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Sudhakaran G, Priya PS, Jagan K, Haridevamuthu B, Meenatchi R, Arockiaraj J. Osteoporosis in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and involved mechanisms. Life Sci 2023; 335:122280. [PMID: 37981226 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and osteoporosis, though seemingly unrelated, exhibit intricate connections influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors. PCOS, characterized by elevated androgen levels, insulin resistance, and increased body weight, has historically been considered protective against bone fragility disorders. However, emerging research suggests that chronic inflammation, prevalent in PCOS, can adversely affect bone health. Studies have demonstrated variable bone mineral density loss in PCOS, often associated with leptin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Key genes such as INS, IGF1, CTNNB1, AKT1, and STAT3 play pivotal roles in the complex interplay between PCOS and osteoporosis, influencing insulin signaling, oxidative stress, and inflammatory pathways. Oxidative stress, a prominent element in PCOS, can lead to osteoporosis through hormonal imbalances, chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and lifestyle factors. The insulin signaling pathway also significantly impacts both conditions by contributing to hormonal imbalances and bone health alterations. This intricate network of genetic and epigenetic factors underscores the need for a deeper understanding of their interrelationships. Thus, this review elucidates the multifaceted genetic, epigenetic, and inflammatory connections between PCOS and osteoporosis, highlighting their implications for bone health management in individuals with PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Sudhakaran
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - P Snega Priya
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannan Jagan
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Arts and Science College, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - B Haridevamuthu
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramu Meenatchi
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Ye R, Yan C, Zhou H, Zhang C, Huang Y, Dong M, Zhang H, Lin J, Jiang X, Yuan S, Chen L, Jiang R, Cheng Z, Zheng K, Yu A, Zhang Q, Quan LH, Jin W. Brown adipose tissue activation by ginsenoside compound K treatment ameliorates polycystic ovary syndrome. Br J Pharmacol 2022; 179:4563-4574. [PMID: 35751868 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common metabolic and endocrine disease affecting women of reproductive age. Due to its complex etiology, there is no effective cure for PCOS currently. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity is significantly decreased in PCOS patients and BAT activation has beneficial effects on PCOS animal models. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on an animal model of PCOS and its mechanism of BAT activation EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Primary brown adipocyte, Db/Db mice and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rats were used. The core body temperature, oxygen consumption, energy metabolism related gene and protein expression were assessed to identify the function of CK on energy metabolism. Estrous cycle, serum sex hormone, ovarian steroidogenic enzyme gene expression and ovarian morphology were evaluated following CK treatment. KEY RESULTS Our results indicated that CK treatment could significantly protect against body weight gain in Db/Db mice via BAT activation. Furthermore, we found that CK treatment could normalize hyperandrogenism, estrous cyclicity, normalize steroidogenic enzyme expression and decrease the number of cystic follicles in PCOS rats. Interestingly, as a potential endocrine intermediate, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand-14 protein (CXCL14) was significantly upregulated following CK administration. In addition, exogenous CXC14 supplementation was found to reverse DHEA-induced PCOS in a phenotypically similar manner to CK treatment. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS In summary, CK treatment significantly activates BAT, increases CXCL14 expression and ameliorates PCOS. These findings suggest that CK might be a potential drug candidate for PCOS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongcai Ye
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlong Yan
- College of Agriculture, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Huiqiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanhai Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hanlin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shouli Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Zheng
- Center of Liver Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anni Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiaoli Zhang
- Department of Human Reproductive Medicine, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Hu Quan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Is magnetic resonance imaging useful in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents? F S Rep 2022; 3:92. [PMID: 35789720 PMCID: PMC9250143 DOI: 10.1016/j.xfre.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Evidence-based hormonal, mutational, and endocrine-disrupting chemical-induced zebrafish as an alternative model to study PCOS condition similar to mammalian PCOS model. Life Sci 2022; 291:120276. [PMID: 34990650 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) causes swollen ovaries in women at reproductive age due to hormonal disorder with small cysts on the outer edges. The cause of the disorder is still yet to be found. Multiple factors have increased PCOS prevalence, hyperandrogenism, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. Various animal PCOS models have been developed to imitate the pathophysiology of PCOS in humans. Zebrafish is one of the most versatile animal experimental models because of the transparency of the embryos, small size, and rapid growth. The zebrafish similarity to higher vertebrates made it a useful non-mammalian model for PCOS drug testing and screening. This review provides an insight into the usage of zebrafish, a non-mammalian model for PCOS, as an opportunity for evaluating future initiatives in such a research domain.
