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Li W, Qiu D, Yin H, Wang Y, Chen Y, Liu Q, Ma H, Geng Q. The Prognostic Value of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease and Depression. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:4675-4683. [PMID: 35548588 PMCID: PMC9081036 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s364146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Patients with the comorbidity of coronary artery disease (CAD) and depression are very common and always have poor prognosis. The relationship between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and major cardiovascular event (MACE) in these patients is still unknown. We aimed to explore this association. Patients and Methods We enrolled 203 CAD patients proven by coronary angiography (CAG). In the meanwhile, they were all assessed to have depression symptom by professional psycho-cardiologists. After an average follow-up of 23.7 months, patients were divided into two groups (high TSH group with TSH ≥ 1.395μIU/mL and low TSH group with TSH < 1.395μIU/mL) according to the cut-off value of baseline TSH. The impact of two different TSH groups for adverse events in CAD patients with depression was evaluated. Results The average age of these patients was 64.9 years old. The two TSH groups had no significant difference in the comparison of other baseline data. Area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves (AUC) analysis indicated the well-discriminatory power of TSH levels for the occurrence of MACE (AUC = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.52–0.70, P = 0.03). In the KM survival analysis, high TSH group had a higher risk of MACE (P = 0.029). After multi-factor adjustment, there still existed a higher risk of MACE in high TSH group (HR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.08–3.88, P = 0.028). Conclusion In patients with the comorbidity of CAD and depression, higher TSH levels are associated with the occurrence of MACE. More researches need to be conducted to prove this association and explore whether the drug-related TSH reduction can decrease the occurrence of adverse events in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiya Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Di Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Han Yin
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quanjun Liu
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Ma
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingshan Geng
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Qingshan Geng, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 20 83827812, Email
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Businge CB, Longo-Mbenza B, Kengne AP. Mildly elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone is associated with endothelial dysfunction and severe preeclampsia among pregnant women with insufficient iodine intake in Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Ann Med 2021; 53:1083-1089. [PMID: 34210226 PMCID: PMC8253179 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1947520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia and hypothyroidism are associated with endothelial dysfunction. Iodine deficiency is a risk factor for subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy. However, there is a paucity of data on the relationship between iodine nutrition state in pregnancy, the degree of endothelial dysfunction, and the risk of preeclampsia. METHODS Ninety-five normotensive pregnant women, 50 women with preeclampsia with no severe features, and 50 women with severe preeclampsia were enrolled into the current study from the maternity units of Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital and Mthatha Regional Hospitals in Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Urinary iodine concentration (UIC), serum markers of thyroid function, aortic augmentation index, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) were compared. RESULTS Median UIC was 167.5, 127.7, and 88.5 µg/L, respectively for normotensive pregnant women, those with preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia (p = .150). Participants with severe preeclampsia had significantly higher median thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and oxidized LDL than normotensive and preeclamptic women without severe features (respectively 3.0, 2.3, and 2.3 IU/L; 1.2, 1.0, and 1.0 IU/L, p < .05). The median Aortic augmentation index was 7.5, 19.0, and 21.0 (p < .001), and the pulse wave velocity 5.1, 5.7, and 6.3, respectively for normotensive, preeclampsia, and severe preeclampsia participants (both p < .001). In linear regressions, TSH, age, and hypertensive disease were independent predictors of elevated PWV. CONCLUSION Upper normal-range TSH levels in women with severe preeclampsia were associated with markers of endothelial dysfunction. The low UIC and trend towards the elevation of thyroglobulin suggest that inadequate iodine intake may have increased TSH levels and indirectly caused endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bitamazire Businge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Benjamin Longo-Mbenza
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- LOMO University of Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Non-Communicable Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
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Sakamaki K, Tsunekawa K, Ishiyama N, Kudo M, Ando K, Akuzawa M, Nakajima K, Shimomura Y, Araki O, Kimura T, Murakami M. Association between high normal-range thyrotropin concentration and carotid intima-media thickness in euthyroid premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Maturitas 2020; 144:29-36. [PMID: 33358205 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There are currently no established cutoff levels for thyrotropin (TSH) within the reference intervals associated with carotid atherosclerosis to prevent the onset of cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to determine the TSH cutoff level associated with carotid maximum intima-media thickness (max IMT) in euthyroid premenopausal, perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. STUDY DESIGN We conducted a cross-sectional study of 468 euthyroid women who had not been treated for or diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases and/or metabolic disorders among 1221 Japanese women who participated in a comprehensive medical examination at the Hidaka Hospital, Japan. Participants' weight, blood pressure, plasma glucose, serum lipoprotein, free thyroxine and TSH were measured and an interview about menstruation was conducted. Carotid ultrasonography was performed to determine max IMT. RESULTS Max IMT significantly increased stepwise as menopausal status progressed (p < 0.001). Serum TSH levels were significantly higher in participants with carotid plaques, defined as max IMT ≥1.1 mm (p = 0.038), and were independently associated with the presence of carotid plaque using multivariate logistic regression analysis (β =1.218, p = 0.036). In postmenopausal women, significantly higher carotid max IMT values were observed in women with serum TSH ≥2.5 μIU/mL compared with women with concentrations <2.5 μIU/mL (p = 0.018) without elevated total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. These differences were not observed in premenopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory finding of serum TSH concentration ≥2.5 μIU/mL may be useful to assess risk of atherosclerosis, especially in postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Sakamaki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Center for Health Control, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tsunekawa
