1
|
Natale P, Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024; 4:CD006257. [PMID: 38682786 PMCID: PMC11057222 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd006257.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines suggest that adults with diabetes and kidney disease receive treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). This is an update of a Cochrane review published in 2006. OBJECTIVES We compared the efficacy and safety of ACEi and ARB therapy (either as monotherapy or in combination) on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in adults with diabetes and kidney disease. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplants Register of Studies to 17 March 2024 through contact with the Information Specialist using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, conference proceedings, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov. SELECTION CRITERIA We included studies evaluating ACEi or ARB alone or in combination, compared to each other, placebo or no treatment in people with diabetes and kidney disease. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias and extracted data. Summary estimates of effect were obtained using a random-effects model, and results were expressed as risk ratios (RR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) for dichotomous outcomes and mean difference (MD) or standardised mean difference (SMD) and 95% CI for continuous outcomes. Confidence in the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. MAIN RESULTS One hundred and nine studies (28,341 randomised participants) were eligible for inclusion. Overall, the risk of bias was high. Compared to placebo or no treatment, ACEi may make little or no difference to all-cause death (24 studies, 7413 participants: RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.15; I2 = 23%; low certainty) and with similar withdrawals from treatment (7 studies, 5306 participants: RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.19; I2 = 0%; low certainty). ACEi may prevent kidney failure (8 studies, 6643 participants: RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.94; I2 = 0%; low certainty). Compared to placebo or no treatment, ARB may make little or no difference to all-cause death (11 studies, 4260 participants: RR 0.99, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.16; I2 = 0%; low certainty). ARB have uncertain effects on withdrawal from treatment (3 studies, 721 participants: RR 0.85, 95% CI 0.58 to 1.26; I2 = 2%; low certainty) and cardiovascular death (6 studies, 878 participants: RR 3.36, 95% CI 0.93 to 12.07; low certainty). ARB may prevent kidney failure (3 studies, 3227 participants: RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.94; I2 = 0%; low certainty), doubling of serum creatinine (SCr) (4 studies, 3280 participants: RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.97; I2 = 32%; low certainty), and the progression from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria (5 studies, 815 participants: RR 0.44, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.85; I2 = 74%; low certainty). Compared to ACEi, ARB had uncertain effects on all-cause death (15 studies, 1739 participants: RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.88; I2 = 0%; low certainty), withdrawal from treatment (6 studies, 612 participants: RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.65 to 1.28; I2 = 0%; low certainty), cardiovascular death (13 studies, 1606 participants: RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.45 to 2.98; I2 = 0%; low certainty), kidney failure (3 studies, 837 participants: RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.07; I2 = 0%; low certainty), and doubling of SCr (2 studies, 767 participants: RR 0.88, 95% CI 0.52 to 1.48; I2 = 0%; low certainty). Compared to ACEi plus ARB, ACEi alone has uncertain effects on all-cause death (6 studies, 1166 participants: RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.49 to 2.40; I2 = 20%; low certainty), withdrawal from treatment (2 studies, 172 participants: RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.86; I2 = 0%; low certainty), cardiovascular death (4 studies, 994 participants: RR 3.02, 95% CI 0.61 to 14.85; low certainty), kidney failure (3 studies, 880 participants: RR 1.36, 95% CI 0.79 to 2.32; I2 = 0%; low certainty), and doubling of SCr (2 studies, 813 participants: RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.85; I2 = 0%; low certainty). Compared to ACEi plus ARB, ARB alone has uncertain effects on all-cause death (7 studies, 2607 participants: RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.76 to 1.37; I2 = 0%; low certainty), withdrawn from treatment (3 studies, 1615 participants: RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.24; I2 = 0%; low certainty), cardiovascular death (4 studies, 992 participants: RR 3.03, 95% CI 0.62 to 14.93; low certainty), kidney failure (4 studies, 2321 participants: RR 1.15, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.95; I2 = 29%; low certainty), and doubling of SCr (3 studies, 2252 participants: RR 1.18, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.64; I2 = 0%; low certainty). Comparative effects of different ACEi or ARB and low-dose versus high-dose ARB were rarely evaluated. No study compared different doses of ACEi. Adverse events of ACEi and ARB were rarely reported. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS ACEi or ARB may make little or no difference to all-cause and cardiovascular death compared to placebo or no treatment in people with diabetes and kidney disease but may prevent kidney failure. ARB may prevent the doubling of SCr and the progression from microalbuminuria to macroalbuminuria compared with a placebo or no treatment. Despite the international guidelines suggesting not combining ACEi and ARB treatment, the effects of ACEi or ARB monotherapy compared to dual therapy have not been adequately assessed. The limited data availability and the low quality of the included studies prevented the assessment of the benefits and harms of ACEi or ARB in people with diabetes and kidney disease. Low and very low certainty evidence indicates that it is possible that further studies might provide different results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Natale
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Suetonia C Palmer
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Jonathan C Craig
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Giovanni Fm Strippoli
- Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Cochrane Kidney and Transplant, Centre for Kidney Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ahmad A, Lim LL, Morieri ML, Tam CHT, Cheng F, Chikowore T, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Fitipaldi H, Huang C, Kanbour S, Sarkar S, Koivula RW, Motala AA, Tye SC, Yu G, Zhang Y, Provenzano M, Sherifali D, de Souza RJ, Tobias DK, Gomez MF, Ma RCW, Mathioudakis N. Precision prognostics for cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2024; 4:11. [PMID: 38253823 PMCID: PMC10803333 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precision medicine has the potential to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction in individuals with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to identify potentially novel prognostic factors that may improve CVD risk prediction in T2D. Out of 9380 studies identified, 416 studies met inclusion criteria. Outcomes were reported for 321 biomarker studies, 48 genetic marker studies, and 47 risk score/model studies. RESULTS Out of all evaluated biomarkers, only 13 showed improvement in prediction performance. Results of pooled meta-analyses, non-pooled analyses, and assessments of improvement in prediction performance and risk of bias, yielded the highest predictive utility for N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (high-evidence), troponin-T (TnT) (moderate-evidence), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index (moderate-evidence), Genetic Risk Score for Coronary Heart Disease (GRS-CHD) (moderate-evidence); moderate predictive utility for coronary computed tomography angiography (low-evidence), single-photon emission computed tomography (low-evidence), pulse wave velocity (moderate-evidence); and low predictive utility for C-reactive protein (moderate-evidence), coronary artery calcium score (low-evidence), galectin-3 (low-evidence), troponin-I (low-evidence), carotid plaque (low-evidence), and growth differentiation factor-15 (low-evidence). Risk scores showed modest discrimination, with lower performance in populations different from the original development cohort. CONCLUSIONS Despite high interest in this topic, very few studies conducted rigorous analyses to demonstrate incremental predictive utility beyond established CVD risk factors for T2D. The most promising markers identified were NT-proBNP, TnT, TyG and GRS-CHD, with the highest strength of evidence for NT-proBNP. Further research is needed to determine their clinical utility in risk stratification and management of CVD in T2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abrar Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lee-Ling Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Asia Diabetes Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mario Luca Morieri
- Metabolic Disease Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Ha-Ting Tam
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feifei Cheng
- Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tinashe Chikowore
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Hugo Fitipaldi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Chuiguo Huang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Sudipa Sarkar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert Wilhelm Koivula
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ayesha A Motala
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sok Cin Tye
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Sections on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gechang Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingchai Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michele Provenzano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J de Souza
