K, Kato T, Uemura H, Kuwahara A, Matsuzaki T, Irahara M. Circulating dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate decreases even with a slight change in oestradiol. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2017; 38:231-235. [PMID: 28903616 DOI: 10.1080/01443615.2017.1344829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on changes in circulating dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate (DHEA-S) with focus on the relationship between oestrogen level and change in DHEA-S. Forty-two women were enrolled in this longitudinal study. Nineteen women received oral oestradiol and twenty-three women received transdermal oestradiol continuously. Twenty women received progesterone continuously except for women who had undergone hysterectomy. Circulating oestradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinising hormone and DHEA-S levels before and at 3 months after commencement of HRT were measured. Circulating DHEA-S level was significantly decreased at 3 months (p < .001). Oestradiol level at 3 months ranged from 6.5 pg/ml to 159 pg/ml. There was no significant correlation of ΔDHEA-S (DHEAS level at 3 months-DHEA-S level at baseline) with Δoestradiol (r = 0.114, p = .471). Circulating DHEA-S level was significantly decreased at 3 months in all the four quartiles and divided according to Δoestradiol, and ΔDHEA-S did not show significant differences. In conclusion, circulating DHEA-S decreases even with a slight increase in oestradiol level. Impact statement What is already known on this subject: A transient increase in DHEA-S in women during the menopausal transition may be involved in the occurrence of menopausal symptoms and/or unfavourable metabolic changes. Hormone replacement therapy decreases circulating DHEA-S level. However, dose dependency of the change in DHEA-S on oestrogen has not been reported. What the results of this study add: Circulating DHEA-S decreases even with a slight increase in oestradiol level. What the implications are of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research: Adrenal function may respond to a small change in oestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumika Matsui
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Yasui
- b Department of Reproductive and Menopausal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kana Kasai
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kanako Yoshida
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Takeshi Kato
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Hirokazu Uemura
- c Department of Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Akira Kuwahara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences , Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
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8
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Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Dattilo M, Macut D, Duntas L, Gonos ES, Goulis DG, Gantenbein CK, Kapetanou M, Koukkou E, Lambrinoudaki I, Michalaki M, Eftekhari-Nader S, Pasquali R, Peppa M, Tzanela M, Vassilatou E, Vryonidou A. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Aging and anti-aging: a Combo-Endocrinology overview. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R283-R308. [PMID: 28264815 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aging and its underlying pathophysiological background has always attracted the attention of the scientific society. Defined as the gradual, time-dependent, heterogeneous decline of physiological functions, aging is orchestrated by a plethora of molecular mechanisms, which vividly interact to alter body homeostasis. The ability of an organism to adjust to these alterations, in conjunction with the dynamic effect of various environmental stimuli across lifespan, promotes longevity, frailty or disease. Endocrine function undergoes major changes during aging, as well. Specifically, alterations in hormonal networks and concomitant hormonal deficits/excess, augmented by poor sensitivity of tissues to their action, take place. As hypothalamic-pituitary unit is the central regulator of crucial body functions, these alterations can be translated in significant clinical sequelae that can impair the quality of life and promote frailty and disease. Delineating the hormonal signaling alterations that occur across lifespan and exploring possible remedial interventions could possibly help us improve the quality of life of the elderly and promote longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Djuro Macut
- Clinic for EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Leonidas Duntas
- Medical SchoolUniversity of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Endocrine ClinicEvgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Efstathios S Gonos
- National Hellenic Research FoundationInstitute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- First Department of Obstetrics & GynecologyMedical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Kanaka Gantenbein
- First Department of Pediatrics Medical SchoolAghia Sophia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marianna Kapetanou
- National Hellenic Research FoundationInstitute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity of Athens, Aretaieio Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Marina Michalaki
- Endocrine DivisionInternal Medicine Department, University Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Shahla Eftekhari-Nader
- Department of Internal MedicineMc Goven Medical School, The University of Texas, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Melpomeni Peppa
- Second Department of Internal Medicine PropaedeuticResearch Institute and Diabetes Center, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Evangeline Vassilatou
- Endocrine Unit2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolism, 'Red Cross Hospital', Athens, Greece