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
| | - Nobuyoshi Ishiyama
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Mizuho Kudo
- Center for Health Control, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Kimiko Ando
- Center for Health Control, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Masako Akuzawa
- Center for Health Control, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Nakajima
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan; Center for Health Control, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Yohnosuke Shimomura
- Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research Center, Hidaka Hospital, 886 Nakao-machi, Takasaki, Gunma, 370-0001, Japan
| | - Osamu Araki
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Takao Kimura
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Aortic stiffness-Is kynurenic acid a novel marker? Cross-sectional study in patients with persistent atrial fibrillation. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236413. [PMID: 32735567 PMCID: PMC7394382 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Although a number of modifiable and non-modifiable causes were implicated in arterial stiffness, its pathogenesis remains elusive, and very little is known about aortic elasticity in supraventricular arrhythmias. The potential role of disturbed kynurenine metabolism in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease has been recently suggested. Thus, we studied the correlations of aortic stiffness and echocardiographic parameters with biochemical markers and serum level of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endothelial derivative of tryptophan, formed along the kynurenine pathway, among patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods Study cohort comprised 100 patients with persistent AF (43 females/57 males). Arterial stiffness index (ASI), structural and functional indices of left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) were evaluated electrocardiographically. Biochemical analyses included the measurements of serum KYNA (HPLC) and of the selected markers of lipids and glucose metabolism, thyroid status, kidney function, inflammation and coagulation. Results KYNA (β = 0.389, P = 0.029), homocysteine (β = 0.256, P = 0.40), total cholesterol (β = 0.814; P = 0.044), LDL (β = 0.663; P = 0.44), TSH (β = 0.262, P = 0.02), fT3 (β = -0.333, P = 0.009), fT4 (β = -0.275, P = 0.043) and creatinine (β = 0.374, P = 0.043) were independently correlated with ASI. ASI was also independently associated with LV end-systolic diameter (LVEDd; β = 1.751, P = 0.045), midwall fractional shortening (mFS; β = -1.266, P = 0.007), ratio mFS/end-systolic stress (mFS/ESS; β = -0.235, P = 0.026), LV shortening fraction (FS; β = -0.254, P = 0.017), and LA volume index (LAVI; β = 0.944, P = 0.022). Conclusions In patients with AF, aortic stiffness correlated positively with KYNA, biochemical risk factors of atherosclerosis and with the indices of diastolic dysfunction of LV and LA. Revealed relationship between ASI and KYNA is an original observation, suggesting a potential role of disturbed kynurenine metabolism in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffening. KYNA, synthesis of which is influenced by homocysteine, emerges as a novel, non-classical factor associated with ASI in patients with AF.
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Dose–response relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone and hypertension risk in euthyroid individuals. J Hypertens 2019; 37:144-153. [DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000001826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Zhang J, Huang C, Meng Z, Fan Y, Yang Q, Zhang W, Gao Y, Yang Z, Cai H, Bian B, Li Y, Yu X, Du X, Xu S, Nie J, Liu M, Sun J, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Song K, Wang X, Zhao L. Gender-Specific Differences on the Association of Hypertension with Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:6053068. [PMID: 32082373 PMCID: PMC7012202 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6053068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Both hypertension and subclinical thyroid dysfunction (STD) have high prevalence and clinical importance, but their relationship is still a matter of debate. We aimed to explore gender-specific difference on the association between hypertension and STD in Chinese. METHODS We recruited 13,380 ostensible healthy participants (8,237 men and 5,143 women). The associations between hypertension and STD were analyzed on a gender-based setting after dividing STD into subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism and further subgrouped euthyroidism. Crude and adjusted odds ratios of STD for hypertension were analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS An increasing trend of hypertension prevalence was found along with aging in both genders. Yet, higher male hypertension prevalence was found until 65 years, and then it intersected with female hypertension prevalence. Women had significantly higher propensity for STD than men. Yet, in elderly participants, this gender-specific difference became less obvious. We displayed detrimental effects for subclinical hypothyroidism in both genders after multiple-covariate adjustments, yet no such effects were shown for subclinical hyperthyroidism. Moreover, females with subclinical hypothyroidism were more likely to be associated with hypertension than males, and the corresponding odds ratios were 1.619 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (P < 0.01) and 1.557 (. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that hypertension is associated with subclinical hypothyroidism, but not with subclinical hyperthyroidism. Moreover, females with subclinical hypothyroidism are more likely to be associated with hypertension than males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingkai Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Zhaowei Meng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaguang Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenwen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Heng Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Bian