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
- Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton Health Sciences Corporation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
- Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Ronald C W Ma
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Nestoras Mathioudakis
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahmad A, Lim LL, Morieri ML, Tam CHT, Cheng F, Chikowore T, Dudenhöffer-Pfeifer M, Fitipaldi H, Huang C, Kanbour S, Sarkar S, Koivula RW, Motala AA, Tye SC, Yu G, Zhang Y, Provenzano M, Sherifali D, de Souza R, Tobias DK, Gomez MF, Ma RCW, Mathioudakis NN. Precision Prognostics for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.26.23289177. [PMID: 37162891 PMCID: PMC10168509 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.23289177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Background Precision medicine has the potential to improve cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies to identify potentially novel prognostic factors that may improve CVD risk prediction in T2D. Out of 9380 studies identified, 416 studies met inclusion criteria. Outcomes were reported for 321 biomarker studies, 48 genetic marker studies, and 47 risk score/model studies. Results Out of all evaluated biomarkers, only 13 showed improvement in prediction performance. Results of pooled meta-analyses, non-pooled analyses, and assessments of improvement in prediction performance and risk of bias, yielded the highest predictive utility for N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (high-evidence), troponin-T (TnT) (moderate-evidence), triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index (moderate-evidence), Genetic Risk Score for Coronary Heart Disease (GRS-CHD) (moderate-evidence); moderate predictive utility for coronary computed tomography angiography (low-evidence), single-photon emission computed tomography (low-evidence), pulse wave velocity (moderate-evidence); and low predictive utility for C-reactive protein (moderate-evidence), coronary artery calcium score (low-evidence), galectin-3 (low-evidence), troponin-I (low-evidence), carotid plaque (low-evidence), and growth differentiation factor-15 (low-evidence). Risk scores showed modest discrimination, with lower performance in populations different from the original development cohort. Conclusions Despite high interest in this topic, very few studies conducted rigorous analyses to demonstrate incremental predictive utility beyond established CVD risk factors for T2D. The most promising markers identified were NT-proBNP, TnT, TyG and GRS-CHD, with the highest strength of evidence for NT-proBNP. Further research is needed to determine their clinical utility in risk stratification and management of CVD in T2D.
Collapse
|
4
|
Kar D, Gillies C, Nath M, Khunti K, Davies MJ, Seidu S. Association of smoking and cardiometabolic parameters with albuminuria in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Diabetol 2019; 56:839-850. [PMID: 30799525 PMCID: PMC6597612 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-019-01293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Smoking is a strong risk factor for albuminuria in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, it is unclear whether this sequela of smoking is brought about by its action on cardiometabolic parameters or the relationship is independent. The aim of this systematic review is to explore this relationship. METHODS Electronic databases on cross-sectional and prospective studies in Medline and Embase were searched from January 1946 to May 2018. Adult smokers with T2DM were included, and other types of diabetes were excluded. RESULTS A random effects meta-analysis of 20,056 participants from 13 studies found that the odds ratio (OR) of smokers developing albuminuria compared to non-smokers was 2.13 (95% CI 1.32, 3.45). Apart from smoking, the odds ratio of other risk factors associated with albuminuria were: age 1.24 (95% CI 0.84, 1.64), male sex 1.39 (95% CI 1.16, 1.67), duration of diabetes 1.78 (95% CI 1.32, 2.23), HbA1c 0.63 (95% CI 0.45, 0.81), SBP 6.03 (95% CI 4.10, 7.97), DBP 1.85 (95% CI 1.08, 2.62), total cholesterol 0.06 (95% CI - 0.05, 0.17) and HDL cholesterol - 0.01 (95% CI - 0.04, 0.02), triglyceride 0.22 (95% CI 0.12, 0.33) and BMI 0.40 (95% CI 0.00-0.80). When the smoking status was adjusted in a mixed effect meta-regression model, the duration of diabetes was the only statistically significant factor that influenced the prevalence of albuminuria. In smokers, each year's increase in the duration of T2DM was associated with an increased risk of albuminuria of 0.19 units (95% CI 0.07, 0.31) on the log odds scale or increased the odds approximately by 23%, compared to non-smokers. Prediction from the meta-regression model also suggested that the odds ratios of albuminuria in smokers after a diabetes duration of 9 years and 16 years were 1.53 (95% CI 1.10, 2.13) and 5.94 (95% CI 2.53, 13.95), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Continuing to smoke and the duration of diabetes are two strong predictors of albuminuria in smokers with T2DM. With a global surge in younger smokers developing T2DM, smoking cessation interventions at an early stage of disease trajectory should be promoted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debasish Kar
