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Andersson U, Nilsson PM, Kjellgren K, Ekholm M, Midlöv P. Associations between daily home blood pressure measurements and self-reports of lifestyle and symptoms in primary care: the PERHIT study. Scand J Prim Health Care 2024; 42:415-423. [PMID: 38529930 PMCID: PMC11332292 DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2024.2332745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore in a primary care setting the associations between patients' daily self-measured blood pressure (BP) during eight weeks and concurrent self-reported values of wellbeing, lifestyle, symptoms, and medication intake. We also explore these associations for men and women separately. DESIGN AND SETTING The study is a secondary post-hoc analysis of the randomised controlled trial PERson-centeredness in Hypertension management using Information Technology (PERHIT). The trial was conducted in primary health care in four regions in Southern Sweden. PATIENTS Participants (n = 454) in the intervention group in the PERHIT-trial used an interactive web-based system for self-management of hypertension for eight consecutive weeks. Each evening, participants reported in the system their wellbeing, lifestyle, symptoms, and medication adherence as well as their self-measured BP and heart rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Association between self-reported BP and 10 self-report lifestyle-related variables. RESULTS Self-reported less stress and higher wellbeing were similarly associated with BP, with 1.0 mmHg lower systolic BP and 0.6/0.4 mmHg lower diastolic BP (p < 0.001). Adherence to medication had the greatest impact on BP levels (5.2/2.6 mmHg, p < 0.001). Restlessness and headache were also significantly associated with BP, but to a lesser extent. Physical activity was only significantly associated with BP levels for men, but not for women. CONCLUSION In hypertension management, it may be important to identify patients with high-stress levels and low wellbeing. The association between medication intake and BP was obvious, thus stressing the importance of medication adherence for patients with hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Peter M. Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Karin Kjellgren
- University of Gothenburg Centre for Person-Centred Care (GPCC), Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Mikael Ekholm
- Wetterhälsan Primary Health Care Centre, Jönköping, Region Jönköping County, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Danderyd Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Midlöv
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Center for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Nwanaji-Enwerem U, Onsomu EO, Roberts D, Singh A, Brummett BH, Williams RB, Dungan JR. Relationship Between Psychosocial Stress and Blood Pressure: The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Family Heart Study. SAGE Open Nurs 2022; 8:23779608221107589. [PMID: 35769609 PMCID: PMC9234844 DOI: 10.1177/23779608221107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Various domains of psychosocial stress have been significantly related to blood pressure. However, ambiguity is present in how these relationships are defined in the literature. Objective To add to the existing literature and examine the relationship between psychosocial stress (financial strain and job strain) and other cofactors on blood pressure. Methods This secondary analysis is designed to analyze the relationship between levels of job and financial stress and blood pressure outcomes among participants in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Family Heart Study 2004-2008. The descriptive, cross-sectional design uses data from a subset of study participants, 350 White and 195 Black (n = 545), 338 female (62%), and all aged 18-56 years. Psychosocial stress was measured using the Singh Stress Scale. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure values obtained on a stress reactivity protocol day in the primary study, as well as calculated mean arterial pressure (MAP) were used for this analysis. Multivariate linear regression analyses were used to explore the relationship between psychosocial stress and blood pressure. Results In this young cohort, self-report of either financial strain or job strain was associated with lower blood pressure levels than those of participants who reported neither stressor. Differential sex and race effects appear to contribute to these results. Blood pressure levels were not significantly associated with self-report of both stressors. Conclusion Understanding the effects of various forms of stress on blood pressure may inform more precise HTN risk-factor screening and interventions to improve BP management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzoji Nwanaji-Enwerem
- Yale School of Nursing, Yale
University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State
University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Elijah O. Onsomu
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State
University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Dionne Roberts
- Division of Nursing, Winston-Salem State
University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Abanish Singh
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Miguet M, Olivo G, Ciuculete DM, Elmståhl S, Lind L, Schiöth HB. Perceived stress is related to lower blood pressure in a Swedish cohort. Scand J Public Health 2021:14034948211030352. [PMID: 34282685 DOI: 10.1177/14034948211030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS General psychosocial stress and job strain have been related to blood pressure (BP) with conflicting results. This study sought to explore the contribution of several lifestyle factors in the relation between general psychosocial stress, job strain and BP. METHODS This cross-sectional study investigated the association of general stress and job strain with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP in a sample of 9441 employed individuals from the EpiHealth cohort. General stress was measured by the Perceived Stress Scale. Job strain was assessed with the Job Content Questionnaire, assessing two dimensions of job strain: psychological job demand and decision latitude. Linear regression and sensitivity analysis were performed. RESULTS At the uncorrected model, general stress, job demand and decision latitude were all inversely associated with SBP. After further adjustment for lifestyle and health parameters, only general stress was associated with SPB (β coefficient: -0.103; 95% confidence interval -0.182 to 0.023). CONCLUSIONS General stress is associated with lower SBP independently of lifestyle in middle-aged adults. Our findings point towards a major contribution for job-unrelated stressors in determining SBP and support the pivotal role of lifestyle behaviours and health status in modulating the effect of stress on BP, calling for a careful selection of confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud Miguet
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Gaia Olivo
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | - Lars Lind
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center (UCR), Sweden.,Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, Sweden.,Institute for Translational Medicine and Biotechnology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Russia
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Fejes I, Ábrahám G, Légrády P. The effect of an exam period as a stress situation on baroreflex sensitivity among healthy university students. Blood Press 2020; 29:175-181. [PMID: 31933375 DOI: 10.1080/08037051.2019.1710108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Authors investigated the effect of a university exam period on blood pressure (BP) and baroreflex-sensitivity (BRS) among healthy students.Materials and methods: Fifty-three healthy normotensive university students participated in the test. BP values and BRS were recorded once during a 14-week long semester and once during a 6-week long exam period with a Finometer device. The time-domain spontaneous BRS in lying position and after standing up was calculated with Nevrokard software. Students were divided into optimal, normal, high-normal and hypertension (HT) groups by BP values.Results: All the BRS values calculated in the exam period were significantly lower compared to the semester period in the same positions. In supine position: (semester vs. exam) up-BRS was 21.9 ± 13.2 ms/mmHg vs. 18.5 ± 11.9 ms/mmHg (p = .013), down-BRS was 22.3 ± 9.3 ms/mmHg vs. 18.4 ± 8.2 ms/mmHg (p = .019). After standing up: (semester vs. exam) up-BRS was 9.3 ± 3.3 ms/mmHg vs. 7.6 ± 3.1 ms/mmHg (p = .02), down-BRS was 9.5 ± 3.6 ms/mmHg vs. 7.0 ± 2.8 ms/mmHg (p < .0001). The number of students decreased in optimal BP group and increased in normal and HT groups in the exam period.Conclusions: A 6-week long exam period had enough stress effect to change cardiovascular parameters towards a higher risk even in healthy young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imola Fejes
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - György Ábrahám
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Légrády