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuefang Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shaopeng Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhong Sun
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Song
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Health Management, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Su JB, Zhao LH, Zhang XL, Cai HL, Huang HY, Xu F, Chen T, Wang XQ. High-normal serum thyrotropin levels and increased glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic patients. Endocrine 2018; 61:68-75. [PMID: 29651629 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-normal thyrotropin (TSH) is related to reduced insulin sensitivity and may contribute to glycemic disorders in diabetes. We investigated the relationship between normal serum TSH levels and glycemic variability in euthyroid type 2 diabetic patients. METHODS A total of 432 newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with euthyroid function and normal serum TSH levels were recruited between March 2013 and February 2017. Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by the Matsuda index (ISIMatsuda) following a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Multiple glycemic variability indices, including the mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE), mean of daily differences (MODD), and standard deviation of glucose (SD), were calculated from glucose data obtained with a continuous glucose monitoring system. Average glucose accessed by 24-h mean glucose (24-h MG) was also calculated. RESULTS A normal serum TSH level was positively correlated with MAGE, MODD, SD, and 24-h MG (r = 0.206, 0.178, 0.186, and 0.132, respectively, p < 0.01). After adjusting for somatometric parameters, lipid profiles, ISIMatsuda, and HbA1c via multiple linear regression analysis, mean differences [B(95% CI)] in MAGE, MODD, SD, and 24-h MG between the patients in the lowest and highest quartiles of TSH levels were 0.128(0.031, 0.226), 0.085(0.022, 0.148), 0.039(0.001, 0.078), and 0.002(-0.264, 0.267) mmol/L, respectively. High-normal TSH was independently associated with MAGE, MODD, and SD, but not 24-h MG. CONCLUSIONS High-normal serum TSH is a significant additional risk factor for increased glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China.
| | - Li-Hua Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Hong-Li Cai
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Hai-Yan Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, No. 6, Hai-er-xiang North Road, 226001, Nantong, China.
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He W, Li S, Zhang JA, Zhang J, Mu K, Li XM. Effect of Levothyroxine on Blood Pressure in Patients With Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:454. [PMID: 30154757 PMCID: PMC6103239 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) have elevated blood pressure, but the effect of levothyroxine (LT4) therapy on blood pressure among those patients is still unclear. This study aimed to assess whether LT4 therapy could reduce blood pressure in SCH patients through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Web of Science were searched. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effect of LT4 therapy on blood pressure or prospective follow-up studies comparing the blood pressure level before and after LT4 treatment were included, and the mean difference of systolic blood pressure (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was pooled using random-effect meta-analysis. Results: Twenty-nine studies including 10 RCTs and 19 prospective follow-up studies were eligible for the analysis. Meta-analysis of 10 RCTs suggested that LT4 therapy could significantly reduce SBP in SCH patients by 2.48 mmHg (95% CI -4.63 to -0.33, P = 0.024). No heterogeneity was observed among these 10 RCTs (I2 = 0%). Meta-analysis of the 19 prospective follow-up studies found that LT4 therapy significantly decreased SBP and DBP by 4.80 mmHg (95%CI -6.50 to -3.09, P < 0.001) and 2.74 mmHg (95%CI -4.06 to -1.43, P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusion: The findings suggest that LT4 replacement therapy can reduce blood pressure in SCH patients, which needs to be validated in more clinical trials with larger samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei He
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheli Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Yanan Medical University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jin-an Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaida Mu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-ming Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xin-ming Li
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Jain RB. Associations between the levels of thyroid hormones and lipid/lipoprotein levels: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 53:133-144. [PMID: 28549315 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2007-2012 were used to investigate associations between thyroid hormones and lipid/lipoprotein levels for a representative sample of general US population aged ≥20 years. There were no statistically significant differences for adjusted high density lipoprotein levels among thyroid function groups, namely, subclinical hyperthyroid (SCHPR), clinical hyperthyroid (CHPR), euthyroid (EU), clinical hypothyroid (CHYP), and subclinical hypothyroid (SCHYP). For the general US population, positive associations for thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH) and negative associations for free thyroxine (FT4) levels were observed with total cholesterol (TC, p<0.01), apolipoprotein B (APOB, p<0.01), and triglycerides (TG, p<0.01). A 10% increase in TC levels was associated with a 2% increase in TSH levels and 0.8% decrease in FT4 levels. Among EU subjects, TG levels were positively correlated with TSH (p<0.01) and negatively correlated with FT4 (p<0.01). For CHYP subjects, TG levels were negatively correlated with TSH (p<0.01). For iodine deficient participants, low density lipoprotein levels (LDL) were lower for SCHPR when compared with EU or CHYP (p<0.01). TC levels were usually lower for SCHPR than for EU, CHYP, and SCHYP but the differences were not necessarily statistically significant. For all participants and for iodine replete participants, TG levels for SCHPR were lower than for CHYP (p<0.01). CHYP and SCHYP had higher levels of TG than other three thyroid function groups. APOB levels were lower for SCHPR than for EU and CHYP for all participants and for iodine replete participants (p<0.01). There was a positive association between the four quartiles of thyroid stimulating hormones and TC, TG, and APOB. There was also an inverse association between the quartiles of free thyroxine levels and LDL, TC, TG, and APOB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram B Jain
- 2959 Estate View Ct, Dacula, GA 30019, USA.