- Diabetes Research Centre, Univerisity of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Academic Unit of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Clare Gillies
- Diabetes Research Centre, Univerisity of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Mintu Nath
- Diabetes Research Centre, Univerisity of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Diabetes Research Centre, Univerisity of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Samuel Seidu
- Diabetes Research Centre, Univerisity of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adam WR, Wright JR. Use of renin angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease. Intern Med J 2016; 46:626-30. [PMID: 27170242 DOI: 10.1111/imj.13060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Current guidelines recommend renin angiotensin system inhibitors (RASI) as key components of treatment of hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), because of their effect on reducing the future rate of loss of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A common risk of RASI in CKD is a haemodynamically mediated, and reversible, fall in GFR of varying severity and duration, any time after commencement of the Inhibitors. A benefit of the acute reduction in filtration rate with RASI may be a reduction in the future rate of loss in GFR: the greatest benefit likely to be in those patients with a greater rate of loss of GFR prior to, and a lesser acute loss of GFR after, introduction of RASI; and in those patients with significant proteinuria. An acute loss of GFR of >25% following the introduction of RASI is an indication to cease the RASI. An acute loss of GFR < 25% requires consideration of the likely risks of the lower GFR and benefits of any future reduced rate of loss of GFR. A fall in GFR in patients while on RASI is usually associated with a remediable cause. When the cause for the fall in GFR is not revealed, and the fall is less than 25%, hopeful expectancy is recommended. Hyperkalaemia in patients with CKD on RASI is more common with more severe disease, potassium retaining diuretics and hypoaldosteronism. Treatment should be modified to maintain a plasma potassium <6 mmol/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R Adam
- Department of Rural Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - J R Wright
- Department of Rural Health, Melbourne Medical School, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a 21-amino acid peptide with mitogenic and powerful vasoconstricting properties. Under healthy conditions, ET-1 is expressed constitutively in all cells of the glomerulus and participates in homeostasis of glomerular structure and filtration function. Under disease conditions, increases in ET-1 are critically involved in initiating and maintaining glomerular inflammation, glomerular basement membrane hypertrophy, and injury of podocytes (visceral epithelial cells), thereby promoting proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. Here, we review the role of ET-1 in the function of glomerular endothelial cells, visceral (podocytes) and parietal epithelial cells, mesangial cells, the glomerular basement membrane, stromal cells, inflammatory cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. We also discuss molecular mechanisms by which ET-1, predominantly through activation of the ETA receptor, contributes to injury to glomerular cells, and review preclinical and clinical evidence supporting its pathogenic role in glomerular injury in chronic renal disease. Finally, the therapeutic rationale for endothelin antagonists as a new class of antiproteinuric drugs is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Barton
- Molecular Internal Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Andrey Sorokin
- Department of Medicine, Kidney Disease Center, Division of Nephrology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
High performance of a risk calculator that includes renal function in predicting mortality of hypertensive patients in clinical application. J Hypertens 2014; 32:1245-54. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
8
|
Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide combination vs. high-dose losartan in patients with morning hypertension--a prospective, randomized, open-labeled, parallel-group, multicenter trial. Hypertens Res 2012; 35:708-14. [PMID: 22399096 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2012.