1
|
Na Z, Wei W, Xu Y, Li D, Yin B, Gu W. Role of menopausal hormone therapy in the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220759. [PMID: 38152576 PMCID: PMC10752002 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has declined due to concerns about its potential side effects. However, its pivotal role in managing postmenopausal osteoporosis is gaining increased recognition. In this article, we explore how MHT assists postmenopausal women in maintaining bone health and preventing fractures. Recent research indicates that MHT significantly reduces the risk of fractures in women. This benefit is evident regardless of a woman's bone mineral density or their use of progestogens. However, there is limited evidence suggesting that the skeletal benefits continue once the treatment is discontinued. Possible complications of MHT include heart attacks, clots, strokes, dementia, and breast cancer. The most suitable candidates for MHT are women who have recently entered menopause, are experiencing menopausal symptoms, and are below 60 years of age with a minimal baseline risk of adverse events. The treatment is available to those who meet these criteria. For women undergoing premature menopause, MHT can be considered as a means to protect bone health, especially if initiated before menopause or if accelerated bone loss is documented soon after menopause. Such decisions should be made after evaluating individual risk factors and benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Na
- Department of Gynecology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, First People’s Hospital of Changshu City, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Yingfang Xu
- Department of Gynecology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changzhou Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changzhou No. 7 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213000, China
| | - Beili Yin
- Department of Gynecology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, China
| | - Weiqun Gu
- Department of Gynecology, Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, 215500, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gallagher JC, Rosen CJ. Vitamin D: 100 years of discoveries, yet controversy continues. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:362-374. [PMID: 37004709 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 100 years, many major breakthroughs and discoveries have occurred in relation to vitamin D research. These developments include the cure of rickets in 1919, the discovery of vitamin D compounds, advances in vitamin D molecular biology, and improvements in our understanding of endocrine control of vitamin D metabolism. Furthermore, recommended daily allowances for vitamin D have been established and large clinical trials of vitamin D, aimed at clarifying the effect of Vitamin D in the prevention of multiple diseases, have been completed. However, disappointingly, these clinical trials have not fulfilled the expectations many had 10 years ago. In almost every trial, various doses and routes of administration did not show efficacy of vitamin D in preventing fractures, falls, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, asthma, and respiratory infections. Although concerns about side-effects of long-term high-dose treatments, such as hypercalcaemia and nephrocalcinosis, have been around for four decades, some trials from the past 5 years have had new and unexpected adverse events. These adverse events include increased fractures, falls, and hospitalisations in older people (aged >65 years). Several of these clinical trials were powered appropriately for a primary outcome but did not include dose response studies and were underpowered for secondary analyses. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the safety of high doses of vitamin D supplementation, particularly in older people. In addition, despite universal recommendations by osteoporosis societies for combining calcium supplements with vitamin D there remains insufficient data about their efficacy and effect on fracture risk in the highest risk groups. More trials are needed for people with severe vitamin D deficiency (ie, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D <25nmol/L [10ng/mL]). In this Personal View, we summarise and discuss some of the major discoveries and controversies in the field of vitamin D.
Collapse
|
3
|
da Silva TCA, dos Santos Gonçalves JA, Souza LACE, Lima AA, Guerra-Sá R. The correlation of the fecal microbiome with the biochemical profile during menopause: a Brazilian cohort study. BMC Womens Health 2022; 22:499. [PMID: 36474222 PMCID: PMC9724392 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-022-02063-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormonal, biochemical, and metabolic changes after menopause may alter the quality of life of women, leading to vasomotor, psychological, and genitourinary symptoms, and changes in their gut microbiota, which regulates estrogen levels through the estroboloma. Fecal samples were used to investigate the changes in the gut microbiota during aging and hormonal changes in women. A balanced gut microbiota has been associated with health or disease conditions and remains poorly understood after menopause. This study identified the fecal microbiota, and their association with biochemical and hormonal parameters of a cohort of women in the climacteric in the city of Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil. METHODS A total of 102 women aged 40 to 65 years old were recruited and distributed into three groups according to the STRAW criteria for reproductive stage: reproductive (n = 18), premenopausal (n = 26), and postmenopausal (n = 58). Blood samples were collected to measure their serum biochemical and hormone levels, and the participants answered a questionnaire. The gut microbiota was analyzed from fecal samples by qPCR using the genera Bifidobacterium, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium. RESULTS The following parameters showed differences among the groups: total cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, ApoB, urea, calcium, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase (p < 0.05). qPCR revealed the genus Clostridium to be the most abundant in all three groups. In the reproductive age group, the significant correlations were: Bacteroides with glucose (r = -0.573 p = 0.0129), and SDHEA (r = -0.583 p = 0.0111). For the premenopausal group, they were: Bifidobacteria with total cholesterol (r = 0.396 p = 0.0451), LDL (r = 0.393 p = 0.0468), ApoB (r = 0.411 p = 0.0368); Lactobacillus and calcium (r = 0.443 p = 0.0232), ALP (r = 0.543 p = 0.0041), LPa (r =-0.442 p = 0.02336); and Bacteroides and urea (r =-0.461 p = 0.0176). In the postmenopausal group, they were Bifidobacterium and ALP (r =-0.315 p = 0.0159), Lactobacillus and urea (r =-0.276 p = 0.0356), and Clostridium and beta estradiol (r =-0.355 p = 0.0062). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the hormonal and metabolic changes during menopause in the population studied were accompanied by a significant change in the fecal microbiota, especially of the genus Clostridium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thayane Christine Alves da Silva
- grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Biological Sciences Research Center, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil ,grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LBBM), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Jennefer Aparecida dos Santos Gonçalves
- grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LBBM), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Laura Alves Cota e Souza
- grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CiPharma), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Angélica Alves Lima
- grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CiPharma), School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - R. Guerra-Sá
- grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Graduate Program in Biological Sciences - Biological Sciences Research Center, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Morro Do Cruzeiro, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil ,grid.411213.40000 0004 0488 4317Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (LBBM), Department of Biological Sciences, Institute of Exact and Biological Sciences, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ziller V. Knochengesundheit in der Postmenopause. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-022-00459-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
5
|
CHIN WL, CHU ECP, CHIANG R. Screening and Diagnosing Osteoporosis Among Postmenopausal Women in Primary Care Settings in Malaysia: A Systematic Review. MAEDICA 2022; 17:492-504. [PMID: 36032605 PMCID: PMC9375864 DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2022.17.2.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Background: As the population of Malaysia is aging, osteoporosis is becoming more common, prompting the development of various clinical practice guidelines for screening and diagnosing in primary care settings. Given the lack of a systematic assessment of recommendations, we aimed to determine the extent between the guidelines and actuarial screening and diagnosing among postmenopausal women in Malaysia. Methods:The present research is a systematic review following the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) for clinical practice guidelines on the screening and diagnosing of osteoporosis in primary care settings (updated January 1, 2022). For this purpose, several databases were searched, including MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL. Medical subject headings search terms were related to diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis, clinical practice guidelines, primary settings and postmenopausal women. Two authors assessed records following consensus and evidence-based processes and reviewed the quality of identified studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. Results:Six cross-sectional studies were included in our review. All of them showed a fair level of osteoporosis screening among postmenopausal women in Malaysia primary care settings. Included studies reported that 50% of participants had been diagnosed as osteopenia or osteoporosis. Advancing age, increase of menopause years, low bone mass index, low calcium intake, low education level and low income are positive indicators for osteoporosis. The diagnosis of osteoporosis is influenced by the accessibility of primary care providers on osteoporosis care and knowledge of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women. Conclusions:This systematic review has confirmed that there was a fair screening status in Malaysia. A renewed effort in primary care is needed to reduce the explicit gap in practice and meet the osteoporosis guideline. However, further reviews are needed to best inform future practice, specifically examine the challenges of primary care providers in osteoporosis management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wui Ling CHIN