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Moreno-Navarrete JM, Moreno M, Ortega F, Xifra G, Hong S, Asara JM, Serrano JCE, Jové M, Pissios P, Blüher M, Ricart W, Portero-Otin M, Fernández-Real JM. TSHB mRNA is linked to cholesterol metabolism in adipose tissue. FASEB J 2017. [PMID: 28646016 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subclinical hypothyroidism is known to be associated with increased serum cholesterol. Since thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) exerts an inductor effect on cholesterol biosynthesis, we aimed to investigate the relationship between TSH mRNA and cholesterol metabolism in human adipose tissue (AT). Cross-sectionally, AT TSH-β (TSHB) mRNA was evaluated in 4 independent cohorts in association with serum total and LDL cholesterol, and AT lipidomics. Longitudinally, the effects of statins and of diet and exercise on AT TSHB mRNA were also examined. The bidirectional relationship between cholesterol and TSHB were studied in isolated human adipocytes. TSHB mRNA was consistently detected in AT from euthyroid subjects, and positively associated with serum total- and LDL-cholesterol, and with AT-specific cholesterol metabolism-associated lipids [arachidonoyl cholesteryl ester, C8-dihydroceramide, N-stearoyl-d-sphingosine, and GlcCer(18:0, 24:1)]. Reduction of cholesterol with statins and with diet and exercise interventions led to decreased TSHB mRNA in human AT, whereas excess cholesterol up-regulated TSHB mRNA in human adipocytes. In addition, recombinant human TSH α/β administration resulted in increased HMGCR mRNA levels in human adipocytes. In mice, subcutaneous AT Tshb expression levels correlated directly with circulating cholesterol levels. In summary, current results provide novel evidence of TSHB as a paracrine factor that is modulated in parallel with cholesterol metabolism in human AT.-Moreno-Navarrete, J. M., Moreno, M., Ortega, F., Xifra, G., Hong, S., Asara, J. M., Serrano, J. C. E., Jové, M., Pissios, P., Blüher, M., Ricart, W., Portero-Otin, M., Fernández-Real, J. M. TSHB mRNA is linked to cholesterol metabolism in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- José María Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - María Moreno
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain
| | - Gemma Xifra
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Shangyu Hong
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - José C E Serrano
- Nutrició i Envelliment (NUTREN)-Nutrigenomics, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA)-University of Lleida, Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Mariona Jové
- Nutrició i Envelliment (NUTREN)-Nutrigenomics, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA)-University of Lleida, Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL), Lleida, Spain
| | - Pavlos Pissios
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wifredo Ricart
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain.,Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Manuel Portero-Otin
- Nutrició i Envelliment (NUTREN)-Nutrigenomics, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLLEIDA)-University of Lleida, Científic i Tecnològic Agroalimentari de Lleida (PCiTAL), Lleida, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Girona, Spain; .,Department of Medicine, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
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12
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Chon SJ, Heo JY, Yun BH, Jung YS, Seo SK. Serum Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Levels Are Associated with the Presence of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Healthy Postmenopausal Women. J Menopausal Med 2016; 22:146-153. [PMID: 28119894 PMCID: PMC5256366 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2016.22.3.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Menopause is a natural aging process causing estrogen deficiency, accelerating atherogenic processes including dyslipidemia. Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction is also high in postmenopausal women, and it is known to elevate the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, we are to study on the associations in between serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and prevalence of CVD in postmenopausal women who have normal thyroid function. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 247 Korean postmenopausal women who visited the health promotion center from January, 2007 to December, 2009. Postmenopausal women with normal serum TSH were included in the study. Coronary atherosclerosis was assessed by 64-row multidetector computed tomography. Results In multiple linear regression analysis, serum TSH was associated with serum triglyceride (TG) (β = 0.146, P = 0.023). In multiple logistic regression analysis, increasing age and serum TSH were associated with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis in euthyroid postmenopausal women (odds ratio [OR] = 1.107 [1.024-1.197], P = 0.011 and OR = 1.303 [1.024-1.658], P = 0.031, respectively). Conclusions It revealed that significant predictor of serum TSH was serum TG, and increasing age and TSH were found to have associations with an increased risk of coronary atherosclerosis in euthyroid postmenopausal women. Screening and assessing risks for CVD in healthy postmenopausal women would be helpful before atherosclerosis develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Joo Chon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Gil Hospital, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Jin Young Heo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bo Hyon Yun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Soo Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Seok Kyo Seo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Institute of Women's Life Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wang J, Zheng X, Sun M, Wang Z, Fu Q, Shi Y, Cao