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Garoufi A, Pagoni A, Papadaki M, Marmarinos A, Karapostolakis G, Michala L, Soldatou A. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Greek Adolescents with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Its Relationship with Body Mass Index. CHILDREN 2021; 9:children9010004. [PMID: 35053629 PMCID: PMC8773958 DOI: 10.3390/children9010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition affecting 6–18% of adolescents and is strongly associated with obesity and cardiovascular risk factors, enhancing the risk of atherosclerosis. Thirty-two adolescents with newly diagnosed PCOS were evaluated for lipid profile disorders, insulin resistance, inflammation, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and subclinical atherosclerosis through measurements of carotid intima–media thickness (cIMT). The relationships of the above markers with increased body mass index and abdominal obesity were investigated. Twenty-three adolescents (72%) were overweight (OW) or obese (OB). The OW/OB group had significantly higher insulin, HOMA-IR, high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), and lipid accumulation product (LAP) levels; and lower glucose-per-insulin ratios and HDL-C levels compared to the healthy weight group. The cIMT and small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) levels did not differ between the two groups. Similarly, cIMT and sdLDL-C levels did not differ between PCOS-adolescents and healthy controls. CIMT was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure and waist circumference per height ratio. In conclusion, OW/OB PCOS-adolescents have a cluster of adverse factors predisposing them to atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, early cardiovascular risk assessment, as well as timely and targeted interventions, are necessary for prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Garoufi
- Lipid Outpatient Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Thivon & Levadias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Athanasia Pagoni
- Lipid Outpatient Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Thivon & Levadias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Maria Papadaki
- Lipid Outpatient Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Thivon & Levadias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Antonios Marmarinos
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry—Molecular Diagnostic, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, NKUA, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Georgios Karapostolakis
- Radiology Department, 401 Military General Hospital of Athens (MGHA), 138 Mesogeion Av., 11525 Athens, Greece;
| | - Lina Michala
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical School, Alexandra General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), 80 Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528 Athens, Greece;
| | - Alexandra Soldatou
- Lipid Outpatient Unit, 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, “P. & A. Kyriakou” Children’s Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Thivon & Levadias Str., Goudi, 11527 Athens, Greece; (A.G.); (A.P.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence:
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Effects of serum irisin, neuregulin 4, and weight management on obese adolescent girls with polycystic ovary syndrome. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229642. [PMID: 34427289 PMCID: PMC8485390 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The study is aimed at investigating the association of serum irisin, neuregulin 4 (NRG4), and anti-müllerian hormone (AMH) with adolescent obesity with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and the efficacy of weight management interventions. Serum levels of irisin, NRG4, AMH, sex steroid hormone, body mass index (BMI), serum insulin, and C-peptide were measured in 52 obese adolescent girls with PCOS (PCOS group) and 43 obese adolescent girls without PCOS (non-PCOS group). The levels of AMH, NRG4, serum irisin, sex steroid hormones, BMI, serum insulin, and C-peptide were evaluated in obese PCOS girls before and after one year weight management. The levels of AMH, serum insulin, NRG4, and total testosterone of PCOS group were significantly higher than those of non-PCOS group. On the contrary, serum irisin and serum C-peptide in PCOS group were significantly lower than that in non-PCOS group. The levels of fat mass, percent body fat, total testosterone, AMH, NRG4, and serum insulin in the obese girls with PCOS showed significant decreases compared with before weight management intervention. On the contrary, after one year of body weight management intervention, serum irisin and serum C-peptide was significantly increased. Adolescent obesity complicated with PCOS is significantly associated with glucose and lipid metabolism and sex steroid hormone disorders, but the exact pathophysiological and clinical features are highly variable. Weight management intervention can significantly improve the clinical symptoms and hematological indicators, serum irisin and NRG4 can be used as two essential biomarkers for evaluating weight management.