- 1st Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Job Strain and Casual Blood Pressure Distribution: Looking beyond the Adjusted Mean and Taking Gender, Age, and Use of Antihypertensives into Account. Results from ELSA-Brasil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040451. [PMID: 28441727 PMCID: PMC5409651 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Methodological issues are pointed to as the main sources of inconsistencies in studies about the association between job strain and blood pressure (BP)/hypertension. Our aim was to analyze the relationship between job strain and the whole BP distribution, as well as potential differences by gender, age, and use of antihypertensives. Additionally, we addressed issues relating to the operationalization of the exposure and outcome variables that influence the study of their inter-relations. We evaluated the baseline date of 12,038 participants enrolled in the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) (2008–2010), a multicenter cohort study of 35–74-year-old civil servants. Job strain was assessed by the Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire. The distribution of casual BP by categories of job strain was compared by a combination of exploratory techniques. Participants were classified into three subgroups (normotensives, medicated hypertensives, and unmedicated hypertensives), and analyses were stratified by gender and age. The relationship between job strain and casual BP varied along the whole outcome distribution. Hypertensive participants had greater differences in casual BP by job strain category, especially medicated hypertensives. Differences in casual BP were also greater for systolic than for diastolic BP and for older participants. No differences were encountered by gender. The exclusion of participants susceptible to misclassification for the exposure and outcome variables increased the differences observed between the categories of low and high job strain. In conclusion, the relationship between job strain and casual BP varied along the whole outcome distribution and by use of antihypertensive drugs, age, and BP parameter evaluated. Misclassification for exposure and outcome variables should be considered in analyses of this topic.
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Choi B, Schnall P, Dobson M. Twenty-four-hour work shifts, increased job demands, and elevated blood pressure in professional firefighters. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2016; 89:1111-25. [PMID: 27368424 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-016-1151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether working conditions (number of 24-h shifts, number of calls, sedentary work, job strain, effort-reward imbalance, and physical demands) are associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertension among professional firefighters. METHODS A total of 330 (321 males and 9 females) firefighters were chosen for this study among the Southern California firefighters who participated in a work and obesity project. Working conditions were measured with a firefighter-specific occupational health questionnaire. Blood pressure was clinically assessed, and hypertension was defined according to the contemporary standard classification. RESULTS About 11 % of the firefighters had hypertension. Fifty percent of the hypertensive firefighters (mostly mild hypertensive) had uncontrolled high blood pressure. Hypertension was more prevalent in male, older, and high-rank firefighters and firefighter who reported low numbers of daily calls. In male firefighters who were normotensive or hypertensive without taking anti-hypertensive medication, additional 24-h shifts in the past month increased the risk of elevated diastolic blood pressure (DBP) than those who reported a standard work schedule (eight to eleven 24-h shifts). Particularly, firefighters who reported sixteen 24-h shifts had 5.0 mmHg higher DBP (p < 0.01). Body mass index attenuated the association between number of shifts and blood pressure to some extent. Firefighters who reported "increased job demands over the past years" had 3.0 mmHg (p = 0.06) higher systolic blood pressure. Other working conditions were not associated with elevated blood pressure and hypertension. CONCLUSIONS Many additional 24-h shifts and increased job demands were risk factors for elevated blood pressure in male firefighters. Optimal collective and individual workload and improved hypertension management are warranted for enhancing the cardiovascular health of firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- BongKyoo Choi
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA. .,Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Schnall
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.,Center for Social Epidemiology, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Marnie Dobson
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of California, Irvine, 100 Theory, Suite 100, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.,Center for Social Epidemiology, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
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7
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Gender differences in the relationships between psychosocial factors and hypertension. Maturitas 2016; 93:58-64. [PMID: 27338977 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gender differences in the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and outcomes of cardiovascular disease are well established but there is still a lack of awareness of this both in the general population and among healthcare providers. In addition to the traditionally recognized cardiovascular risk factors, more recently psychosocial risk factors such as stress, mood disorders, low socioeconomic status and sleep disorders have been linked to cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Psychosocial factors may have different cardiovascular consequences in men and women; thus further efforts are required to explore pathophysiological mechanisms, to obtain gender-specific data from clinical trials and to translate this knowledge into everyday clinical practice.
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Hu B, Liu X, Yin S, Fan H, Feng F, Yuan J. Effects of psychological stress on hypertension in middle-aged Chinese: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129163. [PMID: 26043027 PMCID: PMC4456410 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect and relative contributions of different types of stress on the risk of hypertension. Using cluster sampling, 5,976 community-dwelling individuals aged 40-60 were selected. Hypertension was defined according to the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee, and general psychological stress was defined as experiencing stress at work or home. Information on known risk factors of hypertension (e.g., physical activity levels, food intake, smoking behavior) was collected from participants. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the associations between psychological stress and hypertension, calculating population-attributable risks and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). General stress was significantly related to hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.247, 95% CI [1.076, 1.446]). Additionally, after adjustment for all other risk factors, women showed a greater risk of hypertension if they had either stress at work or at home: OR = 1.285, 95% CI (1.027, 1.609) and OR = 1.231, 95% CI (1.001, 1.514), respectively. However, this increased risk for hypertension by stress was not found in men. General stress contributed approximately 9.1% (95% CI [3.1, 15.0]) to the risk for hypertension. Thus, psychological stress was associated with an increased risk for hypertension, although this increased risk was not consistent across gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- School of Public Health and the Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kailuan General Hospital, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sufeng Yin
- School of Public Health and the Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Hongmin Fan
- School of Public Health and the Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Fumin Feng
- School of Public Health and the Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Juxiang Yuan
- School of Public Health and the Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, Hebei United University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
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Abstract
A growing body of research demonstrates that psychosocial factors play an important role in the development of hypertension. Previous reviews have identified several key factors (i.e., occupational stress) that contribute to the onset of hypertension; however, they are now outdated. In this review, we provide an updated synthesis of the literature from 2010 to April 2014. We identified 21 articles for inclusion in the review, of which there were six categories of psychosocial stressors: occupational stress, personality, mental health, housing instability, social support/isolation, and sleep quality. Sixteen of the studies reported an association between the psychosocial stressor and blood pressure. While several findings were consistent with previous literature, new findings regarding mediating and moderating factors underlying the psychosocial-hypertension association help to untangle inconsistencies reported in the literature. Moreover, sleep quality is a novel additional factor that should undergo further exploration. Areas for future research based on these findings are discussed.