M, Zhu Z, Meng C, Mao J, Yang F, Huang X, Xu J, Zhou H, Duan Y, He W, Zhang M, Yang T. Low serum free thyroxine concentrations associate with increased arterial stiffness in euthyroid subjects: a population-based cross-sectional study. Endocrine 2015; 50:465-73. [PMID: 25987347 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Some studies suggest that even in euthyroid subjects, thyroid function may affect arteriosclerotic risk factors. We aimed to determine whether thyroid hormones or thyroid autoantibodies are associated with arterial stiffness in middle-aged and elderly Chinese subjects with euthyroidism. A cross-sectional, population-based study was conducted in Nanjing, China. A total of 812 euthyroid subjects (mean age [56.75 ± 8.34] years; 402 men) without vascular disease and major arteriosclerotic risk factors were included. Clinical factors, oral glucose tolerance test results, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) results, and serum levels of lipids, free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyroid autoantibodies were measured. Arterial stiffness was assessed using brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). In Pearson correlation analyses, baPWV correlated inversely with FT4 (r = -0.146, P < 0.001), but not with FT3 (r = 0.008, P = 0.816) or TSH (r = 0.055, P = 0.118). Subsequently, a multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed a significant and independent association of FT4 with baPWV in euthyroid subjects (β = -0.076, P = 0.005). After adjusting for potential cardiovascular risk factors, mean diastolic blood pressure (DBP), HOMA-IR, and baPWV levels decreased across increasing FT4 quartiles (DBP, P < 0.001; HOMA-IR, P < 0.001; baPWV, P = 0.003). No difference in baPWV was observed between the positive and the negative thyroid antibody groups (15.23 ± 3.30 m/s vs. 15.73 ± 3.05 m/s, P > 0.05). FT4 levels were inversely associated with arterial stiffness in euthyroid subjects. A prospective study is warranted to validate whether subjects with low-normal FT4 levels have a high incidence of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xuqin Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Min Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhixiao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mengdie Cao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Zhenxin Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chuchen Meng
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jia Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaoping Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Hongwen Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Yu Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, China.
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Chaker L, Heeringa J, Dehghan A, Medici M, Visser WE, Baumgartner C, Hofman A, Rodondi N, Peeters RP, Franco OH. Normal Thyroid Function and the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation: the Rotterdam Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3718-24. [PMID: 26262438 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Hyperthyroidism is an established risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but information concerning the association with variations within the normal range of thyroid function and subgroups at risk is lacking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between normal thyroid function and AF prospectively and explore potential differential risk patterns. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS From the Rotterdam Study we included 9166 participants ≥ 45 y with TSH and/or free T4 (FT4) measurements and AF assessment (1997-2012 median followup, 6.8 y), with 399 prevalent and 403 incident AF cases. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Outcome measures were 3-fold: 1) hazard ratios (HRs) for the risk of incident AF by Cox proportional-hazards models, 2) 10-year absolute risks taking competing risk of death into account, and 3) discrimination ability of adding FT4 to the CHARGE-AF simple model, an established prediction model for AF. RESULTS Higher FT4 levels were associated with higher risks of AF (HR 1.63, 95% confidence interval, 1.19-2.22), when comparing those in the highest quartile to those in lowest quartile. Absolute 10-year risks increased with higher FT4 in participants ≤ 65 y from 1-9% and from 6-12% in subjects ≥ 65 y. Discrimination of the prediction model improved when adding FT4 to the simple model (c-statistic, 0.722 vs 0.729; P = .039). TSH levels were not associated with AF. CONCLUSIONS There is an increased risk of AF with higher FT4 levels within the normal range, especially in younger subjects. Adding FT4 to the simple model slightly improved discrimination of risk prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layal Chaker
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jan Heeringa
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Abbas Dehghan
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco Medici
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - W Edward Visser
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christine Baumgartner
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Albert Hofman
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Rodondi
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Oscar H Franco