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The treatment of morning hypertension has not been established. We compared the efficacy and safety of a losartan/hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination and high-dose losartan in patients with morning hypertension. A prospective, randomized, open-labeled, parallel-group, multicenter trial enrolled 216 treated outpatients with morning hypertension evaluated by home blood pressure (BP) self-measurement. Patients were randomly assigned to receive a combination therapy of 50 mg losartan and 12.5 mg HCTZ (n=109) or a high-dose therapy with 100 mg losartan (n=107), each of which were administered once every morning. Primary efficacy end points were morning systolic BP (SBP) level and target BP achievement rate after 3 months of treatment. At baseline, BP levels were similar between the two therapy groups. Morning SBP was reduced from 150.3±10.1 to 131.5±11.5 mm Hg by combination therapy (P<0.001) and from 151.0±9.3 to 142.5±13.6 mm Hg by high-dose therapy (P<0.001). The morning SBP reduction was greater in the combination therapy group than in the high-dose therapy group (P<0.001). Combination therapy decreased evening SBP from 141.6±13.3 to 125.3±13.1 mm Hg (P<0.001), and high-dose therapy decreased evening SBP from 138.9±9.9 to 131.4±13.2 mm Hg (P<0.01). Although both therapies improved target BP achievement rates in the morning and evening (P<0.001 for both), combination therapy increased the achievement rates more than high-dose therapy (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). In clinic measurements, combination therapy was superior to high-dose therapy in reducing SBP and improving the achievement rate (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Combination therapy decreased urine albumin excretion (P<0.05) whereas high-dose therapy reduced serum uric acid. Both therapies indicated strong adherence and few adverse effects (P<0.001). In conclusion, losartan/HCTZ combination therapy was more effective for controlling morning hypertension and reducing urine albumin than high-dose losartan.
Collapse
|
9
|
Incidence of impaired renal function after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31:238-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2011.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
|
10
|
Igase M, Yokoyama H, Ferrario CM. Attenuation of hypertension-mediated glomerulosclerosis in conjunction with increased angiotensin (1-7). Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 5:297-304. [PMID: 22089474 DOI: 10.1177/1753944711429343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Controversy exists as to whether angiotensin (1-7) (Ang (1-7)) acts as a protective hormone against renal injury. METHODS We compared the degree of improvement of hypertensive nephropathy following 8 weeks' treatment with either the angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist olmesartan medoxomil or the cardioselective beta blocker atenolol in 8-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). RESULTS Both treatment regimens reduced mean blood pressure in a similar fashion, while bradycardia was present only in atenolol-treated SHRs. The heart weight:body weight ratio fell more in SHRs medicated with olmesartan versus those receiving atenolol. These changes were associated with increases in plasma Ang II in SHRs given the angiotensin II receptor blocker. At the end of treatment, plasma Ang (1-7) was higher in the olmesartan than atenolol or vehicle groups. The glomerular sclerosis (GS) index was lowered by olmesartan and atenolol compared with the vehicle group. While both olmesartan and atenolol attenuated renal perivascular collagen deposition (PVCD), the greatest effect was observed in SHRs receiving olmesartan. Elevations in plasma Ang (1-7) correlated negatively with reductions in GS or PVCD index, respectively. CONCLUSIONS While control of blood pressure remains a critical factor in the prevention of hypertensive nephropathy, Ang (1-7) may play a substantial role in preventing the structural changes in glomerulus through its effect on regulations of blood pressure and renal function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Igase
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Toon City, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Laugesen E, Rossen NB, Poulsen PL, Hansen KW, Ebbehøj E, Knudsen ST. Pulse pressure and systolic night–day ratio interact in prediction of macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hum Hypertens 2011; 26:164-70. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2011.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
12
|
Impact of renal function on cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients treated with efonidipine. Hypertens Res 2010; 33:1211-20. [PMID: 20844543 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2010.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of renal function on cardiovascular outcomes in elderly hypertensive patients enrolled in the Japanese Trial to Assess Optimal Systolic Blood Pressure in Elderly Hypertensive patients. The patients were randomly assigned to either a strict-treatment group (target systolic blood pressure (BP) <140 mm Hg, n=2212) or a mild-treatment group (target systolic BP, 140 to <160 mm Hg, n=2206), each with efonidipine (a T/L-type Ca channel blocker)-based regimens. Cardiovascular events (stroke, cardiovascular disease and renal disease) were evaluated during the 2-year follow-up period following the prospective randomized open-blinded end-point method. Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was elevated throughout the trial period in both the strict-treatment (59.4-62 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m²) and the mild-treatment group (58.8-61.4 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m²). This tendency was also observed in diabetic patients and patients aged ≥75 years, with baseline eGFR<60 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m². Baseline eGFR (<60 vs. ≥60 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m²) had no definite relationship with the incidence of cardiovascular events, nor did the level of BP control. Proteinuria at the time of entry into the study, however, was significantly correlated with cardiovascular event rates (7.1%), an association that was more apparent in patients with eGFR<60 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m² (8.2%). Furthermore, the event rate was more elevated in patients with greater declines in eGFR and was amplified when the baseline eGFR was <60 ml min⁻¹ per 1.73 m². In conclusion, the rates of decline of renal function and proteinuria constitute critical risk factors for cardiovascular events in elderly hypertensive patients, trends that are enhanced when baseline eGFR is diminished. Furthermore, the fact that efonidipine-based regimens ameliorate renal function in elderly hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease may offer novel information on the mechanisms of cardiovascular protection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Cozzolino M, Ketteler M, Zehnder D. The vitamin D system: a crosstalk between the heart and kidney. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12:1031-41. [PMID: 20605845 DOI: 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) independently increases the rates of cardiovascular disease, whereas the severity of kidney disease correlates with increased cardiovascular morbidity and death. Vitamin D is modified in the liver and the kidney to its active form (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D) by the 25-hydroxy vitamin D 1-hydroxylase enzyme (CYP27B1). The activated vitamin D brings about its actions through the vitamin D receptor (VDR). The VDRs and CYP27B1 have recently been shown to be expressed in several tissues, not directly involved in mineral homeostasis, including the cardiovascular, immune, and epithelial systems. The action of vitamin D in these tissues is implicated in the regulation of endothelial, vascular smooth muscle, and cardiac cell function, the renin-angiotensin system, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways, and immune response. Impaired VDR activation and signalling results in cellular dysfunction in several organs and biological systems, which leads to reduced bone health, an increased risk for epithelial cancers, metabolic disease, and uncontrolled inflammatory responses. Failure of cardiovascular VDR activation results in hypertension, accelerated atherosclerosis and vascular calcification, cardiac hypertrophy with vascular rarification and fibrosis, and progressive renal dysfunction. An emerging body of evidence has prompted attention to the relationship between CKD, mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), and cardiovascular disease in the new guidelines from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes. Vitamin D receptor activators, commonly used to treat CKD-MBD, and an appropriate treatment of vitamin D hormonal system failure in patients with CKD, may help to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cozzolino
- Renal Division, S. Paolo Hospital, University of Milan, Via A. di Rudin'ı, 8-20142 Milan, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Masson S, Latini R, Milani V, Moretti L, Rossi MG, Carbonieri E, Frisinghelli A, Minneci C, Valisi M, Maggioni AP, Marchioli R, Tognoni G, Tavazzi L. Prevalence and Prognostic Value of Elevated Urinary Albumin Excretion in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail 2010; 3:65-72. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.109.881805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Masson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Latini
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Milani
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Luciano Moretti
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Rossi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuele Carbonieri
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Frisinghelli
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Calogero Minneci
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Valisi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Aldo P. Maggioni
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Marchioli
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Gianni Tognoni
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| | - Luigi Tavazzi