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HATTORI T, MUNAKATA M. Low job control is associated with higher diastolic blood pressure in men with mildly elevated blood pressure: the Rosai Karoshi study. INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2015; 53:480-488. [PMID: 25914072 PMCID: PMC4591140 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2014-0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Job strain is a risk factor for hypertension, but it is not fully understood if components of job strain, or job demand or job control per se could be related to blood pressure (BP), and if so, whether the relationship differs between normotension and mildly elevated BP. We examined resting BP, and job stress components in 113 Japanese male hospital clerks (38.1 ± 4.4 yr). Subjects were classified into normotensive (NT) (<130/85 mmHg, n=83) and mildly elevated BP (ME) (≥130/85 mmHg) groups. Diastolic BP (DBP) showed a significant interaction between group and job control level (p=0.013). Subjects with low job control demonstrated higher DBP than those with high job control (89.1 ± 2.1 vs. 82.3 ± 2.3 mmHg, p=0.042) in ME group even after adjustments for covariates while DBP did not differ between low and high job control subjects in NT group. Systolic BP (SBP) did not differ between high and low job control subjects in both groups. Neither SBP nor DBP differed between high and low demand groups in either group. Among job strain components, job control may be independently related to BP in Japanese male workers with mildly elevated BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi HATTORI
- Research Center for Lifestyle-related Disease, Tohoku Rosai
Hospital, Japan
| | - Masanori MUNAKATA
- Research Center for Lifestyle-related Disease, Tohoku Rosai
Hospital, Japan
- Division of Hypertension, Tohoku Rosai Hospital, Japan
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Psychosocial and organizational work factors and incidence of arterial hypertension among female healthcare workers: results of the Organisation des Soins et Santé des Soignants cohort. J Hypertens 2015; 32:1229-36. [PMID: 24621805 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have supported the role of organizational work factors (OWFs) on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and CVD risk factors, including arterial hypertension. However, a little information is available concerning the role of collective stressors deriving from work organization on nurse's risk of hypertension. This study aimed to test the independent longitudinal relationships linking the 2-year incidence of arterial hypertension to collective stressors at the work unit level, among baseline normotensive female hospital registered nurses and nursing assistants, after adjusting for known individual predictors of CVDs and for occupational stress. METHOD Arterial hypertension was defined as the intake of antihypertensive drug or as blood pressure (BP) measures higher than 140 mmHg (SBP) or 90 mmHg (DBP) at both the clinical visit and 1 month later. We analyzed the effect of OWFs at the work unit level, constraints related to the physical work environment and the individual perception of the work environment in 2006 on the risk of arterial hypertension in 2008 among 1882 initially normotensive female healthcare workers followed in the French Organisation des soins et santé des soignants (ORSOSA) cohort. RESULTS We showed that OWFs at the work unit level may influence the 2-year risk of arterial hypertension independently of work factors at the worker level, baseline BP, age and BMI. In this study, OWFs affected 2-year risk of arterial hypertension only through direct effects. CONCLUSION Our results pointed out the possibility of a primary prevention of arterial hypertension through interventions based at the work unit level among healthcare workers.
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Kawasaki S, Nishimura Y, Takizawa R, Koike S, Kinoshita A, Satomura Y, Sakakibara E, Sakurada H, Yamagishi M, Nishimura F, Yoshikawa A, Inai A, Nishioka M, Eriguchi Y, Kakiuchi C, Araki T, Kan C, Umeda M, Shimazu A, Hashimoto H, Kawakami N, Kasai K. Using social epidemiology and neuroscience to explore the relationship between job stress and frontotemporal cortex activity among workers. Soc Neurosci 2015; 10:230-42. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2014.997370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Suglia SF, Clark CJ, Boynton-Jarrett R, Kressin NR, Koenen KC. Child maltreatment and hypertension in young adulthood. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1149. [PMID: 25374338 PMCID: PMC4240900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maltreatment during childhood and adolescence has been associated with chronic conditions in adulthood including cardiovascular disease. However, less is known about the effects of childhood maltreatment on cardiovascular risk factors prior to development of cardiovascular disease, or whether these effects are evident in young adulthood. Furthermore, few studies have examined sex differences and most studies have relied on self-reported outcome measures that are subject to misclassification. METHODS We examined the relationship between child maltreatment and hypertension in young adulthood in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a nationally representative school-based sample of US adolescents. Participants retrospectively (mean age 29.9, n = 11384) reported on their experiences of child maltreatment prior to the 6th grade (prior to age 11) during follow-up. Child neglect, physical and sexual violence as well as a measure of social services visits to the home were examined. Blood pressure was measured during an in-home visit. Hypertension was defined as measured SBP of at least 140 mmHg or DBP of at least 90 mmHG measured in adulthood, or self-reported use of antihypertensive medications. RESULTS In adjusted models, women who experienced sexual abuse in early childhood had a higher prevalence of hypertension (Prevalence Ratio (PR) 1.43 95% CI 1.00, 2.05) compared to women who did not experience sexual abuse. Among men, experiencing sexual abuse was not statistically significantly associated with hypertension. Experiencing neglect, physical abuse or having visitations by social services at home during childhood was not associated with hypertension among either women or men. CONCLUSION Sexual abuse in early childhood is associated with hypertension in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakira F Suglia
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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14
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Individual and work-unit measures of psychological demands and decision latitude and the use of antihypertensive medication. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2014; 88:311-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00420-014-0958-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bergmann N, Gyntelberg F, Faber J. The appraisal of chronic stress and the development of the metabolic syndrome: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies. Endocr Connect 2014; 3:R55-80. [PMID: 24743684 PMCID: PMC4025474 DOI: 10.1530/ec-14-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Chronic psychosocial stress has been proposed as a risk factor for the development of the metabolic syndrome (MES). This review gives a systematic overview of prospective cohort studies investigating chronic psychosocial stress as a risk factor for incident MES and the individual elements of MES. Thirty-nine studies were included. An association between chronic psychosocial stress and the development of MES was generally supported. Regarding the four elements of MES: i) weight gain: the prospective studies supported etiological roles for relationship stress, perceived stress, and distress, while the studies on work-related stress (WS) showed conflicting results; ii) dyslipidemi: too few studies on psychosocial stress as a risk factor for dyslipidemia were available to draw a conclusion; however, a trend toward a positive association was present; iii) type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2): prospective studies supported perceived stress and distress as risk factors for the development of DM2 among men, but not among women, while WS was generally not supported as a risk factor among neither men nor women; iv) hypertension: marital stress and perceived stress might have an influence on blood pressure (BP), while no association was found regarding distress. Evaluating WS the results were equivocal and indicated that different types of WS affected the BP differently between men and women. In conclusion, a longitudinal association between chronic psychosocial stress and the development of MES seems present. However, the number of studies with sufficient quality is limited and the design of the studies is substantially heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Bergmann
- Endocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, DenmarkThe National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesCopenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - F Gyntelberg
- Endocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, DenmarkThe National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesCopenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Faber
- Endocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, DenmarkThe National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesCopenhagen University, Copenhagen, DenmarkEndocrine UnitDepartment of Medicine O, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, DenmarkThe National Research Centre for the Working EnvironmentCopenhagen, DenmarkFaculty of Health SciencesCopenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Daubert DL, Looney BM, Clifton RR, Cho JN, Scheuer DA. Elevated corticosterone in the dorsal hindbrain increases plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y, and recruits a vasopressin response to stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R212-24. [PMID: 24829502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00326.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Repeated stress and chronically elevated glucocorticoids cause exaggerated cardiovascular responses to novel stress, elevations in baseline blood pressure, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that elevated corticosterone (Cort) within the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) would: 1) enhance arterial pressure and neuroendocrine responses to novel and repeated restraint stress, 2) increase c-Fos expression in regions of the brain involved in sympathetic stimulation during stress, and 3) recruit a vasopressin-mediated blood pressure response to acute stress. Small pellets made of 10% Cort were implanted on the surface of the DHB in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Blood pressure was measured by radiotelemetry. Cort concentration was increased in the DHB in Cort-treated compared with Sham-treated rats (60 ± 15 vs. 14 ± 2 ng Cort/g of tissue, P < 0.05). DHB Cort significantly increased the integrated arterial pressure response to 60 min of restraint stress on days 6, 13, and 14 following pellet implantation (e.g., 731 ± 170 vs. 1,204 ± 68 mmHg/60 min in Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, day 6, P < 0.05). Cort also increased baseline blood pressure by day 15 (99 ± 2 vs. 108 ± 3 mmHg for Sham- vs. Cort-treated rats, P < 0.05) and elevated baseline plasma norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y concentrations. Cort significantly enhanced stress-induced c-Fos expression in vasopressin-expressing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, and blockade of peripheral vasopressin V1 receptors attenuated the effect of DHB Cort to enhance the blood pressure response to restraint. These data indicate that glucocorticoids act within the DHB to produce some of the adverse cardiovascular consequences of chronic stress, in part, by a peripheral vasopressin-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy L Daubert
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Benjamin M Looney
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rebekah R Clifton
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Jake N Cho
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Deborah A Scheuer
- University of Florida, Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, Gainesville, Florida
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Lin S, Liu B, Wu C, Zhou H, Courtice MN, Zhu D. Interaction between Occupational Stress and
GR
Gene Polymorphisms on Essential Hypertension among Railway Workers. J Occup Health 2014; 55:349-58. [DOI: 10.1539/joh.13-0004-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sihao Lin
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong KongChina
| | - Baoying Liu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Chuancheng Wu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Hui Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical UniversityChina
| | - Midori N. Courtice
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong KongChina
| | - Dandan Zhu
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical UniversityChina
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18
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Xu W, Yu H, Hang J, Gao W, Zhao Y, Guo L. The interaction effect of effort-reward imbalance and overcommitment on hypertension among Chinese workers: findings from SHISO study. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:1433-41. [PMID: 24038080 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No previous studies investigated the interaction of effort-reward imbalance (ERI) and overcommitment on blood pressure. Our aim was to investigate associations of ERI and overcommitment (and their interaction) with blood pressure and hypertension within a Chinese population. METHODS Seven hundred thirty-four participants from the Stress and Health in Shenzhen Workers study completed a demographics, job stressor and risk factor questionnaire, and their blood pressure was measured by mercury sphygmomanometers. Risk factors for blood pressure were analyzed by multiple linear regression and risk factors for hypertension by Poisson regression. RESULTS Overcommitment was associated with diastolic blood pressure after adjustment for confounders and ERI among men (β = 0.17, P < 0.05); ERI was also associated with diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure after adjustment for confounders and overcommitment. High overcommitment (PR 1.91, 95% CI 1.35-2.69), and ERI (PR = 2.47, 95% CI 1.62-3.75) were each associated with risk of hypertension after adjusting for confounders. After adjusting for ERI, the association with overcommitment was no longer significant (PR = 1.24, 95% CI 0.85-1.82) However, after controlling for overcommitment, ERI remained significantly associated with hypertension risk (PR = 2.38, 95% CI 1.53-3.71). When high overcommitment and high ERI was combined, hypertension risk was highest (adjusted PR = 2.99, 95% CI 1.82-4.91, adjusted synergy index 5.85). The interaction was significant when it was tested by an interaction term in the regression (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The interaction effect of overcommitment and ERI on hypertension was independent and synergistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixian Xu
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Haiyi Yu
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Juan Hang
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
- Department of Priority; Peking University Shenzhen Hospital; Shenzhen China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
| | - Yiming Zhao
- Research Center of Occupational Medicine; Peking University Third Hospital; Beijing China
| | - Lijun Guo
- Department of Cardiology; Peking University Third Hospital and Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education; Beijing China
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The influence of domestic overload on the association between job strain and ambulatory blood pressure among female nursing workers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:6397-408. [PMID: 24287860 PMCID: PMC3881121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10126397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the workplace plays an important etiologic role in blood pressure (BP) alterations. Associations in female samples are controversial, and the domestic environment is hypothesized to be an important factor in this relationship. This study assessed the association between job strain and BP within a sample of female nursing workers, considering the potential role of domestic overload. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 175 daytime workers who wore an ambulatory BP monitor for 24 h during a working day. Mean systolic and diastolic BP were calculated. Job strain was evaluated using the Demand-Control Model. Domestic overload was based on the level of responsibility in relation to four household tasks and on the number of beneficiaries. After adjustments no significant association between high job strain and BP was detected. Stratified analyses revealed that women exposed to both domestic overload and high job strain had higher systolic BP at home. These results indicate a possible interaction between domestic overload and job strain on BP levels and revealed the importance of domestic work, which is rarely considered in studies of female workers.