- Rotterdam Thyroid Center (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), Department of Internal Medicine (L.C., M.M., W.E.V., R.P.P.), and Department of Epidemiology (L.C., J.H., A.D., A.H., O.H.F.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of General Internal Medicine (C.B., N.R.), Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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Ndrepepa G, Braun S, Mayer K, Cassese S, Fusaro M, Byrne RA, Hoppmann P, Schunkert H, Laugwitz KL, Kastrati A. Prognostic value of thyroid-stimulating hormone within reference range in patients with coronary artery disease. Metabolism 2015; 64:1308-15. [PMID: 26298467 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the upper part of reference range is associated with cardio-metabolic disorders. The association of TSH within reference range with prognosis of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains poorly investigated. METHODS The study included 8010 consecutive patients with CAD who were treated with PCI. All patients had a TSH level within reference range (0.3 to 4.0 mU/L). The primary outcome was 3-year all-cause mortality. RESULTS TSH tertiles were: 1st tertile (0.3 mU/L to <1.02 mU/L; n=2694), 2nd tertile (1.02 mU/L to <1.67 mU/L; n=2654) and 3rd tertile (1.67 mU/L to 4.00 mU/L; n=2662). The primary outcome (3-year mortality) occurred in 753 patients: 240 deaths in the 1st, 227 deaths in the 2nd and 286 deaths in the 3rd TSH tertile (Kaplan-Meier estimates of mortality 10.2%, 9.8% and 12.3%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR]=1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04-1.66 for each tertile increase). TSH level was associated with 30-day mortality (mortality estimates, 1.6% in the 1st, 1.6% in the 2nd and 3.5% in the 3rd TSH tertile; adjusted HR=2.30 [1.33-3.97] for each tertile increase) but not with 30-day to 3-year mortality (mortality estimates, 8.6% in the 1st, 8.2% in the 2nd and 8.8% in the 3rd TSH tertile; P=0.603). The incidence of cardiogenic shock or peri-PCI bleeding was increased in patients in the upper TSH tertile. CONCLUSION In patients with CAD undergoing PCI, TSH level in the upper part of reference range was associated with increased risk of mortality after PCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gjin Ndrepepa
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany.
| | - Siegmund Braun
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Mayer
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Salvatore Cassese
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Robert A Byrne
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Hoppmann
- 1. Medizinische Klinik rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Karl-Ludwig Laugwitz
- 1. Medizinische Klinik rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Adnan Kastrati
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität, Munich, Germany; DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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16
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The impact of elevated thyroid stimulating hormone on female subfertility. Reprod Med Biol 2015; 15:121-126. [PMID: 29259428 DOI: 10.1007/s12522-015-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Hypothyroidism is known to have a negative impact on female reproduction even in subclinical form, subclinical hypothyroidism (SH). This study aimed to investigate the association between elevated TSH level and reproductive outcome. Methods We retrospectively evaluated a total of 203 infertile women who first visited our infertility treatment division from January 1, 2009 to August 31, 2012, including 13 patients with TSH above 4.5 mIU/l (elevated-TSH patients), 11 of whom were diagnosed as SH, and 190 patients with normal TSH (normo-TSH patients). We evaluated them according to reproductive outcome, including clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, and live birth until April 31, 2014. We also aimed to redefine the upper limit of normal serum TSH level. Results Multivariate analysis showed significant influence of elevated TSH on clinical pregnancy, although miscarriage and live birth were not affected. In addition, we revealed that the rate of decreased ovarian reserve and unexplained infertility was increased in patients with elevated TSH levels. Conclusions We found an association between elevated TSH and the decreased rate of clinical pregnancy. This might be related to an ovulatory disorder and pathophysiology of unexplained infertility. These results may reinforce the usefulness of TSH screening in infertility population.
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van Tienhoven-Wind LJN, Dullaart RPF. Low-normal thyroid function and novel cardiometabolic biomarkers. Nutrients 2015; 7:1352-77. [PMID: 25690422 PMCID: PMC4344592 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept is emerging that low-normal thyroid function, i.e., either higher thyroid-stimulating hormone or lower free thyroxine levels within the euthyroid reference range, could contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. It is possible that adverse effects of low-normal thyroid function on cardiovascular outcome may be particularly relevant for specific populations, such as younger people and subjects with high cardiovascular risk. Low-normal thyroid function probably relates to modest increases in plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides and insulin resistance, but effects on high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease are inconsistent. Low-normal thyroid function may enhance plasma cholesteryl ester transfer, and contribute to an impaired ability of HDL to inhibit oxidative modification of LDL, reflecting pro-atherogenic alterations in lipoprotein metabolism and HDL function, respectively. Low-normal thyroid function also confers lower levels of bilirubin, a strong natural anti-oxidant. Remarkably, all these effects of low-normal thyroid functional status appear to be more outspoken in the context of chronic hyperglycemia and/or insulin resistance. Collectively, these data support the concept that low-normal thyroid function may adversely affect several processes which conceivably contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, beyond effects on conventional lipoprotein measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnda J N van Tienhoven-Wind
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV Groningen 19713, The Netherlands.
| | - Robin P F Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, AV Groningen 19713, The Netherlands.