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Chun-Pu CHU
- New York Chiropractic and Physiotherapy Centre, EC Healthcare, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ricky CHIANG
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, the University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bristow SM, Bolland MJ, Gamble GD, Leung W, Reid IR. Dietary calcium intake and change in bone mineral density in older adults: a systematic review of longitudinal cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:196-205. [PMID: 34131304 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-021-00957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Many older adults do not achieve recommended intakes of calcium and there is some concern over the potential impact of this on bone health. The objective of this review was to examine evidence from cohort studies on the relationship between calcium intake and change in bone mineral density (BMD) in older adults, something not undertaken in the last two decades. Data sources included Ovid Medline, Embase, and PubMed and references from retrieved reviews and articles. The final search was performed in February 2021. We included cohort studies of calcium intake in participants aged >50 years with change in BMD over ≥1 year as an outcome. We identified 23 studies of women and 7 of men. Most studies found no association between calcium intake and change in BMD in women (71%) or men (71%). Among women, five studies reported high rates (>30% of participants) of hormone treatment or osteoporosis therapy (HT/OT) use; 80% of these studies reported a positive association between calcium intake and change in BMD, compared with 10% of studies in which HT/OT use was low. No study in women in which the mean age was >60 years reported a positive association between calcium intake and change in BMD. We conclude that calcium intake across the ranges consumed in these studies (mean intake in all but one study >500 mg/day) is not an important determinant of bone loss, particularly among women >60 years. The positive findings in studies with high rates of HT/OT use are likely to arise from confounding as a result of co-administration of calcium supplements with these medications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Bristow
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark J Bolland
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - William Leung
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Ian R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been used for prevention and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis for several decades. However, public concerns were raised over the safety of MHT after the initial report was published in 2002 by the Women's Health Initiative. We conducted a historical review on this subject, primarily focusing on level I evidence from randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, and summarized high-quality evidence on the efficacy and safety of MHT in management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Clinical issues were also discussed on MHT initiation, identification of treatment candidates and treatment duration, as well as discontinuation of MHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Reading Hospital of Tower Health System, Reading, PA, USA.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sydney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - R Kagan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Sutter East Bay Medical Foundation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seshadri MS, Gopi M, Murali P, Kumar K. Osteoporosis in a Rural Community - Long-Term Effects of a Community Level Program of Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation - A Prospective Observational Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:305-312. [PMID: 35136737 PMCID: PMC8793951 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_141_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In a defined geographic area in rural India (1,60,000 population), osteoporosis detection and calcium and vitamin D supplementation program was instituted. Of the eligible 15,386 subjects, 5,992 (38%) participated in the program; 2,882 (48%) had osteopenia and osteoporosis; supervised calcium and vitamin D supplementation was instituted; 2,113 (73.3% of those identified) completed 2 years of supplementation. The mean duration of the follow-up was 5 years (range 2-8 years). On follow-up, three groups emerged; those who were regular, those who were irregular, and those who did not take supplements. In those who were regular with calcium and vitamin D supplementation, we found a significant reduction in fractures (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.81) compared with those who did not take supplements. There was no significant difference in falls between the three groups. Mortality was significantly lower (RR 0.53, 95% CI 0.31-0.91) in those who were regular with calcium and vitamin D supplements compared to those who did not take supplements. While the reduction in fractures was probably due to calcium and vitamin D supplementation, the reduction in mortality was probably because those who took regular supplements accessed healthcare services more readily for other comorbidities as part of their follow-up program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mandalam S. Seshadri
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Thirumalai Mission Hospital, Vanapadi Road, Ranipet, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manigandan Gopi
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Thirumalai Mission Hospital, Vanapadi Road, Ranipet, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyanka Murali
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Thirumalai Mission Hospital, Vanapadi Road, Ranipet, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaliyaperumal Kumar
- Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Thirumalai Mission Hospital, Vanapadi Road, Ranipet, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Anagnostis P, Bosdou JK, Vaitsi K, Goulis DG, Lambrinoudaki I. Estrogen and bones after menopause: a reappraisal of data and future perspectives. Hormones (Athens) 2021; 20:13-21. [PMID: 32519298 DOI: 10.1007/s42000-020-00218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) is effective in preventing menopause-related bone loss and decreasing vertebral, non-vertebral and hip fracture risk. MHT contains estrogens that exert both antiosteoclastic and osteoanabolic effects. These effects are dose-dependent, as even ultra-low doses preserve or increase bone mineral density. The transdermal route of administration is effective on cancellous and cortical bone, although fracture data are still lacking. Hormone replacement therapy is the treatment of choice to preserve skeletal health in women with premature ovarian insufficiency and early menopause. MHT can be considered in women aged < 60 years or within 10 years since menopause as, in this population, benefits outweigh possible risks, such as breast cancer and cardiovascular events. Despite the ensuing bone loss after MHT discontinuation, a residual antifracture effect persists. However, in women at risk of fracture, subsequent antiosteoporotic therapy may be needed, either with an antiosteoclastic or osteoanabolic agent. In any case, longitudinal data from randomized controlled trials comparing different estrogen doses and routes of administration, as well as designating the optimal treatment strategy after MHT discontinuation, are needed to elucidate these issues further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Anagnostis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
- Department of Endocrinology, Police Medical Center of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Julia K Bosdou
- Unit for Human Reproduction, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantina Vaitsi
- Department of Endocrinology, Police Medical Center of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Irene Lambrinoudaki
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
Hip fracture is a leading cause of profound morbidity in individuals aged 65 years and older, ranking in the top 10 causes of loss of disability-adjusted life-years for older adults. Worldwide, the number of people with hip fracture is expected to rise significantly due to the aging population and other factors. Physical therapist management is recommended within medical, surgical, and multidisciplinary clinical practice guideline (CPGs) and is considered to be the standard of care in rehabilitation for people with hip fracture. The goal of this CPG was to review the evidence relevant to physical therapist management and to provide evidence-based recommendations for physical therapy diagnosis, prognosis, intervention, and assessment of outcome in adults with hip fracture. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(2):CPG1-CPG81. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.0301.
