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Höppchen I, Wurhofer D, Meschtscherjakov A, Smeddinck JD, Kulnik ST. Targeting behavioral factors with digital health and shared decision-making to promote cardiac rehabilitation-a narrative review. Front Digit Health 2024; 6:1324544. [PMID: 38463944 PMCID: PMC10920294 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2024.1324544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) represents an important steppingstone for many cardiac patients into a more heart-healthy lifestyle to prevent premature death and improve quality of life years. However, CR is underutilized worldwide. In order to support the development of targeted digital health interventions, this narrative review (I) provides understandings of factors influencing CR utilization from a behavioral perspective, (II) discusses the potential of digital health technologies (DHTs) to address barriers and reinforce facilitators to CR, and (III) outlines how DHTs could incorporate shared decision-making to support CR utilization. A narrative search of reviews in Web of Science and PubMed was conducted to summarize evidence on factors influencing CR utilization. The factors were grouped according to the Behaviour Change Wheel. Patients' Capability for participating in CR is influenced by their disease knowledge, awareness of the benefits of CR, information received, and interactions with healthcare professionals (HCP). The Opportunity to attend CR is impacted by healthcare system factors such as referral processes and HCPs' awareness, as well as personal resources including logistical challenges and comorbidities. Patients' Motivation to engage in CR is affected by emotions, factors such as gender, age, self-perception of fitness and control over the cardiac condition, as well as peer comparisons. Based on behavioral factors, this review identified intervention functions that could support an increase of CR uptake: Future DHTs aiming to support CR utilization may benefit from incorporating information for patients and HCP education, enabling disease management and collaboration along the patient pathway, and enhancing social support from relatives and peers. To conclude, considerations are made how future innovations could incorporate such functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Höppchen
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Human Computer Interaction Division, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Wurhofer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Alexander Meschtscherjakov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Artificial Intelligence and Human Interfaces, Human Computer Interaction Division, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jan David Smeddinck
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefan Tino Kulnik
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Prevention, Salzburg, Austria
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Alqaisi MA, Sarsak HI. Occupational therapy documentation in Arab countries: Current content, methods, challenges, and future directions. WORLD FEDERATION OF OCCUPATIONAL THERAPISTS BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14473828.2022.2035531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Ahmad Alqaisi
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Ades PA, Khadanga S, Savage PD, Gaalema DE. Enhancing participation in cardiac rehabilitation: Focus on underserved populations. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 70:102-110. [PMID: 35108567 PMCID: PMC9119375 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) significantly decreases morbidity and mortality and improves quality of life following a wide variety of cardiac diagnoses and interventions. However, participation rates and adherence with CR are still suboptimal and certain populations, such as women, minorities, and those of lower socio-economic status, are particularly unlikely to engage in and complete CR. In this paper we review the current status of CR participation rates and interventions that have been used successfully to improve CR participation. In addition, we review populations known to be less likely to engage in CR, and interventions that have been used to improve participation specifically in these underrepresented populations. Finally, we will explore how CR programs may need to expand or change to serve a greater proportion of CR-eligible populations. The best studied interventions that have successfully increased CR participation include automated referral to CR and utilization of a CR liaison person to coordinate the sometimes awkward transition from inpatient status to outpatient CR participation. Furthermore, it appears likely that maximizing secondary prevention in these at-risk populations will require a combination of increasing attendance at traditional center-based CR programs among underrepresented populations, improving and expanding upon tele- or community-based programs, and alternative strategies for improving secondary prevention in those who do not participate in CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Ades
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Burlington, VT, United States of America.