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Prevalence, management, and control of hypertension among US workers: does occupation matter? J Occup Environ Med 2013; 54:1150-6. [PMID: 22885710 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e318256f675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of occupation in the management of cardiovascular risk factors including hypertension is not well known. METHODS We analyzed the 1999-2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data of 6928 workers aged 20 years or older from 40 occupational groups. Hypertension was defined as measured blood pressure of 140/90 mm Hg or greater or self-reported use of antihypertensive medication, treatment as use of antihypertensive medication, awareness as ever being told by a doctor about having hypertension, and control as having blood pressure of less than 140/90 mm Hg among treated participants. RESULTS Protective service workers ranked among the lowest in awareness (50.6%), treatment (79.3%), and control (47.7%) and had lower odds of hypertension control and treatment compared with executive/administrative/managerial workers, adjusting for sociodemographic, body-weight, smoking, and alcohol. CONCLUSIONS Protective service workers may benefit the most from worksite hypertension management programs.
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Landsbergis PA, Dobson M, Koutsouras G, Schnall P. Job strain and ambulatory blood pressure: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:e61-71. [PMID: 23327240 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We reviewed evidence of the relationship between job strain and ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in 29 studies (1985-2012). We conducted a quantitative meta-analysis on 22 cross-sectional studies of a single exposure to job strain. We systematically reviewed 1 case-control study, 3 studies of cumulative exposure to job strain, and 3 longitudinal studies. Single exposure to job strain in cross-sectional studies was associated with higher work systolic and diastolic ABP. Associations were stronger in men than women and in studies of broad-based populations than those with limited occupational variance. Biases toward the null were common, suggesting that our summary results underestimated the true association. Job strain is a risk factor for blood pressure elevation. Workplace surveillance programs are needed to assess the prevalence of job strain and high ABP and to facilitate workplace cardiovascular risk reduction interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Landsbergis
- School of Public Health, State University of New York-Downstate, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have observed conflicting patterns as to whether overtime work increases blood pressure (BP), probably as a consequence of methodological issues. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study to investigate the relationship between overtime work hours and 1-year changes in BP in 1,235 normotensive Japanese male workers who carried out a variety of jobs in a manufacturing factory. Casual BP measurements were repeated at annual health examinations in 2004-2005, using an automatic manometer. An analysis of covariance that incorporated potential confounding factors including baseline age, body mass index (BMI), and lifestyle factors was used to calculate and compare the means of the 1-year change in systolic (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP). The participants were grouped according to their average monthly overtime work hours obtained from timecard data between April and September 2004. RESULTS The multivariate-adjusted mean for 1-year change in DBP in 611 male assembly-line workers was 1.5 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.8-2.2) for <40.0 h/month, 2.3 mm Hg (95% CI 1.3-3.2) for 40.0-79.9 h/month, and 5.3 mm Hg (95% CI 2.7-7.9) for ≥ 80.0 h/month (P for heterogeneity = 0.02). A broadly similar pattern was observed for SBP. In contrast, there was no significant difference in means 1-year change for both SBP and DBP in 315 clerks and 309 engineers/special technicians, grouped according to overtime work hours. CONCLUSIONS Extensive overtime work was associated with increased BP in normotensive male assembly-line workers, but not in clerks and engineers/special technicians.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between workplace factors and the development of hypertension remains uncertain. We examined the risk of hypertension as a function of workplace social capital, that is, social cohesion, trust and reciprocity in the workplace. METHODS A total of 11 777 male and 49 145 female employees free of chronic hypertension at baseline in 2000-2004 were followed up for incident hypertension until the end of 2005 (the Finnish Public Sector Study). We used survey responses from the participants and their coworkers in the same work unit to assess workplace social capital at baseline. Follow-up for incident hypertension was based on record linkage to national health registers (mean follow-up 3.5 years, 1424 incident hypertension cases). RESULTS Male employees in work units characterized by low workplace social capital were 40-60% more likely to develop chronic hypertension compared to men in work units with high social capital [age-adjusted hazard ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.15-2.14 for self-assessed social capital and 1.41, 95% CI 1.01-1.97 for coworkers' assessment]. According to path analysis adjusted for covariates, the association between low self-reported social capital and hypertension was partially mediated by obesity (P for pathway = 0.02) and alcohol consumption (P = 0.03). For coworker-assessed social capital, the corresponding mediation pathways did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.055 and 0.22, respectively). No association between workplace social capital and hypertension was found for women. CONCLUSION These data suggest that low self-reported workplace social capital is associated with increased near-term risk of hypertension in men in part due to unhealthy lifestyle.