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Research (S.M., R.L., V.M.), Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri,” Milan, Italy; Ospedale Generale Mazzoni (L.M.), Ascoli Piceno, Italy; CardioCentro Ticino (M.G.R.), Lugano, Switzerland; Ospedale Fracastoro (E.C.), San Bonifacio, Italy; Ospedale Passirana (A.F.), AO “G Salvini,” Garbagnate M.se, Italy; Ospedale San Giovanni di Dio (C.M.), Florence, Italy; Fleming Research (M.V.), Milan, Italy; ANMCO Research Center (A.P.M.), Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Notaro LA, Usman MH, Burke JF, Siddiqui A, Superdock KR, Ezekowitz MD. Secondary Prevention in Concurrent Coronary Artery, Cerebrovascular, and Chronic Kidney Disease: Focus on Pharmacological Therapy. Cardiovasc Ther 2009; 27:199-215. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5922.2009.00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
|
16
|
Is a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate a risk factor for stroke in patients with type 2 diabetes? Hypertens Res 2009; 32:381-6. [PMID: 19325564 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2009.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although chronic kidney disease is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease it is unclear whether diabetic patients with a reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR), independent of (micro)albuminuria, carry an increased risk of stroke. We therefore investigated the independent effect of estimated GFR (eGFR) on stroke events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We studied T2DM patients with an eGFR >or=15 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m(2), who had no history of stroke. Patients were divided into four categories by the eGFR at baseline for comparison: >or=90, 60-89, 30-59 and 15-29 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m(2). The end point was an incident stroke event. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). The study included a total of 1300 T2DM patients (546 women and 754 men) with a mean (+/-s.d.) age of 63+/-13 years. During a mean follow-up period of 3.7+/-1.4 years, 91 patients experienced an incident stroke event. Although a lower eGFR was associated with an increased stroke risk using a univariate model, statistical significance disappeared after adjusting for other risk factors including albuminuria. The HR (95% CI) was 0.75 (0.40-1.41, P=0.373), 0.99 (0.50-1.95, P=0.964) and 0.91 (0.36-2.28, P=0.844) for patients with eGFRs of 60-89, 30-59 and 15-29 ml min(-1) per 1.73 m(2), respectively, compared with patients with an eGFR >or=90. Clinical albuminuria remained a significant risk factor for stroke, and the adjusted HR compared with normoalbuminuria was 2.40 (1.46-3.95, P=0.001). In conclusion, the association between reduced GFR and stroke events in patients with T2DM is likely to be mediated by albuminuria.
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Burchill L, Velkoska E, Dean RG, Lew RA, Smith AI, Levidiotis V, Burrell LM. Acute kidney injury in the rat causes cardiac remodelling and increases angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 expression. Exp Physiol 2008; 93:622-30. [PMID: 18223026 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2007.040386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Patients with kidney failure are at high risk of a cardiac death and frequently develop left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The mechanisms involved in the cardiac structural changes that occur in kidney failure are yet to be fully delineated. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) 2 is a newly described enzyme that is expressed in the heart and plays an important role in cardiac function. This study assessed whether ACE2 plays a role in the cardiac remodelling that occurs in experimental acute kidney injury (AKI). Sprague-Dawley rats had sham (control) or subtotal nephrectomy surgery (STNx). Control rats received vehicle (n = 10), and STNx rats received the ACE inhibitor (ACEi) ramipril, 1 mg kg(-1) day(-1) (n = 15) or vehicle (n = 13) orally for 10 days after surgery. Rats with AKI had polyuria (P < 0.001), proteinuria (P < 0.001) and hypertension (P < 0.001). Cardiac structural changes were present and characterized by LVH (P < 0.001), fibrosis (P < 0.001) and increased cardiac brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) mRNA (P < 0.01). These changes occurred in association with a significant increase in cardiac ACE2 gene expression (P < 0.01) and ACE2 activity (P < 0.05). Ramipril decreased blood pressure (P < 0.001), LVH (P < 0.001), fibrosis (P < 0.01) and BNP mRNA (P < 0.01). These changes occurred in association with inhibition of cardiac ACE (P < 0.05) and a reduction in cardiac ACE2 activity (P < 0.01). These data suggest that AKI, even at 10 days, promotes cardiac injury that is characterized by hypertrophy, fibrosis and increased cardiac ACE2. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, by promoting the production of the antifibrotic peptide angiotensin(1-7), may have a cardioprotective role in AKI, particularly since amelioration of adverse cardiac effects with ACE inhibition was associated with normalization of cardiac ACE2 activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Burchill
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria 3081, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|