Collapse
|
11
|
Thermographic follow-up of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) subsequent to Ramsay Hunt syndrome with multicranial nerve (V, VII, VIII and IX) involvement: a case report. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:39. [PMID: 33509130 PMCID: PMC7840788 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS) is caused by a reactivation of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection, and it is characterized by the symptoms of facial paralysis, otalgia, auricular rash, and/or an oral lesion. Elderly patients or immunocompromised patients, deep pain at the initial visit and no prompt treatment are significant predictors of postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). When PHN occurs, especially involved cranial polyneuropathy, multiple modalities should be administered for patients with the intractable PHN. The use of thermography in the follow-up of PHN secondary to RHS with multicranial nerve involvement has not yet been described yet in the literature. Case presentation The patient was a 78-year-old man with the chief complaint of a 3-month history of PHN secondary to RHS with polycranial nerve (V, VII, VIII, and IX) involvement. Multimodality therapy with oral gabapentin, pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) application to the Gasserian ganglion for pain in the trigeminal nerve region, linear-polarized near-infrared light irradiation for pain in the facial nerve region, and 2% lidocaine spray for pain in the glossopharyngeal nerve region was used to the treat patient, and follow-up evaluations included thermography. This comprehensive treatment obviously improved the quality of life, resulting in considerable pain relief, as indicated by a decrease in the numerical rating scale (NRS) score from 9 to 3 and a decrease in thermal imaging temperature from higher to average temperature on the ipsilateral side compared with the contralateral side. Lidocaine spray on the tonsillar branches of the glossopharyngeal nerve resulted in an improvement in odynophagia, and the NRS score decreased from 9 to 0 for glossopharyngeal neuralgia after three applications. Conclusion Although the use of thermography in the follow-up of RHS with multiple cranial nerve (V, VII, VIII, and IX) involvement is very rare, in this patient, thermal imaging showed the efficacy of combination therapy (oral gabapentin, 2% lidocaine sprayed, PRF application and linear-polarized near-infrared light irradiation) and that is a good option for treatment.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rozenberg S, Al-Daghri N, Aubertin-Leheudre M, Brandi ML, Cano A, Collins P, Cooper C, Genazzani AR, Hillard T, Kanis JA, Kaufman JM, Lambrinoudaki I, Laslop A, McCloskey E, Palacios S, Prieto-Alhambra D, Reginster JY, Rizzoli R, Rosano G, Trémollieres F, Harvey NC. Is there a role for menopausal hormone therapy in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis? Osteoporos Int 2020; 31:2271-2286. [PMID: 32642851 PMCID: PMC7661391 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-020-05497-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We provide an evidence base and guidance for the use of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) for the maintenance of skeletal health and prevention of future fractures in recently menopausal women. Despite controversy over associated side effects, which has limited its use in recent decades, the potential role for MHT soon after menopause in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis is increasingly recognized. We present a narrative review of the benefits versus risks of using MHT in the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Current literature suggests robust anti-fracture efficacy of MHT in patients unselected for low BMD, regardless of concomitant use with progestogens, but with limited evidence of persisting skeletal benefits following cessation of therapy. Side effects include cardiovascular events, thromboembolic disease, stroke and breast cancer, but the benefit-risk profile differs according to the use of opposed versus unopposed oestrogens, type of oestrogen/progestogen, dose and route of delivery and, for cardiovascular events, timing of MHT use. Overall, the benefit-risk profile supports MHT treatment in women who have recently (< 10 years) become menopausal, who have menopausal symptoms and who are less than 60 years old, with a low baseline risk for adverse events. MHT should be considered as an option for the maintenance of skeletal health in women, specifically as an additional benefit in the context of treatment of menopausal symptoms, when commenced at the menopause, or shortly thereafter, in the context of a personalized benefit-risk evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rozenberg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CHU St Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Vrije Universiteit, Brussels, Belgium
| | - N Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M Aubertin-Leheudre
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, CRIUGM, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - M-L Brandi
- Department of Biochemical, Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Unit of Bone and Mineral Diseases, University Hospital of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A Cano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia and INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Collins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Royal Brompton Hospital, Royal Brompton Campus, Sydney Street, London, UK
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A R Genazzani
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Hillard
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Poole Hospital NHS Trust, Poole, UK
| | - J A Kanis
- Mary McKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK
| | - J-M Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Lambrinoudaki
- Menopause Unit, 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Laslop
- Scientific Office, Federal Office for Safety in Health Care, Vienna, Austria
| | - E McCloskey
- Centre for Integrated research in Musculoskeletal Ageing, Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - S Palacios
- Director of Palacios Institute of Women's Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - D Prieto-Alhambra
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J-Y Reginster
- WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging, Division of Public Health, Epidemiology and Health Economics, University of Liège, Liege, Belgium
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R Rizzoli
- Division of Bone Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - F Trémollieres
- Menopause Center, Hôpital Paule de Viguier, University Hospital of Toulouse and INSERM U1048-I2MC-Equipe 9, Toulouse, France