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Lymperopoulos A, Bathgate A. Pharmacogenomics of the heptahelical receptor regulators G-protein-coupled receptor kinases and arrestins: the known and the unknown. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 13:323-41. [PMID: 22304582 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heptahelical G-protein-coupled receptors are the most diverse and therapeutically important family of receptors, playing major roles in the physiology of various organs and tissues. They couple their ligand binding to G-protein activation, which then transmits intracellular signals. G-protein signaling is terminated by phosphorylation of the receptor by the family of G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), followed by arrestin (Arr) binding, which uncouples the phosphorylated receptor from the G-protein and subsequently targets the receptor for internalization. Moreover, Arrs can transmit signals in their own right during receptor internalization. Genetic polymorphisms in receptors, as well as in GRK and Arr family members per se, which affect regulation of receptor signaling and function, have just started being identified and characterized. The present review will discuss what is known so far in this evolving field of GRK/Arr pharmacogenomics, as well as highlight important areas likely to produce invaluable information in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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Diène E, Fouquet A, Esquirol Y. Cardiovascular diseases and psychosocial factors at work. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2012; 105:33-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 10/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Depressive Symptoms and 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans: The SABPA Study. Int J Hypertens 2011; 2012:426803. [PMID: 22028954 PMCID: PMC3199098 DOI: 10.1155/2012/426803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disturbances in circadian rhythm might play a central role in the neurobiology of depression. We examined the association between depressive symptoms and 24-hour ambulatory BP in a sample of 405 (197 black and 208 Caucasian) urbanized African teachers aged 25 to 60 yrs (mean 44.6 ± 9.6 yrs). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the self-administered 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). After adjusting for age, sex, and ethnicity, participants with severe depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 ≥ 15) had higher odds of hypertension defined from ambulatory BP and/or use of antihypertensive medication (odds ratio = 2.19, 95% CI, 1.00–4.90) in comparison to participants with no symptoms. Compared to Caucasians with no depressive symptoms, those with severe symptoms had blunted nocturnal systolic BP drop of 4.7 mmHg (95% CI, −0.5 to 10.0, P = 0.07). In summary, depressive symptoms were associated with the circadian BP profile in black and Caucasian Africans.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To see whether there is interaction between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) belonging to candidate genes for hypertension and job strain and its components (job demand and job control) in an accurately phenotyped Italian cohort (Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni). METHODS From the Pressioni Arteriose Monitorate E Loro Associazioni cohort, we sampled 924 employed men and women who had completed a modified version of the Karasek questionnaire and for whom deoxyribonucleic acid information was available. We selected 1,510 common tagging and putative functional SNPs in 92 candidate autosomal genes involved in sympathetic nervous system, oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and sodium balance. The interaction of each candidate SNP with the perceived job stress scores on ambulatory systolic and diastolic blood pressures was evaluated by adding product terms to a multiple regression linear model, adjusted for sex, age, total cholesterol, and body mass index. RESULTS Among all the SNPs tested, the interaction of SNP rs11210278 located on the endothelin 2 gene and job control was statistically significant after controlling for multiple testing, using false discovery rate (unadjusted p = .00000661; p adjusted for false discovery rate = .0085), indicating an inverse association with systolic blood pressure for the homozygous wild-type allele (C/C) and a positive association for the variant genotypes (C/T and T/T). CONCLUSIONS We show that the hypertensive response to job strain is present only in carriers of the rs11210278 wild-type genotype. The phenomenon is discussed in relationship to the controversial results of field studies on job strain and hypertension.
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Sabater-Hernández D, Sánchez-Villegas P, García-Corpas JP, Amariles P, Sendra-Lillo J, Faus MJ. Predictors of the community pharmacy white-coat effect in treated hypertensive patients. The MEPAFAR study. Int J Clin Pharm 2011; 33:582-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11096-011-9514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mezuk B, Bohnert ASB, Ratliff S, Zivin K. Job strain, depressive symptoms, and drinking behavior among older adults: results from the health and retirement study. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2011; 66:426-34. [PMID: 21427175 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbr021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between job strain and two indicators of mental health, depression and alcohol misuse, among currently employed older adults. METHOD Data come from the 2004 and 2006 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 2,902). Multivariable logistic regression modeling was used to determine the association between job strain, indicated by the imbalance of job stress and job satisfaction, with depression and alcohol misuse. RESULTS High job strain (indicated by high job stress combined with low job satisfaction) was associated with elevated depressive symptoms (odds ratio [OR] = 2.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.99-4.45) relative to low job strain after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, labor force status, and occupation. High job stress combined with high job satisfaction (OR = 1.93) and low job stress combined with low job satisfaction (OR = 1.94) were also associated with depressive symptoms to a lesser degree. Job strain was unrelated to either moderate or heavy drinking. These associations did not vary by gender or age. DISCUSSION Job strain is associated with elevated depressive symptoms among older workers. In contrast to results from investigations of younger workers, job strain was unrelated to alcohol misuse. These findings can inform the development and implementation of workplace health promotion programs that reflect the mental health needs of the aging workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Heath, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
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Mezuk B, Kershaw KN, Hudson D, Lim KA, Ratliff S. Job Strain, Workplace Discrimination, and Hypertension among Older Workers: The Health and Retirement Study. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2011; 3:38-50. [PMID: 22096475 PMCID: PMC3215400 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-011-9041-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Job strain has been associated with hypertension among younger workers; however, whether this relationship persists among older workers, particularly older racial/ethnic minorities, is unresolved. This study evaluated whether job strain and workplace discrimination are associated with hypertension and poor blood pressure control among older workers and whether these relationships vary by gender and race/ethnicity. Data were drawn from the Health and Retirement Study, and analysis was restricted to employed participants with complete information on job strain and blood pressure (N = 3,794). In adjusted models, high job strain was associated with lower likelihood of hypertension (odds ratio (OR): 0.75, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.89) relative to low job strain. Stratified analyses indicated this association was only significant among white (OR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.86) and male (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.79) workers. High job strain was not significantly associated with hypertension among African American (OR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.63, 2.07) or Hispanic (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.29, 1.09) workers. Workplace discrimination was not associated with hypertension among any group. Neither job strain nor discrimination was associated with poor blood pressure control. These findings suggest that persistence in work characterized by high job strain in later life may signal resilience to the influence of work-related stressors on health. Future research efforts should examine the factors that contribute to gender and racial differences in these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, P. O. Box 980212, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Kiarri N. Kershaw
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Darrell Hudson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kyuang Ah Lim
- Epidemiology, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Scott Ratliff
- Department of Epidemiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
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Nguyen K, Kassimatis T, Lymperopoulos A. Impaired desensitization of a human polymorphic α2B-adrenergic receptor variant enhances its sympatho-inhibitory activity in chromaffin cells. Cell Commun Signal 2011; 9:5. [PMID: 21299895 PMCID: PMC3041786 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-9-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background α2-adrenergic receptors (ARs) mediate many cellular actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine and inhibit their secretion from adrenal chromaffin cells. Like many other G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), they undergo agonist-dependent phopshorylation and desensitization by GPCR Kinases (GRKs), a phenomenon recently shown to play a major role in the sympathetic overdrive that accompanies and aggravates chronic heart failure. A deletion polymorphism in the human α2B-AR gene (Glu301-303) causes impaired agonist-promoted receptor phosphorylation and desensitization in heterologous cell lines. Given the importance of α2-ARs in regulation of catecholamine secretion from chromaffin cells, we sought to investigate, in the present study, the desensitization properties and the sympatho-inhibitory activity of this variant in a chromaffin cell line. For this purpose, we expressed this variant and its wild type counterpart in the well-established chromaffin cell line PC12, and performed receptor phosphorylation and desensitization studies, as well as in vitro catecholamine secretion assays. Results Both the agonist-induced phosphorylation and agonist-dependent desensitization of the human Glu301-303 deletion polymorphic α2B-AR are significantly impaired in PC12 cells, resulting in enhanced signaling to inhibition of cholinergic-induced catecholamine secretion in vitro. Conclusion This α2B-AR gene polymorphism (Glu301-303 deletion) might confer better protection against conditions characterized and aggravated by sympathetic/catecholaminergic overstimulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA.