| | - Sherrie Khadanga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Patrick D Savage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Burlington, VT, United States of America
| | - Diann E Gaalema
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention, Burlington, VT, United States of America
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Khadanga S, Gaalema DE, Savage P, Ades PA. Underutilization of Cardiac Rehabilitation in Women: BARRIERS AND SOLUTIONS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2021; 41:207-213. [PMID: 34158454 PMCID: PMC8243714 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the known benefits of cardiac rehabilitation (CR), it remains underutilized particularly among women. The aim of this review was to provide an overview regarding women in CR, addressing barriers that may affect enrollment and attendance as well as to discuss the training response and methods to optimize exercise-related benefits of CR. REVIEW METHODS The review examines original studies and meta-analyses regarding women in CR. SUMMARY Women are less likely to engage in CR compared with men, and this may be attributed to lack of referral or psychosocial barriers on the part of the patient. Furthermore, despite having lower levels of fitness, women do not improve their fitness as much as men in CR. This review summarizes the current literature and provides recommendations for providers regarding participation and adherence as well as optimal methods for exercise training for women in CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherrie Khadanga
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Diann E. Gaalema
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Patrick Savage
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
| | - Philip A. Ades
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT
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Factors Associated With Utilization of Cardiac Rehabilitation Among Patients With Ischemic Heart Disease in the Veterans Health Administration: A QUALITATIVE STUDY. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2017; 36:167-73. [PMID: 27115074 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programs reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with ischemic heart disease but are vastly underutilized in the United States, including the Veterans Health Administration (VA) Healthcare System. Numerous barriers affecting utilization have been identified in other health care systems, but the specific factors affecting Veterans are unknown. We sought to identify barriers and facilitators associated with utilization of CR in VA facilities. METHODS We performed a qualitative study of 56 VA patients, providers, and CR program managers at 30 VA facilities across the United States. We conducted semistructured interviews with key informants to explore their attitudes and knowledge toward CR. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation occurred. Analyses using grounded theory to identify key themes were conducted using the qualitative data analysis package ATLAS.ti. RESULTS We identified 6 themes as barriers and 5 as facilitators. The most common barriers to participation in CR were patient transportation issues (68%), lack of patient willingness to participate (41%), and no access to a nearby VA hospital with a CR program (30%). The most common facilitators were involvement of a dedicated provider or "clinical champion" (50%), provider knowledge of or experience with CR (48%), and patient desire for additional medical support (32%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that addressing access issues and educating and activating providers on CR may increase utilization of CR programs. Targeting these specific factors may improve utilization of CR programs.
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Supervía M, Medina-Inojosa JR, Yeung C, Lopez-Jimenez F, Squires RW, Pérez-Terzic CM, Brewer LC, Leth SE, Thomas RJ. Cardiac Rehabilitation for Women: A Systematic Review of Barriers and Solutions. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:S0025-6196(17)30026-5. [PMID: 28365100 PMCID: PMC5597478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) services improve various clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease, but such services are underutilized, particularly in women. The aim of this study was to identify evidence-based barriers and solutions for CR participation in women. A literature search was carried out using PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, OVID/Medline, and CINAHL to identify studies that have assessed barriers and/or solutions to CR participation. Titles and abstracts were screened, and then the full-text of articles that met study criteria were reviewed. We identified 24 studies that studied barriers to CR participation in women and 31 studies that assessed the impact of various interventions to improve CR referral, enrollment, and/or completion of CR in women. Patient-level barriers included lower education level, multiple comorbid conditions, non-English native language, lack of social support, and high burden of family responsibilities. We found support for the use of automatic referral and assisted enrollment to improve CR participation. A small number of studies suggest that incentive-based strategies, as well as home-based programs, may contribute to improving CR attendance and completion rates. A systematic approach to CR referral, including automatic CR referral, may help overcome barriers to CR referral in women and should be implemented in clinical practice. However, more studies are needed to help identify the best methods to improve CR attendance and completion of CR rates in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Supervía
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Jose R Medina-Inojosa
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Colin Yeung
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Francisco Lopez-Jimenez
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ray W Squires
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Carmen M Pérez-Terzic
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - LaPrincess C Brewer
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Shawn E Leth
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Randal J Thomas
- Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Program, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
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Ades PA, Keteyian SJ, Wright JS, Hamm LF, Lui K, Newlin K, Shepard DS, Thomas RJ. Increasing Cardiac Rehabilitation Participation From 20% to 70%: A Road Map From the Million Hearts Cardiac Rehabilitation Collaborative. Mayo Clin Proc 2017; 92:234-242. [PMID: 27855953 PMCID: PMC5292280 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of the Million Hearts initiative is to prevent 1 million cardiovascular events over 5 years. Concordant with the Million Hearts' focus on achieving more than 70% performance in the "ABCS" of aspirin for those at risk, blood pressure control, cholesterol management, and smoking cessation, we outline the cardiovascular events that would be prevented and a road map to achieve more than 70% participation in cardiac rehabilitation (CR)/secondary prevention programs by the year 2022. Cardiac rehabilitation is a class Ia recommendation of the American Heart Association and the American College of Cardiology after myocardial infarction or coronary revascularization, promotes the ABCS along with lifestyle counseling and exercise, and is associated with decreased total mortality, cardiac mortality, and rehospitalizations. However, current participation rates for CR in the United States generally range from only 20% to 30%. This road map focuses on interventions, such as electronic medical record-based prompts and staffing liaisons that increase referrals of appropriate patients to CR, increase enrollment of appropriate individuals into CR, and increase adherence to longer-term CR. We also calculate that increasing CR participation from 20% to 70% would save 25,000 lives and prevent 180,000 hospitalizations annually in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Ades
- Cardiac Rehabilitation and Prevention Program, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT.