| | - N C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bar M, Ott SM, Lewiecki EM, Sarafoglou K, Wu JY, Thompson MJ, Vaux JJ, Dean DR, Saag KG, Hashmi SK, Inamoto Y, Dholaria BR, Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Nagler A, Rodriguez C, Hamilton BK, Shah N, Flowers MED, Savani BN, Carpenter PA. Bone Health Management After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation: An Expert Panel Opinion from the American Society for Transplantation and Cellular Therapy. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2020; 26:1784-1802. [PMID: 32653624 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bone health disturbances commonly occur after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) with loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and avascular necrosis (AVN) foremost among them. BMD loss is related to pretransplantation chemotherapy and radiation exposure and immunosuppressive therapy for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD) and results from deficiencies in growth or gonadal hormones, disturbances in calcium and vitamin D homeostasis, as well as osteoblast and osteoclast dysfunction. Although the pathophysiology of AVN remains unclear, high-dose glucocorticoid exposure is the most frequent association. Various societal treatment guidelines for osteoporosis exist, but the focus is mainly on menopausal-associated osteoporosis. HCT survivors comprise a distinct population with unique comorbidities, making general approaches to bone health management inappropriate in some cases. To address a core set of 16 frequently asked questions (FAQs) relevant to bone health in HCT, the American Society of Transplant and Cellular Therapy Committee on Practice Guidelines convened a panel of experts in HCT, adult and pediatric endocrinology, orthopedics, and oral medicine. Owing to a lack of relevant prospective controlled clinical trials that specifically address bone health in HCT, the answers to the FAQs rely on evidence derived from retrospective HCT studies, results extrapolated from prospective studies in non-HCT settings, relevant societal guidelines, and expert panel opinion. Given the heterogenous comorbidities and needs of individual HCT recipients, answers to FAQs in this article should be considered general recommendations, with good medical practice and judgment ultimately dictating care of individual patients. Readers are referred to the Supplementary Material for answers to additional FAQs that did not make the core set.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Merav Bar
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Susan M Ott
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - E Michael Lewiecki
- New Mexico Clinical Research & Osteoporosis Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico; Bone Health TeleECHO, UNM Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Kyriakie Sarafoglou
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Endocrinology and Genetics & Metabolism, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Experimental & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Joy Y Wu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew J Thompson
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan J Vaux
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - David R Dean
- Department of Oral Medicine, University of Washington School of Dentistry, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kenneth G Saag
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Shahrukh K Hashmi
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Yoshihiro Inamoto
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bhagirathbhai R Dholaria
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mohamed A Kharfan-Dabaja
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Blood and Marrow Transplantation Program, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Arnon Nagler
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Department, Hematology Division, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Cesar Rodriguez
- Department of Internal Medicine Hematology and Oncology, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Betty K Hamilton
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Nina Shah
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Mary E D Flowers
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bipin N Savani
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Paul A Carpenter
- Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lu LJW, Chen NW, Nayeem F, Nagamani M, Anderson KE. Soy isoflavones interact with calcium and contribute to blood pressure homeostasis in women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:2369-2381. [PMID: 31535213 PMCID: PMC7416691 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens and calcium regulate vascular health but caused adverse cardiovascular events in randomized trials. OBJECTIVES Whether phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones modulate the physiological effects of calcium on blood pressure was explored. DESIGN A double-blind, randomized study assigned 99 premenopausal women to 136.6 mg isoflavones (as aglycone equivalents) and 98 to placebo for 5 days per week for up to 2 years. Blood pressure, serum calcium and urinary excretion of daidzein (DE) and genistein (GE) were measured repeatedly before and during treatment. RESULTS Isoflavones did not affect blood pressure per intake dose assignment (i.e. intention-to-treat, n = 197), but significantly affected blood pressure per measured urinary excretion of isoflavones (i.e. per protocol analysis, n = 166). Isoflavones inversely moderated calcium effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) (interaction term β-estimates: - 3.1 for DE, - 12.86 for GE, all P < 0.05), and decreased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β-estimates: - 0.84 for DE, - 2.82 for GE, all P < 0.05) after controlling for calcium. The net intervention effects between the maximum and no isoflavone excretion were - 17.7 and + 13.8 mmHg changes of SBP, respectively, at serum calcium of 10.61 and 8.0 mg/dL, and about 2.6 mmHg decrease of DBP. CONCLUSIONS Moderation by isoflavones of the physiological effect of calcium tends to normalize SBP, and this effect is most significant when calcium concentrations are at the upper and lower limits of the physiological norm. Isoflavones decrease DBP independent of calcium levels. Further studies are needed to assess the impact of this novel micronutrient effect on blood pressure homeostasis and cardiovascular health. TRIAL REGISTRATION www.clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT00204490.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jane W Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 700 Harborside Dr., Galveston, TX, 77555-1109, USA.