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Fu L, Qu F, Pan J, Wang T, Wang F. Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescents with obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 67:468-473. [PMID: 34468616 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20200890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age with the prevalence from 5% to 15%, and the prevalence of PCOS in adolescents with obesity seems even higher. The weight status is significantly associated with the quality of life in adolescents with PCOS. OBJECTIVE This review aims to summarize the latest findings of pathogenesis, diagnosis, comorbidity, and management in PCOS adolescents with obesity. METHODS This is a narrative review of articles published in PubMed from June 2013 to June 2020 Data were searched using the key words of "polycystic ovary syndrome" AND "adolescent" AND "obesity." RESULTS Pubertal obesity, particularly central obesity, could have a negative impact on the pathophysiology of PCOS. In adolescents with obesity, a review of medical history and a long-term follow-up for PCOS symptoms are essential to avoid misdiagnosis. There is a link between obesity and comorbidities of PCOS in adolescents. Holistic treatment and concern for related comorbidities should ideally begin as early as possible in obese adolescents once the diagnosis of PCOS is confirmed. CONCLUSION Adolescents with PCOS and obesity need more attention from physicians and researchers, and the effective interventions in the early stage are critical to improve their life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyi Fu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan Qu
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiexue Pan
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- Women's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Asanidze E, Kristesashvili J, Parunashvili N, Karelishvili N, Etsadashvili N. Challenges in diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescence. Gynecol Endocrinol 2021; 37:819-822. [PMID: 34184963 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2021.1943344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE we evaluated clinical features, the hormonal status, and ovarian morphological characteristics using ultrasound (US) in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and an 'increased risk' of PCOS, and compared the data to age-matched controls. METHODS the prospective study involved 154 adolescents (≥2 and <8 years post menarche): Group I-adolescents with PCOS (n = 60), Group II- adolescents with an 'increased risk' of PCOS (n = 48), and Group III- control group (n = 46). PCOS patients met all 3 diagnostic criteria of the Rotterdam consensus (2003), an 'increased risk' of PCOS was accepted as 'menstrual irregularities and clinical and/or biochemical hyperandrogenism'. RESULTS In adolescents with PCOS and 'increased risk' of PCOS, AMH and SHBG did not differ significantly. In Group I and Group II, the average AMH level was significantly higher, while SHBG was significantly lower than in the controls (p < .001). Androgen levels and mFG in Group I and Group II did not differ significantly, but were significantly higher than in controls (p < .001). In Group I, index of insulin resistance and the number of antral follicles (AFC) were significantly higher than in the comparison groups (p < .05). There was no significant difference in ovarian volume between comparison groups (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS A combination of AMH, SHBG, clinical and biochemical hyperandrogenism and menstrual irregularities may be considered as diagnostic markers of PCOS in adolescents and for the identification of a 'risk group' for developing PCOS. Ultrasound estimation of AFC are a more specific marker of ovarian morphology in adolescents with PCOS, rather than ovary volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elene Asanidze
- Department of Medical Faculty, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Jenaro Kristesashvili
- Department of Medical Faculty, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nino Parunashvili
- Department of Medical Faculty, Physician Assistant Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Natalia Karelishvili
- Department of Medical Faculty, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nana Etsadashvili
- Department of Medical Faculty, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
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De Diego MV, Gómez-Pardo O, Groar JK, López-Escobar A, Martín-Estal I, Castilla-Cortázar I, Rodríguez-Zambrano MÁ. Metabolic impact of current therapeutic strategies in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a preliminary study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2020; 302:1169-1179. [DOI: 10.1007/s00404-020-05696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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