| | | | - Janet S Wright
- Million Hearts, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Larry F Hamm
- Clinical Exercise Physiology Program, Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | | | - Kimberly Newlin
- Cardiac and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Sutter Roseville Medical Center, Roseville, CA
| | - Donald S Shepard
- Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA
| | - Randal J Thomas
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Program, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Thomas RJ. The Gap in Cardiac Rehabilitation Referral. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015; 65:2089-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.03.521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Preventive Cardiology: The Effects of Exercise. Coron Artery Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-2828-1_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Improving cardiovascular care through outpatient cardiac rehabilitation: an analysis of payment models that would improve quality and promote use. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2014; 29:158-64. [PMID: 23416941 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0b013e31828568f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much attention has been paid to improving the care of patients with cardiovascular disease by focusing attention on delivery system redesign and payment reforms that encompass the healthcare spectrum, from an acute episode to maintenance of care. However, 1 area of cardiovascular disease care that has received little attention in the advancement of quality is cardiac rehabilitation (CR), a comprehensive secondary prevention program that is significantly underused despite evidence-based guidelines that recommending its use. PURPOSE The purpose of this article was to analyze the applicability of 2 payment and reimbursement models-pay-for-performance and bundled payments for episodes of care--that can promote the use of CR. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a payment model combining elements of both pay-for-performance and episodes of care would increase the use of CR, which would both improve quality and increase efficiency in cardiac care. Specific elements would need to be clearly defined, however, including: (a) how an episode is defined, (b) how to hold providers accountable for the care they provider, (c) how to encourage participation among CR providers, and (d) how to determine an equitable distribution of payment. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Demonstrations testing new payment models must be implemented to generate empirical evidence that a melded pay-for-performance and episode-based care payment model will improve quality and efficiency.
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Examining the effect of a patient navigation intervention on outpatient cardiac rehabilitation awareness and enrollment. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2014; 33:281-91. [PMID: 23823904 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0b013e3182972dd6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Awareness of and enrollment in outpatient cardiac rehabilitation (OCR) following a cardiac event or procedure remain suboptimal. Thus, it is important to identify new approaches to improve these outcomes. The objectives of this study were to identify (1) the contributions of a patient navigation (PN) intervention and other patient characteristics on OCR awareness; and (2) the contributions of OCR awareness and other patient characteristics on OCR enrollment among eligible cardiac patients up to 12 weeks posthospitalization. METHODS In this randomized controlled study, 181 eligible and consenting patients were assigned to either PN (n = 90) or usual care (UC; n = 91) prior to hospital discharge. Awareness of OCR was assessed by telephone interview at 12 weeks posthospitalization, and OCR enrollment was confirmed by staff at collaborating OCR programs. Of the 181 study participants, 3 died within 1 month of hospital discharge and 147 completed the 12-week telephone interview. RESULTS Participants in the PN intervention arm were nearly 6 times more likely to have at least some awareness of OCR than UC participants (OR = 5.99; P = .001). Moreover, participants who reported at least some OCR awareness were more than 9 times more likely to enroll in OCR (OR = 9.27, P = .034) and participants who were married were less likely to enroll (P = .031). CONCLUSIONS Lay health advisors have potential to improve awareness of outpatient rehabilitation services among cardiac patients, which, in turn, can yield greater enrollment rates in a program.
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Ades PA, Gaalema DE. Coronary heart disease as a case study in prevention: potential role of incentives. Prev Med 2012; 55 Suppl:S75-9. [PMID: 22285317 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Coronary atherosclerosis is a complex entity with behavioral, genetic and environmental antecedents. Most risk factors for coronary heart disease have a behavioral component. These include tobacco use, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes and physical inactivity. The role of monetary incentives to encourage healthful behaviors related to the prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease has received little attention. In this review, the potential role of monetary incentives to prevent or treat coronary heart disease is discussed. In particular, the potential role of providing incentives for patients to participate in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), a multi-risk intervention, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Ades
- Division of Cardiology, University of Vermont College of Medicine, University Health Center Campus, 1 S. Prospect St, Burlington, VT 05401, USA.