| | - Nai-Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 700 Harborside Dr., Galveston, TX, 77555-1109, USA
| | - Fatima Nayeem
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 700 Harborside Dr., Galveston, TX, 77555-1109, USA
| | - Manubai Nagamani
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
- Houston Bay Area Fertility Center, Webster, TX, 77598, USA
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 700 Harborside Dr., Galveston, TX, 77555-1109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
The maintenance of extracellular calcium levels within a narrow range is necessary for normal function of the nervous system, muscle, and coagulation, to maintain mineralization of the skeleton but to avoid calcification of soft tissues. Accordingly, absorption and excretion of calcium is closely regulated, and adult humans can adapt to a wide range of calcium intakes from 300 to 2,000 mg/day. The evidence that low calcium intakes contribute to osteoporosis development is weak, as is evidence that increasing these intakes significantly changes fracture risk. Consistent with this view, the United States Preventive Services Task Force does not support the use of calcium supplements in healthy community-dwelling adults. While some groups continue to recommend that supplements of calcium and vitamin D are given with drug treatments for osteoporosis, this view is not supported by clinical trials which demonstrate anti-fracture efficacy of estrogens and bisphosphonates in the absence of such supplementation. Thus, calcium supplements have only a minor place in contemporary medical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Sarah M Bristow
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Sami A, Abrahamsen B. The Latest Evidence from Vitamin D Intervention Trials for Skeletal and Non-skeletal Outcomes. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 106:88-93. [PMID: 31563967 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D has long been considered a central part of the treatment paradigm for osteoporosis. Initial studies in high-risk populations with widespread vitamin D deficiency found a reduction of both vertebral and non-vertebral fractures. Subsequent studies in the general population have yielded mixed but mostly disappointing results both for skeletal and especially non-skeletal outcomes. Recent sequential trial meta-analyses suggest that future studies are likely to be futile given the overall disappointing result. However, mega-trials are still in progress, and additional results have been released. This narrative review aims to evaluate new literature to determine if there has been any substantial change in the message. In conclusion, there is no longer a strong case for initiating vitamin D alone trials in the general adult population, irrespective of age and gender, for significant health outcomes such as fractures, cardiovascular disease and cancer. New studies should focus on risk groups and take directions from the Heaney criteria for evaluation of threshold nutrients. Indeed, real benefits may still be reaped by directing vitamin D supplementation to persons with proven or likely vitamin D deficiency. Further, the role of dietary calcium as a critical co-nutrient remains controversial and could contribute to the discrepancy between studies in terms of cancer outcomes and possibly falls and fractures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sami
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bo Abrahamsen
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Odense Patient Data Explorative Network, Institute of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Medicine, Holbæk Hospital, 4300, Holbæk, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Controversies in medicine: the role of calcium and vitamin D supplements in adults. Med J Aust 2019; 211:468-473. [DOI: 10.5694/mja2.50393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Women's Health Initiative clinical trials: potential interactive effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation with hormonal therapy on cardiovascular disease. Menopause 2019; 26:841-849. [DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
19
|
Fedotova JO. Vitamin D 3 treatment differentially affects anxiety-like behavior in the old ovariectomized female rats and old ovariectomized female rats treated with low dose of 17β-estradiol. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2019; 20:49. [PMID: 30967121 PMCID: PMC6454671 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-019-0774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen deficiency effects on affective-related behavior are restricted to certain periods of age after ovary removal. Among other nutraceuticals, one of such «natural» substances for treatment of affective-related diseases could be vitamin D3. It is a great interest to evaluate the effects of repeated cholecalciferol administration on anxiety-related behavior in the old female rats with long-term estrogen deficiency. The present study was performed to determine the behavioral effects of cholecalciferol treatment at different doses as an adjunctive therapy alone or in a combination with low dose of 17β-estradiol on anxiety-like behavior of the old (16-18 months) female rats at 12 weeks after ovariectomy. METHODS Vitamin D3 supplementation individually (as cholecalciferol at doses of 1.0, 2.5 or 5.0 mg/kg/day, s.c.) or in co-administration with of 17β-estradiol (17β-E2, 0.5 μg/rat, s.c.) were given to the old ovariectomized (OVX) rats at 12 weeks after ovariectomy. Anxiety-related state was tested in the elevated plus maze (EPM) and light-dark test (LDT), as well behavioral reactivity was registered in the open field test (OFT). Moreover, 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels in the blood serum of these OVX rats treated with Vitamin D3 or Vitamin D3 plus 17β-E2 were measured. RESULTS The results of the present study indicated that Vitamin D3 supplementation at dose of 1.0 mg/kg/day decreased manifestations of anxiety-like profile in the old OVX rats. Treatment with Vitamin D3 (1.0 mg/kg/day) plus 17β-E2 in resulted in more profound anxiolytic-like effects the old OVX rats than effects of both drugs administered alone. Moreover, treatment with cholecalciferol (1.0 mg/kg/day, s.c.) in the old ovariectomized rats after ovariectomy at 12 weeks produced elevated estradiol and 25-OH-VD3 levels for these rats as compared to the old OVX females treated with oil solvent. CONCLUSIONS Using the preclinical study, chronic cholecalciferol, 17β-E2 and their combination treatment were shown to be effective for anxiety-like treatment in the old subjects with long-term estrogen deficiency.
Collapse
|
20
|
Yoon BK. Risks and benefits of menopausal hormone therapy. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2019. [DOI: 10.5124/jkma.2019.62.3.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Koo Yoon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lu LJW, Chen NW, Nayeem F, Ramanujam VMS, Kuo YF, Brunder DG, Nagamani M, Anderson KE. Novel effects of phytoestrogenic soy isoflavones on serum calcium and chloride in premenopausal women: A 2-year double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Clin Nutr 2018; 37:1862-1870. [PMID: 29183775 PMCID: PMC5948121 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soy phytoestrogens are potential alternatives to postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT). Adverse effects of HRT such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and pulmonary embolism are mediated by calcium-induced signaling. OBJECTIVE To determine whether soy isoflavones affect serum calcium in healthy female subjects. DESIGN In a double-blind trial, 197 premenopausal women were randomly assigned to either isoflavone (N = 99) or placebo pills (N = 98) 5 days per week for up to 2 years, plus prenatal vitamins. Isoflavone pills contained 60 mg genistein, 60 mg daidzein and 16.6 mg glycitein (expressed as aglycone equivalents). All pills contained 15 mg riboflavin as an adherence marker. Blood chemistries and urinary daidzein, genistein and riboflavin were measured multiple times during the luteal phase before and during treatment. RESULTS Analysis of the adherent population (N = 83 per group), revealed significantly strong associations between urinary levels of isoflavones and serum concentrations of calcium (regression coefficients 0.082 for daidzein and 0.229 for genistein, all P < 0.01) and chloride (regression coefficient, -1.537 for genistein, P < 0.0001), mediated in part by albumin. The effects amounted to mean changes of +0.24 mg/dL for calcium and -1.45 mEq/L for chloride, with each visit for subjects excreting the most vs. the least amounts of isoflavones. These associations were not evident in the intention-to-treat analysis (N = 197) that did not assess expected variations in isoflavone levels within and between subjects from metabolism and adherence. CONCLUSIONS These novel and strong effects of soy isoflavones on calcium homeostasis have important implications for long term effects of these natural substances on cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Jane W Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Nai-Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Fatima Nayeem