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Leow MKS, Goede SL. The homeostatic set point of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis--maximum curvature theory for personalized euthyroid targets. Theor Biol Med Model 2014; 11:35. [PMID: 25102854 PMCID: PMC4237899 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-11-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite rendering serum free thyroxine (FT4) and thyrotropin (TSH) within the normal population ranges broadly defined as euthyroidism, many patients being treated for hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism persistently experience subnormal well-being discordant from their pre-disease healthy euthyroid state. This suggests that intra-individual physiological optimal ranges are narrower than laboratory-quoted normal ranges and implies the existence of a homeostatic set point encoded in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis that is unique to every individual. METHODS We have previously shown that the dose-response characteristic of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HP) unit to circulating thyroid hormone levels follows a negative exponential curve. This led to the discovery that the normal reference intervals of TSH and FT4 fall within the 'knee' region of this curve where the maximum curvature of the exponential HP characteristic occurs. Based on this observation, we develop the theoretical framework localizing the position of euthyroid homeostasis over the point of maximum curvature of the HP characteristic. RESULTS The euthyroid set points of patients with primary hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism can be readily derived from their calculated HP curve parameters using the parsimonious mathematical model above. It can be shown that every individual has a euthyroid set point that is unique and often different from other individuals. CONCLUSIONS In this treatise, we provide evidence supporting a set point-based approach in tailoring euthyroid targets. Rendering FT4 and TSH within the laboratory normal ranges can be clinically suboptimal if these hormone levels are distant from the individualized euthyroid homeostatic set point. This mathematical technique permits the euthyroid set point to be realistically computed using an algorithm readily implementable for computer-aided calculations to facilitate precise targeted dosing of patients in this modern era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore 308433, Republic of Singapore.
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Masaki M, Komamura K, Goda A, Hirotani S, Otsuka M, Nakabo A, Fukui M, Fujiwara S, Sugahara M, Lee-Kawabata M, Tsujino T, Koshiba M, Masuyama T. Elevated arterial stiffness and diastolic dysfunction in subclinical hypothyroidism. Circ J 2014; 78:1494-500. [PMID: 24694766 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormone is associated with arterial stiffness and left ventricular diastolic function in hypothyroid disease. The relationship of thyroid hormone level to cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) and left ventricular diastolic function, however, remains unclear in subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism. METHODS AND RESULTS We conducted a cross-sectional study of 83 patients with untreated subclinical hypothyroidism and compared them with 83 randomly selected controls from health check-ups. Log N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), C-reactive protein (CRP), and arterial stiffness were measured. In addition, we measured early diastolic mitral annular velocity (E') in 43 participants with subclinical hypothyroidism and in 40 controls. When compared with the control group, patients with subclinical hypothyroidism had higher logNT-proBNP (1.9±0.5 vs. 1.7±0.3pg/ml, P<0.05), CRP (0.22±0.04 vs. 0.09±0.06mg/dl, P<0.05), and CAVI (8.8±1.7 vs. 7.8±1.4, P<0.001) and lower E' (5.8±1.7 vs. 7.5±2.1cm/s, P<0.001). CAVI was significantly associated with logNT-proBNP, CRP and E' in the subclinical hypothyroidism group. CONCLUSIONS High logNT-proBNP was associated with a raised CAVI in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism. Subclinical hypothyroidism may be a risk factor for cardiovascular events related to arterial stiffening and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Masaki
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine
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Roef GL, Rietzschel ER, Van Daele CM, Taes YE, De Buyzere ML, Gillebert TC, Kaufman JM. Triiodothyronine and free thyroxine levels are differentially associated with metabolic profile and adiposity-related cardiovascular risk markers in euthyroid middle-aged subjects. Thyroid 2014; 24:223-31. [PMID: 24032604 PMCID: PMC3926145 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that in healthy young men, a less favorable body composition is associated with higher free triiodothyronine (fT3) levels within the euthyroid range. Besides, a higher free-triiodothyronine-to-free-thyroxin (fT3-to-fT4) ratio has been related to a less favorable metabolic phenotype and more placental growth in pregnant women. In the present study, we therefore investigated whether serum thyrotropin (TSH), thyroid hormone levels, and the fT3-to-fT4 ratio are associated with metabolic and adiposity-related cardiovascular risk markers in a healthy population of middle-aged euthyroid men and women. METHODS Thyroid parameters were measured in 2524 generally healthy subjects from the Asklepios Study (35-55 years, mean age 46 years). Analyses were restricted to 2315 subjects (1138 women and 1177 men), not using thyroid medication, not having anti-TPO levels above clinical cutoff values or TSH levels outside the reference range (0.27-4.2 mU/L). Twenty-seven percent of the women and 47.5% of the men were overweight, while 13% of women and 17% of men were obese. Twenty percent of the subjects were active smokers. Serum thyroid function