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Cain CH, Neuwirth E, Bellows J, Zuber C, Green J. Patient experiences of transitioning from hospital to home: an ethnographic quality improvement project. J Hosp Med 2012; 7:382-7. [PMID: 22378714 DOI: 10.1002/jhm.1918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about patient perspectives of the transition from hospital to home. OBJECTIVE To develop a richly detailed, patient-centered view of patient and caregiver needs in the hospital-to-home transition. DESIGN An ethnographic approach including participant observation and in-depth, semi-structured video recorded interviews. SETTING Kaiser Permanente's Southern California, Colorado, and Hawaii regions. PATIENTS Twenty-four adult inpatients hospitalized for a range of acute and chronic conditions and characterized by variety in diagnoses, illness severity, planned or unplanned hospitalization, age, and ability to self manage. RESULTS During the hospital-to-home transition, patients and caregivers expressed or demonstrated experiences in 6 domains: 1) translating knowledge into safe, health-promoting actions at home; 2) inclusion of caregivers at every step of the transition process; 3) having readily available problem-solving resources; 4) feeling connected to and trusting providers; 5) transitioning from illness-defined experience to "normal" life; and 6) anticipating needs after discharge and making arrangements to meet them. The work of transitioning occurs for patients and caregivers in the hours and days after they return home and is fraught with challenges. CONCLUSIONS Reducing readmissions will remain challenging without a broadened understanding of the types of support and coaching patients need after discharge. We are piloting strategies such as risk stratification and tailoring of care, a specialized phone number for recently discharged patients, standardized same-day discharge summaries to primary care providers, medication reconciliation, follow-up phone calls, and scheduling appointments before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol H Cain
- The Permanente Federation, Oakland, California 94612, USA.
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Cardiac rehabilitation participation in underserved populations. Minorities, low socioeconomic, and rural residents. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2011; 31:203-10. [PMID: 21705915 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0b013e318220a7da] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) services in the United States are underutilized and participation is particularly low for racial and ethnic minorities, low socioeconomic status patients, and rural residents. Reduced participation may not only indicate a failure in transitional cardiac care during the in hospital referral process but also could be due to barriers attributed to patients, providers, employers, or medical systems. In-depth analysis of this problem is impeded by difficulties with the identification of underserved groups in clinical settings. Disparities in CR participation certainly contribute to poor medical outcomes in these populations that stand to benefit greatly from lifestyle modifications. It is critical that CR providers survey their communities for underserved populations and coordinate creative efforts aimed at overcoming barriers to participation. Moreover, it is likely that referral to, and participation in, CR will soon be considered a quality indicator, providing further incentive for programs to optimize CR utilization among all eligible patients.
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Grace SL, Chessex C, Arthur H, Chan S, Cyr C, Dafoe W, Juneau M, Oh P, Suskin N. Systematizing Inpatient Referral to Cardiac Rehabilitation 2010: Canadian association of cardiac rehabilitation and Canadian cardiovascular society joint position paper. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2011; 31:E1-8. [PMID: 21460733 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0b013e318219721f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite recommendations in clinical practice guidelines, evidence suggests cardiac rehabilitation (CR) referral and use following indicated cardiac events is low. Referral strategies such as systematic referral have been advocated to improve CR use. The objective of this policy position is to synthesize evidence and make recommendations on strategies to increase patient enrollment in CR. A systematic review of 6 databases from inception to January 2009 was conducted. Only primary, published, English-language studies were included. A meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize the enrollment rates by referral strategy. In all, 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Referral strategies were categorized as systematic on the basis of use of systematic discharge order sets, as liaison on the basis of discussions with allied health care providers, or as other on the basis of patient letters. Overall, there were 7 positive studies, 5 without comparison groups, and 2 studies that reported null findings. The combined effect sizes of the meta-analysis were as follows: 73% (95% CI, 39%-92%) for the patient letters ("other"), 66% (95% CI, 54%-77%) for the combined systematic and liaison strategy, 45% (95% CI, 33%-57%) for the systematic strategy alone, and 44% (95% CI, 35%-53%) for the liaison strategy alone. In conclusion, the results suggest that innovative referral strategies increase CR use. Although patient letters look promising, evidence for this strategy is sparse and inconsistent at present. Therefore we suggest that inpatient units adopt systematic referral strategies, including a discussion at the bedside, for eligible patient groups in order to increase CR enrollment and participation. This approach should be considered best practice for further investigation.