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - V-M Sadagopa Ramanujam
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Donald G Brunder
- Department of Academic Computing, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Manubai Nagamani
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Karl E Anderson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zhao JG, Zeng XT, Wang J, Liu L. Association Between Calcium or Vitamin D Supplementation and Fracture Incidence in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA 2017; 318:2466-2482. [PMID: 29279934 PMCID: PMC5820727 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.19344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The increased social and economic burdens for osteoporosis-related fractures worldwide make the prevention of such injuries a major public health goal. Previous studies have reached mixed conclusions regarding the association between calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements and fracture incidence in older adults. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements are associated with a lower fracture incidence in community-dwelling older adults. DATA SOURCES The PubMed, Cochrane library, and EMBASE databases were systematically searched from the inception dates to December 24, 2016, using the keywords calcium, vitamin D, and fracture to identify systematic reviews or meta-analyses. The primary randomized clinical trials included in systematic reviews or meta-analyses were identified, and an additional search for recently published randomized trials was performed from July 16, 2012, to July 16, 2017. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials comparing calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements with a placebo or no treatment for fracture incidence in community-dwelling adults older than 50 years. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two independent reviewers performed the data extraction and assessed study quality. A meta-analysis was performed to calculate risk ratios (RRs), absolute risk differences (ARDs), and 95% CIs using random-effects models. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Hip fracture was defined as the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes were nonvertebral fracture, vertebral fracture, and total fracture. RESULTS A total of 33 randomized trials involving 51 145 participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There was no significant association of calcium or vitamin D with risk of hip fracture compared with placebo or no treatment (calcium: RR, 1.53 [95% CI, 0.97 to 2.42]; ARD, 0.01 [95% CI, 0.00 to 0.01]; vitamin D: RR, 1.21 [95% CI, 0.99 to 1.47]; ARD, 0.00 [95% CI, -0.00 to 0.01]. There was no significant association of combined calcium and vitamin D with hip fracture compared with placebo or no treatment (RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.85 to 1.39]; ARD, 0.00 [95% CI, -0.00 to 0.00]). No significant associations were found between calcium, vitamin D, or combined calcium and vitamin D supplements and the incidence of nonvertebral, vertebral, or total fractures. Subgroup analyses showed that these results were generally consistent regardless of the calcium or vitamin D dose, sex, fracture history, dietary calcium intake, and baseline serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, the use of supplements that included calcium, vitamin D, or both compared with placebo or no treatment was not associated with a lower risk of fractures among community-dwelling older adults. These findings do not support the routine use of these supplements in community-dwelling older people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Guo Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xian-Tie Zeng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hebei Province Cangzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Cangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Schnatz PF, Jiang X, Aragaki AK, Nudy M, O'Sullivan DM, Williams M, LeBlanc ES, Martin LW, Manson JE, Shikany JM, Johnson KC, Stefanick ML, Payne ME, Cauley JA, Howard BV, Robbins J. Effects of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Women's Health Initiative: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Obstet Gynecol 2017; 129:121-129. [PMID: 27926633 PMCID: PMC5177479 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the treatment effect of calcium+vitamin D supplementation, hormone therapy, both, and neither on cardiovascular disease risk factors. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among Women's Health Initiative (WHI) participants. The predefined primary outcome was low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). RESULTS Between September 1993 and October 1998, a total of 68,132 women aged 50-79 years were recruited and randomized to the WHI-Dietary Modification (n=48,835) and WHI-Hormone Therapy trials (n=27,347). Subsequently, 36,282 women from WHI-Hormone Therapy (16,089) and WHI-Dietary Modification (n=25,210) trials were randomized in the WHI-Calcium+Vitamin D trial to 1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 international units vitamin D3 daily or placebo. Our study group included 1,521 women who participated in both the hormone therapy and calcium+vitamin D trials and were in the 6% subsample of trial participants with blood sample collections at baseline and years 1, 3, and 6. The average treatment effect with 95% confidence interval, for LDL-C, compared with placebo, was -1.6, (95% confidence interval [CI] -5.5 to 2.2) mg/dL for calcium+vitamin D alone, -9.0 (95% CI -13.0 to -5.1) mg/dL for hormone therapy alone, and -13.8 (95% CI -17.8 to -9.8) mg/dL for the combination. There was no evidence of a synergistic effect of calcium+vitamin D+hormone therapy on LDL-C (P value for interaction=.26) except in those with low total intakes of vitamin D, for whom there was a significant synergistic effect on LDL (P value for interaction=.03). CONCLUSION Reductions in LDL-C were greater among women randomized to both calcium+vitamin D and hormone therapy than for those randomized to either intervention alone or to placebo. The treatment effect observed in the calcium+vitamin D+hormone therapy combination group may be additive rather than synergistic. For clinicians and patients deciding to begin calcium+vitamin D supplementation, current use of hormone therapy should not influence that decision. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00000611.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter F. Schnatz
- Department of ObGyn, Reading Hospital; Reading, PA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital; Reading, PA
- Department of ObGyn, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Xuezhi Jiang
- Department of ObGyn, Reading Hospital; Reading, PA
- Department of ObGyn, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aaron K. Aragaki
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Matthew Nudy
- Department of ObGyn, Reading Hospital; Reading, PA
- Department of ObGyn, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University; Philadelphia, PA
| | | | | | - Erin S. LeBlanc
- Center for Health Research NW, Kaiser Permanente, Portland, Oregon
| | - Lisa W. Martin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington DC
| | - JoAnn E. Manson
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston MA
| | - James M. Shikany
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Karen C. Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN
| | - Marcia L. Stefanick
- Department of Medicine, Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Martha E. Payne
- Office of Research Development, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jane A. Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health; Pittsburgh PA
| | - Barbara V. Howard
- MedStar Health Research Institute and Georgetown/Howard Universities center for clinical and translational Science
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bolland MJ, Avenell A, Grey A, Reid IR. Errors in NOF meta-analyses of calcium and vitamin D supplements. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:2637-9. [PMID: 26992924 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M J Bolland
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.