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Labrie F, Martel C, Bélanger A, Pelletier G. Androgens in women are essentially made from DHEA in each peripheral tissue according to intracrinology. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 168:9-18. [PMID: 28153489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective is to review how the cell-specific amounts of intracellular androgens are all made in women from circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in each peripheral tissue, independently from the rest of the body. Following 500 million years of evolution, approximately three dozen cell-specific intracrine enzymes have been engineered in human peripheral tissues whereby the inactive sex steroid precursor DHEA mainly of adrenal origin is transformed into the appropriate minute intracellular amounts of androgens. These intracellular androgens are inactivated in the same cells, with no biologically significant release of active androgens in the circulation. The best estimate is that approximately 50% as much androgens are synthesized in women, compared to men of the same age. The problem with DHEA, however, the exclusive source of androgens in women of all ages, is that DHEA secretion has already decreased by an average of 60% at time of menopause and continues to decrease thereafter. The human-specific and highly sophisticated mechanisms of intracrinology permit each cell to control androgen availability according to its own needs independently from the remaining of the body. Such a mechanism is completely different from classical endocrinology well understood in men where testosterone of testicular origin is transported through the blood and has indiscriminate access to the androgen receptor (AR) in all AR-containing cells of the body. In men, both the endocrine and intracrine mechanisms are in operation while, in women, only the intracrine mechanisms responsible for intracellular formation from DHEA provide androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernand Labrie
- Professor Emeritus, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; Endoceutics Inc, Quebec City, Canada.
| | | | - Alain Bélanger
- Professor Emeritus, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; Consultant, Endoceutics Inc, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Georges Pelletier
- Professor Emeritus, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada; Consultant, Endoceutics Inc, Quebec City, Canada
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Lasley B, Conley A, Morrison J, Rao CV. Identification of Immunoreactive Luteinizing Hormone Receptors in the Adrenal Cortex of the Female Rhesus Macaque. Reprod Sci 2015; 23:524-30. [PMID: 26516122 DOI: 10.1177/1933719115607991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Female laboratory macaques were studied under a variety of treatment protocols to determine if immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/gonadal chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) receptors were present in the adrenal cortex. All adrenal tissues revealed an absence of immunoreactivity in the in the medulla while staining was present in all three outer zones of the cortex. Increased staining was observed in the zonae reticularis with least staining in the zonae glomerulosa. Moderate and variable staining was found in the zonae fasciculata. These results demonstrate that LH/CG receptors in the adrenal cortex may be more common in higher primates than previously recognized and help explain some aspects of the endocrine changes observed in mid-aged women during the menopausal transition when circulating LH concentrations are rising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill Lasley
- California Regional Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alan Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - John Morrison
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, USA National Primate Research Center, University of California at Davis, CA, USA Current affiliation
| | - C V Rao
- Departments of Cell Biology, Molecular and Human Genetics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels reflect endogenous luteinizing hormone production and response to human chorionic gonadotropin challenge in older female macaque (Macaca fascicularis). Menopause 2013; 20:329-35. [PMID: 23435031 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e3182698f80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We propose that the adrenal gland of an older higher primate female animal model will respond to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) hormone challenge by secreting additional dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS). Such a response in surgically and chemically castrated animals will provide proof of concept and a validated animal model for future studies to explore the rise in DHEAS during the menopausal transition of women. METHODS Twenty-four 18- to 26-year-old female cynomolgus monkeys were screened for ovarian function and then either ovariectomized (n = 4) or treated with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa; n = 20) to block ovarian steroid production. After a recovery period from surgical procedure or down-regulation, a single-dose challenge (1,000 IU/animal, IM) of hCG was then administered to determine if luteinizing hormone (LH)/chorionic gonadotropin could accelerate circulating DHEAS production. Serum DHEAS, bioactive LH, and urinary metabolites of ovarian sex steroids were monitored before, during, and after these treatments. RESULTS Circulating LH bioactivity and immunoreactive DHEAS concentrations were suppressed in all animals 14 days postadministration of GnRHa. Urinary metabolites of estradiol and progesterone remained low after the surgical procedure or a flare reaction to GnRHa. Circulating DHEAS levels were increased after hCG administration, and the increase in individual animals was proportional to the pretreatment DHEAS at baseline. Circulating DHEAS concentrations were positively correlated to endogenous LH bioactive concentrations prior to hCG challenge and were subsequently further elevated by the hCG challenge while no concomitant change in ovarian steroid hormone excretion was observed. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a positive adrenal androgen response to LH/chorionic gonadotropin in older female higher primates and suggest a mechanism for the rise in adrenal androgen production during the menopausal transition in women. These results also illustrate that the nonhuman primate animal model can be effectively used to investigate this phenomenon.