parameters were determined by electrochemiluminescence. RESULTS fT3 and the fT3-to-fT4 ratio were positively related to body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and components of metabolic syndrome, that is, triglycerides, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and fasting plasma glucose, and negatively with HDL-cholesterol levels, whereas fT4 was negatively associated with BMI, waist circumference, and triglycerides (p<0.001). TSH related positively with total cholesterol levels (p<0.01), triglycerides, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.001). The fT3-to-fT4 ratio was further positively associated with the adiposity-related inflammation markers interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and to pulse wave velocity. All associations were adjusted for sex, age, height, and smoking, and most associations persisted after additional adjustment for weight or waist circumference. CONCLUSION In healthy euthyroid middle-aged men and women, higher fT3 levels, lower fT4 levels, and thus a higher fT3-to-fT4 ratio are consistently associated with various markers of unfavorable metabolic profile and cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greet L. Roef
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ernst R. Rietzschel
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Youri E. Taes
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry C. Gillebert
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jean-Marc Kaufman
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Cho KI, Lee JH. The impact of thyroid autoimmunity on arterial stiffness in postmenopausal patients with fibromyalgia. Int J Rheum Dis 2014; 20:1978-1986. [PMID: 24410753 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The exact mechanism of arterial stiffness in fibromyalgia (FM) remains unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the association between thyroid function and markers of arterial function in postmenopausal FM patients. METHODS This study included 163 postmenopausal FM patients without any known cardiovascular diseases and within a normal reference range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level. Clinical parameters including the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ), the pain visual analogical scale (VAS) and tender point counts were measured. Vascular function was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV) and flow-mediated dilation (FMD). We evaluated the associations between arterial markers and serum TSH, free thyroxin, as well as serum thyroidperoxidase autoantibody (TPO Ab). RESULTS Patients with a high baPWV (≥ 1490 cm/s) showed more positive TPO Ab (65% vs. 10%, P = 0.006) than those with a normal baPWV. Additionally, the baPWV values of patients with positive TPO Ab were significantly different from those with negative TPO Ab. Age, FIQ and TPO Ab were significantly correlated with baPWV and FMD (all P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the only significant predictors of baPWV were age, FIQ and the presence of TPO Ab after adjustment for traditional risk factors. A significant association was also found between FMD and positive TPO Ab. CONCLUSION Age, functional status and presence of TPO Ab were significantly associated with increased arterial stiffness in postmenopausal FM patients. Given the combined thyroid autoimmunity in FM patients, a re-evaluation of the effects on the vasculature may be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Im Cho
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Maryknoll Medical Center, Busan, Korea
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Yang L, Zou J, Zhang M, Xu H, Qi W, Gao L, Zhao J. The relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone within the reference range and coronary artery disease: impact of age. Endocr J 2013; 60:773-9. [PMID: 23470525 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej12-0448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the relationship between thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) within the reference range and coronary artery disease (CAD) have produced conflicting results. Furthermore, the effect of age on this relationship has never been explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between TSH levels and CAD among euthyroid subjects and whether age influenced this relationship. A total of 318 subjects who underwent coronary angiography were included. Serum TSH, T3, T4, lipid, blood glucose and creatinine levels were measured and compared between the groups with and without CAD. Age-stratified analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed. Levels of TSH, T3 and T4 did not differ significantly between CAD (n=196) and non-CAD group (n=122) (TSH: 1.77 ± 0.99 vs 1.89 ± 0.98 mIU/L, T3: 1.45 ± 0.36 vs 1.51 ± 0.35 nmol/L, T4: 100.06 ± 20.49 vs 103.95 ± 24.06 nmol/L, respectively) when comparisons were performed among all subjects. A significant between-group difference in levels of TSH was observed among subjects less than or equal to 65 years old (CAD group: n=121, non-CAD group: n=106), with higher TSH levels in CAD group (2.03 ± 0.94 vs 1.75 ± 0.97 mIU/L, adjusted p=0.024). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that elevated level of TSH was an independent predictor for CAD (odds ratio: 1.512, p=0.011). No significant between-group difference in TSH levels was observed among subjects older than 65 years (CAD group: n=75, non-CAD group: n=16). The results showed that higher levels of TSH within the reference range were independently associated with the presence of CAD only among subjects less than or equal to 65 years old, suggesting age might influence the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2012; 24:470-8. [PMID: 23154665 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32835ae910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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