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de Gaudemaris R, Levant A, Ehlinger V, Hérin F, Lepage B, Soulat JM, Sobaszek A, Kelly-Irving M, Lang T. Blood pressure and working conditions in hospital nurses and nursing assistants. The ORSOSA study. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 104:97-103. [PMID: 21402344 DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Healthcare workers often are unsatisfied with their working conditions despite declaring to like their jobs. Psychosocial constraints in the workplace have increased recently due to changes in work organization. These psychosocial constraints are linked to cardiovascular diseases. AIM To analyze the relationship between blood pressure levels and organizational occupational risk factors in female hospital workers, using a new questionnaire (the Nursing Work Index-Extended Organization [NWI-EO] questionnaire), which quantifies psychological and organizational work factors. METHODS The ORSOSA study is a national, multicentre, cohort study conducted in seven voluntary French university hospitals, including 214 work units with a total of 2307 nurses and 1530 nursing assistants. RESULTS Systolic and diastolic blood pressure appeared to be significantly associated with age (P<0.001) and excess weight (P<0.001). The difference between systolic blood pressure in day-shift and night-shift workers was 2.5mmHg (P<0.001). The NWI-EO dimension most strongly correlated with systolic and diastolic blood pressure was poor team relationships (P<0.01 for both). For a one-point difference in the NWI-EO stress score, systolic blood pressure was higher by a mean of 0.2mmHg. CONCLUSION These results suggest that poor relationships within teams are related to high blood pressure among hospital workers. They add to the evidence that working conditions should be considered and investigated further among other risk factors as a pathway to primary prevention of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Régis de Gaudemaris
- Laboratoire environnement et prédiction de la santé des populations (EPSP)-TIMC, UMR CNRS 5525, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether psychosocial work characteristics are associated with the prevalence of masked hypertension in a population of white collar workers. METHODS White-collar workers were recruited from three public organizations. Blood pressure (BP) was measured at the workplace for manual measurements (mean of the first three readings taken by a trained assistant) followed by ambulatory measurements (mean of all subsequent readings taken during the working day). Masked hypertension (MH) was defined as manual BP <140/90 mm Hg, and ambulatory BP ≥135/85 mm Hg. Job strain was evaluated, using the quadrant method for exposure assessment, as well as alternative formulations. RESULTS BP measurements were obtained from 2,357 workers (80% participation, 61% women; mean age, 44 years). For men, being in the active group (high psychological demands and high decision latitude) was associated with MH (adjusted odds ratio, 2.07; 95% confidence interval, 1.30-3.31). No significant association with a higher prevalence of MH was observed in women. CONCLUSION MH is associated with job strain in men. Workers in "active" job situations may be more likely to have the condition.
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Abstract
Genetic and behavioral factors do not fully explain the development of hypertension, and there is increasing evidence suggesting that psychosocial factors may also play an important role. Exposure to chronic stress has been hypothesized as a risk factor for hypertension, and occupational stress, stressful aspects of the social environment, and low socioeconomic status have each been studied extensively. The study of discrimination is a more recent and rapidly growing area of investigation and may also help to explain the well-known racial disparities in hypertension. Research regarding mechanisms underlying stress effects on hypertension has largely focused on cardiovascular reactivity, but delayed recovery to the pre-stress level is increasingly being evaluated as another possible pathway. Recent findings in each of these areas are reviewed, and directions for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Spruill
- Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health, Division of General Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, 622 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Hildingh C, Baigi A. The association among hypertension and reduced psychological well-being, anxiety and sleep disturbances: a population study. Scand J Caring Sci 2010; 24:366-71. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6712.2009.00730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Pavek K, Taube A. Personality characteristics influencing determinacy of day and night blood pressure and heart rate. Blood Press 2009; 18:30-5. [DOI: 10.1080/08037050902812648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bechtold AG, Patel G, Hochhaus G, Scheuer DA. Chronic blockade of hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors reduces blood pressure responses to novel stress and attenuates adaptation to repeated stress. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R1445-54. [PMID: 19279295 PMCID: PMC2689825 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00095.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exogenous glucocorticoids act within the hindbrain to enhance the arterial pressure response to acute novel stress. Here we tested the hypothesis that endogenous glucocorticoids act at hindbrain glucocorticoid receptors (GR) to augment cardiovascular responses to restraint stress in a model of stress hyperreactivity, the borderline hypertensive rat (BHR). A 3- to 4-mg pellet of the GR antagonist mifepristone (Mif) was implanted over the dorsal hindbrain (DHB) in Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and BHRs. Control pellets consisted of either sham DHB or subcutaneous Mif pellets. Rats were either subjected to repeated restraint stress (chronic stress) or only handled (acute stress) for 3-4 wk, then all rats were stressed on the final day of the experiment. BHR showed limited adaptation of the arterial pressure response to restraint, and DHB Mif significantly (P = 0.05) attenuated the arterial pressure response to restraint in both acutely and chronically stressed BHR. In contrast, WKY exhibited a substantial adaptation of the pressure response to repeated restraint that was significantly reversed by DHB Mif. DHB Mif and chronic stress each significantly increased baseline plasma corticosterone concentration and adrenal weight and reduced the corticosterone response to stress in all rats. We conclude that endogenous corticosterone acts via hindbrain GR to enhance the arterial pressure response to stress in BHR, but to promote the adaptation of the arterial pressure response to stress in normotensive rats. Endogenous corticosterone also acts in the hindbrain to restrain corticosterone at rest but to maintain the corticosterone response to stress in both BHR and WKY rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Bechtold