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12
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Conley AJ, Stanczyk FZ, Morrison JH, Borowicz P, Benirschke K, Gee NA, Lasley BL. Modulation of higher-primate adrenal androgen secretion with estrogen-alone or estrogen-plus-progesterone intervention. Menopause 2013; 20:322-8. [PMID: 23435030 PMCID: PMC3610787 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0b013e318273a070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Circulating adrenal steroids rise during the menopausal transition in most middle-aged women and may contribute to differences in between-women symptoms and ultimate health outcomes. However, the mechanisms for this shift in adrenal steroid production in middle-aged women are not known. This study aims to determine whether hormone therapy (HT) for 1 year can modulate adrenal androgen production. METHODS Younger (9.8 [0.4] years, n = 20) and older (22.7 [0.4] years, n = 37) female laboratory macaques were ovariectomized, and each group was treated with different regimens of HT for up to 1 year. Changes in adrenal histology and circulating adrenal androgens were monitored after estrogen-alone (E) or estrogen plus progesterone (E + P) treatment, and these changes were compared with the same measures in similarly aged animals given vehicle. RESULTS Zona reticularis area, serum dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) were higher in younger vehicle-treated animals compared with older vehicle-treated animals (P < 0.02). Both E and E + P treatments decreased circulating DHEAS in the younger group (P < 0.05). Although E treatment also decreased DHEAS in the older group, this was not statistically significant. In contrast, E + P treatment in the older group resulted in a rise in DHEAS over vehicle, which was significantly higher than the results of E treatment (P < 0.01). Circulating concentrations of DHEA exhibited similar trends, but these changes did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that intervention with ovarian steroids can modulate adrenal androgen production in female higher primates and that both animal age and type of HT regimen determine adrenal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Conley
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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13
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The perimenopausal increase in circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) levels during the menopausal transition (MT) is accompanied by other adrenal steroids that have the potential to alter estrogen/androgen balance and explain the wide interwoman range of estrogen-related symptoms experienced during the MT. METHODS Annual serum samples from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, which had previously been analyzed for immunoreactive estradiol (E2), testosterone, DHEAS, and sex hormone-binding globulin, were selected based on DHEAS concentration and analyzed for immunoreactive and bioactive estrogens and androgens, including immunoreactive androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone, and 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol (androstenediol [Adiol]). RESULTS A two-fold increase in circulating androstenedione and testosterone was found to rise in parallel with the rise in circulating DHEAS, whereas dehydroepiandrosterone and Adiol concentrations rose seven- to eight-fold. Circulating Adiol, which has both androgenic and estrogenic biological activity, was significantly associated (P < 0.02) with circulating estrogen bioactivity only when E2 concentrations were low and Adiol levels were high. CONCLUSIONS The wide range of circulating levels of Adiol and its contribution to total circulating estrogenicity during the MT is consistent with the observed interwoman difference in symptoms at this time. Therefore, we conclude that Adiol contributes to circulating estrogenicity when E2 production falls at menopause and may contribute significantly to the endocrine changes experienced by midlife women.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is now recognized that mean circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) concentrations in most midlife women exhibit a positive inflection starting in early perimenopause, continuing through early postmenopause and returning to early perimenopausal levels by late postmenopause. This rise in mean DHEAS is accompanied by concomitant rises in testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosteone (DHEA), and androstenedione (Adione) and an equal rise in androstenediol (Adiol). These observations suggest that there is a specific relationship between the circulating levels of steroids emanating from the adrenal glands, declining ovarian function, and the stages of the menopausal transition. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the menopausal stage-specific change in circulating DHEAS is associated with concomitant changes in the circulating pattern of adrenal steroids and that some of these adrenal androgens could influence the circulating estrogen/androgen balance. METHODS Stored annual serum samples (N = 120) were first selected to represent four longitudinal DHEAS profiles of individual women to assess and compare changes in the adrenal contribution to circulating steroids. RESULTS Changes in mean circulating DHEAS levels in midlife women during the menopausal transition is associated with changes in mean circulating T, Adione, and Adiol. Mean Adione and T concentrations changed the least, whereas mean DHEAS and Adiol changed the most. CONCLUSIONS Changes in circulating steroid hormone emanating from the adrenal during the menopausal transition may be more important than the decline in ovarian function in terms of altering the estrogen/androgen balance.
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Polotsky AJ, Allshouse A, Crawford SL, Harlow SD, Khalil N, Santoro N, Legro RS. Relative contributions of oligomenorrhea and hyperandrogenemia to the risk of metabolic syndrome in midlife women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012; 97:E868-77. [PMID: 22466350 PMCID: PMC3387411 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2011-3357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Young reproductive-age women with irregular menses and androgen excess are at high risk for unfavorable metabolic profile; however, recent data suggest that menstrual regularity and hyperandrogenism improve with aging in affected women approaching menopause. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether women with hyperandrogenemia (HA) and a history of oligomenorrhea (Oligo) are at an elevated risk for metabolic syndrome (MetS) at the early stages of menopausal transition. METHODS Baseline data from 2543 participants (mean age of 45.8 yr) in the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation were analyzed. Women with a lifetime history of more than one 3-month interval of nongestational and nonlactational amenorrhea were classified as having a history of Oligo. The highest tertile of serum testosterone was used to define HA. Women with normal serum androgens and eumenorrhea were used as the reference group. Logistic regression models generated adjusted odds ratios (AOR), controlling for age, ethnicity, body mass index, smoking, and study site. RESULTS Oligo was associated with MetS only when coincident with HA [AOR of 1.93 for Oligo and HA [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17-3.17], AOR of 1.25 for Oligo and normal androgens (95% CI 0.81-1.93)]. In contrast, HA conferred a consistently significant risk for MetS, regardless of the menstrual frequency status [AOR of 1.48 for HA and eumenorrhea (95% CI 1.15-1.90)]. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that HA but not history of Oligo is independently associated with the risk of prevalent MetS in pre- and perimenopausal women in their 40s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J Polotsky
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Yasui T, Matsui S, Tani A, Kunimi K, Yamamoto S, Irahara M. Androgen in postmenopausal women. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2012; 59:12-27. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.59.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Yasui
- Department of Reproductive Technology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Sumika Matsui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Anna Tani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kotaro Kunimi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Satoshi Yamamoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Minoru Irahara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Health Biosciences, the University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Abstract
The concept that adrenal androgen production gradually declines with age has changed after analysis of longitudinal data from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN). It is now recognized that 4 adrenal androgens rise during the menopausal transition in most women. Ethnic and individual differences in sex steroids are more apparent in circulating adrenal steroids than in either estradiol or cyclic ovarian steroid hormone profiles, particularly during the early and late perimenopause. Thus, adrenal steroid production may play a larger role in the occurrence of symptoms and the potential for healthier aging than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill L Lasley
- Center for Population Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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