| | - A Avenell
- Health Services Research Unit, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK
| | - A Grey
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - I R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Reid IR. Controversies in osteoporosis management. Intern Med J 2016; 46:767-70. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. R. Reid
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Endocrinology; Auckland District Health Board; Auckland New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Lappe JM, LeBoff MS, Liu S, Looker AC, Wallace TC, Wang DD. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:367-76. [PMID: 26510847 PMCID: PMC4715837 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-015-3386-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim was to meta-analyze randomized controlled trials of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fracture prevention. Meta-analysis showed a significant 15 % reduced risk of total fractures (summary relative risk estimate [SRRE], 0.85; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.98) and a 30 % reduced risk of hip fractures (SRRE, 0.70; 95 % CI, 0.56-0.87). INTRODUCTION Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation has been widely recommended to prevent osteoporosis and subsequent fractures; however, considerable controversy exists regarding the association of such supplementation and fracture risk. The aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials [RCTs] of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and fracture prevention in adults. METHODS A PubMed literature search was conducted for the period from July 1, 2011 through July 31, 2015. RCTs reporting the effect of calcium plus vitamin D supplementation on fracture incidence were selected from English-language studies. Qualitative and quantitative information was extracted; random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to generate summary relative risk estimates (SRREs) for total and hip fractures. Statistical heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and the I (2) statistic, and potential for publication bias was assessed. RESULTS Of the citations retrieved, eight studies including 30,970 participants met criteria for inclusion in the primary analysis, reporting 195 hip fractures and 2231 total fractures. Meta-analysis of all studies showed that calcium plus vitamin D supplementation produced a statistically significant 15 % reduced risk of total fractures (SRRE, 0.85; 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.73-0.98) and a 30 % reduced risk of hip fractures (SRRE, 0.70; 95 % CI, 0.56-0.87). Numerous sensitivity and subgroup analyses produced similar summary associations. A limitation is that this study utilized data from subgroup analysis of the Women's Health Initiative. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis of RCTs supports the use of calcium plus vitamin D supplements as an intervention for fracture risk reduction in both community-dwelling and institutionalized middle-aged to older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Women's Global Health Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - C J Boushey
- Cancer Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - B Dawson-Hughes
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Bone Metabolism Laboratory, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J M Lappe
- School of Nursing, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
- School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - M S LeBoff
- Skeletal Health and Osteoporosis Center and Bone Density Unit, Calcium and Bone Section, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S Liu
- Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A C Looker
- Division of Health and Nutrition Examination Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hyattsville, MD, USA
| | - T C Wallace
- National Osteoporosis Foundation, 1150 17th Street NW, Suite 850, Washington, DC, 20036, USA.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA.
| | - D D Wang
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Calcium is an essential element in the diet, but there is continuing controversy regarding its optimal intake, and its role in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. Most studies show little evidence of a relationship between calcium intake and bone density, or the rate of bone loss. Re-analysis of data from the placebo group from the Auckland Calcium Study demonstrates no relationship between dietary calcium intake and rate of bone loss over 5 years in healthy older women with intakes varying from <400 to >1500 mg day(-1) . Thus, supplements are not needed within this range of intakes to compensate for a demonstrable dietary deficiency, but might be acting as weak anti-resorptive agents via effects on parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. Consistent with this, supplements do acutely reduce bone resorption and produce small short-term effects on bone density, without evidence of a cumulative density benefit. As a result, anti-fracture efficacy remains unproven, with no evidence to support hip fracture prevention (other than in a cohort with severe vitamin D deficiency) and total fracture numbers are reduced by 0-10%, depending on which meta-analysis is considered. Five recent large studies have failed to demonstrate fracture prevention in their primary analyses. This must be balanced against an increase in gastrointestinal side effects (including a doubling of hospital admissions for these problems), a 17% increase in renal calculi and a 20-40% increase in risk of myocardial infarction. Each of these adverse events alone neutralizes any possible benefit in fracture prevention. Thus, calcium supplements appear to have a negative risk-benefit effect, and so should not be used routinely in the prevention or treatment of osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Endocrinology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S M Bristow
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M J Bolland
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bolland MJ, Leung W, Tai V, Bastin S, Gamble GD, Grey A, Reid IR. Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ 2015; 351:h4580. [PMID: 26420387 PMCID: PMC4784799 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.h4580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the evidence underpinning recommendations to increase calcium intake through dietary sources or calcium supplements to prevent fractures. DESIGN Systematic review of randomised controlled trials and observational studies of calcium intake with fracture as an endpoint. Results from trials were pooled with random effects meta-analyses. DATA SOURCES Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed, and references from relevant systematic reviews. Initial searches undertaken in July 2013 and updated in September 2014. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomised controlled trials or cohort studies of dietary calcium, milk or dairy intake, or calcium supplements (with or without vitamin D) with fracture as an outcome and participants aged >50. RESULTS There were only two eligible randomised controlled trials of dietary sources of calcium (n=262), but 50 reports from 44 cohort studies of relations between dietary calcium (n=37), milk (n=14), or dairy intake (n=8) and fracture outcomes. For dietary calcium, most studies reported no association between calcium intake and fracture (14/22 for total, 17/21 for hip, 7/8 for vertebral, and 5/7 for forearm fracture). For milk (25/28) and dairy intake (11/13), most studies also reported no associations. In 26 randomised controlled trials, calcium supplements reduced the risk of total fracture (20 studies, n=58,573; relative risk 0.89, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 0.96) and vertebral fracture (12 studies, n=48,967. 0.86, 0.74 to 1.00) but not hip (13 studies, n=56,648; 0.95, 0.76 to 1.18) or forearm fracture (eight studies, n=51,775; 0.96, 0.85 to 1.09). Funnel plot inspection and Egger's regression suggested bias toward calcium supplements in the published data. In randomised controlled trials at lowest risk of bias (four studies, n=44,505), there was no effect on risk of fracture at any site. Results were similar for trials of calcium monotherapy and co-administered calcium and vitamin D. Only one trial in frail elderly women in residential care with low dietary calcium intake and vitamin D concentrations showed significant reductions in risk of fracture. CONCLUSIONS Dietary calcium intake is not associated with risk of fracture, and there is no clinical trial evidence that increasing calcium intake from dietary sources prevents fractures. Evidence that calcium supplements prevent fractures is weak and inconsistent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bolland
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William Leung
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington 6242, New Zealand
| | - Vicky Tai
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Sonja Bastin
- Department of Radiology, Starship Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Greg D Gamble
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Grey
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ian R Reid