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Work hours and incidence of hypertension among Spanish University graduates: the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra prospective cohort. J Hypertens 2009; 27:34-40. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3283163c3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Blood pressure in late adolescence and early incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke in the Swedish 1969 conscription cohort. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1313-20. [PMID: 18551005 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282ffb17e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between blood pressure measured in late adolescence and early incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke was investigated in Swedish men. We used measures of systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure. METHOD Information on blood pressure at age 18-20 was obtained from a cohort of 49,321 men born in 1949-1951 examined at conscription in 1969/1970. Information on coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, and stroke during 1971-2004 was obtained from national hospital discharge and cause of death registers. Associations between blood pressure and outcomes were estimated with Cox regression as hazard ratios per standard deviation in blood pressure increase in mmHg. RESULTS Blood pressure at age 18-20 was found to be associated with coronary heart disease and stroke before 55 years of age. Adjustment for childhood socio-economic position and adolescent smoking, body mass index, and cognitive ability attenuated the associations. Systolic blood pressure was associated with coronary heart disease [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 1.09 (1.04, 1.15)] and acute myocardial infarction [1.09 (1.02, 1.17)]. Diastolic blood pressure was associated with coronary heart disease [1.06 (1.00, 1.11)], acute myocardial infarction [1.08 (1.01, 1.15)], and stroke [1.12 (1.04, 1.21)]. Blood pressure measured as mean arterial pressure was significantly associated with coronary heart disease and almost significantly associated with stroke. Pulse pressure had the weakest associations with all outcomes. CONCLUSION Measures of blood pressure in late adolescence were found to be associated with early incidence of coronary heart disease and stroke. Prediction of outcomes differed between measures.
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Job strain, job demands and adrenergic beta1-receptor-polymorphism: a possible interaction affecting blood pressure in men. J Hypertens 2008; 26:1583-9. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e328303df5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Manios ED, Koroboki EA, Tsivgoulis GK, Spengos KM, Spiliopoulou IK, Brodie FG, Vemmos KN, Zakopoulos NA. Factors influencing white-coat effect. Am J Hypertens 2008; 21:153-8. [PMID: 18174883 DOI: 10.1038/ajh.2007.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transient blood pressure (BP) rise during clinical visits is usually referred to as white-coat effect (WCE). The aim of the present study was to investigate factors that may influence the WCE. METHODS A total of 2004 subjects underwent office BP measurements and 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) on the same day. The WCE was estimated as the difference between office and average daytime ambulatory BP (ABP). According to the office and daytime BP values, the study population was divided into normotensives (NTs), white-coat hypertensives (WCHs), masked hypertensives (MHTs), and sustained hypertensives (SHTs). Statistical analyses were performed using one-way analysis of variance and multiple linear regression models. RESULTS The mean systolic and diastolic WCE was 9 +/- 16 and 7 +/- 12 mm Hg, respectively. In the entire group of patients, multiple linear regression models revealed independent determinants of systolic WCE in the following rank order: office systolic BP (SBP) (beta = 0.727; P < 0.001), female gender (beta = 0.166; P < 0.001), daytime SBP variability (beta = 0.128; P < 0.001), age (beta = 0.039, P = 0.020), and smoking (beta = 0.031, P = 0.048). A 1.0 mm Hg increase in daytime SBP variability correlated with an increment of 0.589 mm Hg (95% confidence intervals, 0.437-0.741) in the systolic WCE. The regression analyses for diastolic WCE revealed the same factors as independent determinants. A 1.0 mm Hg increase in daytime diastolic BP (DBP) variability was independently associated with an increment of 0.418 mm Hg (95% confidence intervals, 0.121-0.715) in the diastolic WCE. CONCLUSIONS Factors such as gender, age, smoking, office BPV and daytime BPV may exert an important influence on the magnitude of the WCE.
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Ohlin B, Berglund G, Nilsson PM, Melander O. Job strain, decision latitude and α2B-adrenergic receptor polymorphism significantly interact, and associate with higher blood pressures in men. J Hypertens 2007; 25:1613-9. [PMID: 17620957 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0b013e3281ab6c7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Job strain (high demands and low decision latitude) and the DD genotype of an I/D polymorphism in the adrenergic alpha2B-receptor have been associated with hypertension, respectively. We hypothesized that the I/D polymorphism interacts with external stress, such as job strain, in the development of hypertension. METHODS A sample of 3045 employed men and women from the population cohort of Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, n = 28 098, with baseline data regarding work characteristics and cardiovascular risk factors, were genotyped for the adrenergic alpha2B-receptor I/D polymorphism. This was possible in 1302 men and 1662 women, and these individuals formed the study group. RESULTS The age-adjusted systolic blood pressure (SBP) for men with the DD polymorphism and job strain (n = 26) was 147.0 +/- 3.4 mmHg, whereas for men with the DD polymorphism but without job strain (n = 184), the SBP was 138.2 +/- 1.4 mmHg (P = 0.018). Similar findings were made regarding diastolic blood pressures (DBP) in men. Job strain and the I/D polymorphism in the adrenergic alpha2B-receptor gene significantly interacted in men [P = 0.008 for SBP, P = 0.03 for DBP, adjusted for age, body mass index, occupational status and nationality (Model 1)]. Increasing latitude score was inversely correlated with SBP (beta -0.17, P = 0.03, Model 1) in DD men, but not in men with the I-allele; interaction significance for genotype x latitude score, P = 0.02 for SBP (Model 1). In women, there were no significant interactions between genotype and work characteristics (P = 0.32 for SBP, and P = 0.60 for DBP). CONCLUSION For the first time, a significant interaction between a genetic factor and work environment, resulting in elevated blood pressures, has been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertil Ohlin
- Department of Clinical Sciences/Medicine, Lund University, Malmö University Hospital, Sweden.
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