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Balady GJ, Ades PA, Bittner VA, Franklin BA, Gordon NF, Thomas RJ, Tomaselli GF, Yancy CW. Referral, enrollment, and delivery of cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention programs at clinical centers and beyond: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2011; 124:2951-60. [PMID: 22082676 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0b013e31823b21e2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Savage PD, Sanderson BK, Brown TM, Berra K, Ades PA. Clinical research in cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention: looking back and moving forward. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2011; 31:333-41. [PMID: 21946418 PMCID: PMC3219833 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0b013e31822f0f79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac rehabilitation/secondary prevention (CR/SP) programs are considered standard of care and provide critically important resources for optimizing the care of cardiac patients. The objective of this article is to briefly review the evolution of CR/SP programs from a singular exercise intervention to its current, more comprehensive multifaceted approach. In addition, we offer perspective on critical concerns and suggest future research considerations to optimize the effectiveness and utilization of CR/SP program interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Savage
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Rehabilitation & Prevention, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT
| | | | - Todd M. Brown
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Kathy Berra
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Philip A. Ades
- Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Rehabilitation & Prevention, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Fletcher Allen Health Care, Burlington, VT
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Grace SL, Chessex C, Arthur H, Chan S, Cyr C, Dafoe W, Juneau M, Oh P, Suskin N. Systematizing inpatient referral to cardiac rehabilitation 2010: Canadian Association of Cardiac Rehabilitation and Canadian Cardiovascular Society joint position paper endorsed by the Cardiac Care Network of Ontario. Can J Cardiol 2011; 27:192-9. [PMID: 21459268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2010.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recommendations in clinical practice guidelines, evidence suggests cardiac rehabilitation (CR) referral and use following indicated cardiac events is low. Referral strategies such as systematic referral have been advocated to improve CR use. The objective of this policy position is to synthesize evidence and make recommendations on strategies to increase patient enrollment in CR. A systematic review of 6 databases from inception to January 2009 was conducted. Only primary, published, English-language studies were included. A meta-analysis was undertaken to synthesize the enrollment rates by referral strategy. In all, 14 studies met inclusion criteria. Referral strategies were categorized as systematic on the basis of use of systematic discharge order sets, as liaison on the basis of discussions with allied health care providers, or as other on the basis of patient letters. Overall, there were 7 positive studies, 5 without comparison groups, and 2 studies that reported null findings. The combined effect sizes of the meta-analysis were as follows: 73% (95% CI, 39%-92%) for the patient letters ("other"), 66% (95% CI, 54%-77%) for the combined systematic and liaison strategy, 45% (95% CI, 33%-57%) for the systematic strategy alone, and 44% (95% CI, 35%-53%) for the liaison strategy alone. In conclusion, the results suggest that innovative referral strategies increase CR use. Although patient letters look promising, evidence for this strategy is sparse and inconsistent at present. Therefore we suggest that inpatient units adopt systematic referral strategies, including a discussion at the bedside, for eligible patient groups in order to increase CR enrollment and participation. This approach should be considered best practice for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L Grace
- York University and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Boyden T, Rubenfire M, Franklin B. Will increasing referral to cardiac rehabilitation improve participation? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:192-201. [PMID: 20879184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7141.2010.00086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Boyden
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cardiac rehabilitation has been established as an effective treatment for patients with ischemic heart disease for many years. Despite this, utilization remains low. The purpose of this article is to review the latest research on the benefit, utilization, and implementation of cardiac rehabilitation. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research is supportive of the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation in patients with heart failure as well as in older patients. Unfortunately, cardiac rehabilitation continues to be considerably underutilized with poor referral and enrollment rates. Implementing quality performance measures, automated referral systems, and the option of home-based cardiac rehabilitation for some patients may all help to increase participation. In addition, innovative exercise training regimens may help to enhance the beneficial effects of cardiac rehabilitation. SUMMARY Cardiac rehabilitation appears beneficial in an increasing array of cardiovascular diseases. Ongoing efforts to improve its use are essential for optimal disease management.
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