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Progress continues to be made in the development of therapeutics for fracture prevention. Bisphosphonates are now available orally and intravenously, often as inexpensive generics, and remain the most widely used interventions for osteoporosis. The major safety concern associated with the use of bisphosphonates is the development of femoral shaft stress fractures and, although rare, this adverse event affords the principal rationale for restricting bisphosphonate therapy to those individuals with femoral T-scores <-2.5, and for providing drug holidays in those individuals requiring therapy for >5 years. Newer antiresorptive therapies, in the form of denosumab and cathepsin K inhibitors, might increase efficacy and possibly circumvent some of the safety concerns associated with bisphosphonate use (for example, gastrointestinal and renal complications). The combination of teriparatide with antiresorptives markedly increases effects on BMD; new anabolic agents are also very promising in this regard. However, whether or not these changes in BMD translate into improved efficacy of fracture prevention remains to be determined. Vitamin D is important for the prevention of osteomalacia, but does not influence BMD or fracture risk in patients not deficient in vitamin D. The balance of risks and benefits of calcium supplementation is contentious, but patients should be encouraged to adhere to a balanced diet aimed at maintaining a healthy body weight. Consideration of a patient's risk of falling, and its mitigation, are also important. In this Review, I summarize the short-term and long-term effects of osteoporosis therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
There is an increasing number of effective therapies for fracture prevention in adults at risk of osteoporosis. However, shortcomings in the evidence underpinning our management of osteoporosis still exist. Evidence of antifracture efficacy in the groups of patients who most commonly use calcium and vitamin D supplements is lacking, the safety of calcium supplements is in doubt, and the safety and efficacy of high doses of vitamin D give cause for concern. Alendronate, risedronate, zoledronate and denosumab have been shown to prevent spine, nonspine and hip fractures; in addition, teriparatide and strontium ranelate prevent both spine and nonspine fractures, and raloxifene and ibandronate prevent spine fractures. However, most trials provide little information regarding long-term efficacy or safety. A particular concern at present is the possibility that oral bisphosphonates might cause atypical femoral fractures. Observational data suggest that the incidence of this type of fracture increases steeply with duration of bisphosphonate use, resulting in concern that the benefit-risk balance may become negative in the long term, particularly in patients in whom the osteoporotic fracture risk is not high. Therefore, reappraisal of ongoing use of bisphosphonates after about 5 years is endorsed by expert consensus, and 'drug holidays' should be considered at this time. Further studies are needed to guide clinical practice in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,the Department of Endocrinology, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Reid
- Department of Endocrinology, Auckland District Health Board, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wulaningsih W, Van Hemelrijck M, Michaelsson K, Kanarek N, Nelson WG, Ix JH, Platz EA, Rohrmann S. Association of serum inorganic phosphate with sex steroid hormones and vitamin D in a nationally representative sample of men. Andrology 2014; 2:967-76. [PMID: 25270590 PMCID: PMC4324600 DOI: 10.1111/andr.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Defects in bone regulatory pathways have been linked to chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease and cancer. In men, a link between bone metabolism and gonadal hormones has been suggested. However, to date, there is lack of evidence on the association between serum inorganic phosphate (Pi) and sex steroid hormones. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between Pi, sex steroid hormones and a known Pi metabolic regulator, vitamin D, in men in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III). From NHANES III, we selected 1412 men aged 20+ who participated in the morning session of Phase I (1988-1991) with serum measurements of Pi, sex hormones, and vitamin D. Multivariable linear regression was used to calculate crude and geometric mean Pi by total and estimated free testosterone and estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin, androstanediol glucuronide (AAG), and vitamin D. Similar analyses were performed while stratifying by race/ethnicity and vitamin D levels. We found a lack of statistically significant difference in geometric means of Pi across quintiles of concentrations of sex hormones, indicating a tight regulation of Pi. However, Pi levels were inversely associated with calculated free testosterone in non-Hispanic black men, with geometric mean levels of Pi of 1.16 and 1.02 ng/mL for those in the lowest and highest quintiles of free testosterone, respectively (p-trend < 0.05). A similar but weaker pattern was seen between total testosterone and Pi. An inverse association was also seen between AAG and Pi in men with vitamin D concentration below the median (<24.2 ng/mL). No associations were observed among men with vitamin D levels at or above the median. Our findings suggest a weak link among sex hormones, vitamin D, and Pi in men. The observed effects of race/ethnicity and vitamin D indicate a complex association involving various regulators of Pi homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Wulaningsih
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, School of Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
van Dijk GM, Kavousi M, Troup J, Franco OH. Health issues for menopausal women: the top 11 conditions have common solutions. Maturitas 2014; 80:24-30. [PMID: 25449663 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple health issues affect women throughout the life course differently from men, or do not affect men at all. Although attention to women's health is important in all stages in life, health among middle-aged and elderly women has not received sufficient attention by scientists and policy-makers. Related to the menopausal transition and the experiences accumulated until that age, many diseases occur or further develop in middle-aged and elderly women. To improve women's quality of life and guarantee a long-lasting and active role for middle-aged and elderly women in society, prevention of chronic diseases and disability is a key aspect. In this manuscript we give an overview of the major health issues for peri- and post-menopausal women, we summarize risk factors and interventions to improve menopausal health. Based on the available scientific literature and the global burden of disease endeavor, we have selected and herein describe the following top 11 key health issues, selected in terms of burden exerted in women's mortality, morbidity, disability and quality of life: cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, cancer, cognitive decline and dementia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, depression, vasomotor symptoms, sleep disturbances and migraine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Kavousi
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jenna Troup
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Reid IR, Bolland MJ. Skeletal and nonskeletal effects of vitamin D: is vitamin D a tonic for bone and other tissues? Osteoporos Int 2014; 25:2347-57. [PMID: 24846318 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2749-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D endocrine system is critical for the maintenance of circulating calcium concentrations, but recently, there has been advocacy for the widespread use of vitamin D supplements to improve skeletal and nonskeletal health. Recent studies of tissue-selective vitamin D receptor knockout mice indicate that the principal action of vitamin D responsible for the maintenance of calcium homoeostasis is the regulation of intestinal calcium absorption. High levels of vitamin D can increase bone resorption and impair mineralization, consistent with its role in maintaining circulating calcium concentrations. These findings suggest that circumspection is appropriate in its clinical use. There is now substantial clinical trial data with vitamin D supplements, which fails to establish their efficacy on bone density or the prevention of falls or fractures. However, some trials in frail and/or vitamin D-deficient populations have produced positive outcomes. Where there are positive effects of vitamin D supplementation on skeletal outcomes, these are mainly seen in cohorts with baseline circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels in the range 25-40 nmol/L or lower. A great diversity of nonskeletal conditions have been associated with low 25(OH)D, but there is little evidence for efficacy of vitamin D supplementation for such end-points. At present, supplements should be advised for populations with risk factors (e.g., lifestyle, skin color, and frailty) for having serum 25(OH)D levels in the 25- to 40-nmol/L range or below. A dose of ≤800 IU/day is adequate. This approach will maintain 25(OH)D levels well above the threshold for osteomalacia and makes allowance for the poor accuracy and precision of some 25(OH)D assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I R Reid
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand,
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Lerchbaum E. Vitamin D and menopause—A narrative review. Maturitas 2014; 79:3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
36
|
|