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Takebayashi K, Echizenya K, Kameya Y, Nakajima D, Nakayama R, Fujishima Y, Goh VST, Abe Y, Kasai K, Anderson DA, Blakely WF, Miura T. Mitotic index maximization with no effect on radiation-induced dicentric chromosome frequency. Int J Radiat Biol 2022; 99:750-759. [PMID: 36318780 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2142981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The dicentric chromosome (Dic) assay, which is the gold standard for biological dose assessment in radiation emergency medicine, requires an analysis of at least 500 lymphocyte metaphases or 100 Dic aberrations. Therefore, peripheral blood culture conditions able to obtain a high frequency of metaphases for efficient dose evaluation should be optimized. However, the type of blood cultures [i.e. whole blood (WB) or isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)-culture] and blood volume differ between biodosimetry laboratories. The purpose of this study is to investigate the blood volume at which a high mitotic index (MI) is obtained in peripheral WB-culture and isolated PBMC-culture, and to examine the possible effect of blood volume on radiation-induced Dic frequency. MATERIALS AND METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from three healthy donors with their informed consent. The complete and differential blood counts were performed using an automated hematology analyzer. After blood count, peripheral blood was irradiated with 0 or 2 Gy X-ray. Blood was cultured with phytohemagglutinin (180 μg/ml) and demecolcine (0.05 μg/ml) for 48 h. The MI and Dic frequency were analyzed in 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% WB-cultures and 0.6, 1.2, 1.8, 2.4, 3.0, 3.6, and 4.2 ml WB-equivalent PBMC-cultures. RESULTS In WB-culture, MI showed the highest value (∼22%) in 5-15% WB-culture and then gradually decreased to ∼9% with 30% WB-culture. MI peaked at 36 and 31% in 1.8 and 2.4 ml-WB equivalent volumes for PMBC-cultures, respectively. MI progressively decreased as the amount of PBMCs increased. Although individual differences were observed in the MI values among the three subjects, all the subjects showed the same tendency and higher MI was seen in PBMC than WB-cultures. However, these factors had no significant impact on the yield of Dics. In all culture conditions, the estimated dose calculated based on the Dic frequency was equivalent to the absorbed dose of ex vivo X-ray-irradiated blood. CONCLUSION While MI was affected by the blood culture type and the volume of cultured blood, Dic yield did not differ significantly between these conditions. These results could be used by relevant laboratories to optimize MI in certain circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Takebayashi
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Keito Echizenya
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Kameya
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Daichi Nakajima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakayama
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Valerie Swee Ting Goh
- Department of Radiobiology, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yu Abe
- Department of Radiation Biology and Protection, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Donovan A. Anderson
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - William F. Blakely
- Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute (AFRRI), Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Risk Analysis and Biodosimetry, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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2
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Dainiak N, Albanese J, Kaushik M, Balajee AS, Romanyukha A, Sharp TJ, Blakely WF. CONCEPTS OF OPERATIONS FOR A US DOSIMETRY AND BIODOSIMETRY NETWORK. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2019; 186:130-138. [PMID: 30726970 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The USA must be prepared to provide a prompt, coordinated and integrated response for radiation dose and injury assessment for suspected radiation exposure, whether it involves isolated cases or mass casualties. Dose estimation for radiation accidents typically necessitates a multiple parameter diagnostics approach that includes clinical, biological and physical dosimetry to provide an early-phase radiation dose. A US Individual Dosimetry and Biodosimetry Network (US-IDBN) will increase surge capacity for civilian and military populations in a large-scale incident. The network's goal is to leverage available resources and provide an integrated biodosimetry capability, using multiple parameter diagnostics. Initial operations will be to expand an existing functional integration of two cytogenetic biodosimetry laboratories by developing Standard Operating Procedures, cross-training laboratorians, developing common calibration curves, supporting inter-comparison exercises and obtaining certification to process clinical samples. Integration with certified commercial laboratories will increase surge capacity to meet the needs of a mass-casualty incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dainiak
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Joseph Albanese
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Meetu Kaushik
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven CT 06520, USA
| | - Adayabalam S Balajee
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training Site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, PO Box 117, MS 39, Oak Ridge TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Thad J Sharp
- Naval Dosimetry Center, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda MD 20889, USA
| | - William F Blakely
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 4555 South Palmer Road, Bldg. 42, Bethesda MD 20889-5648, USA
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3
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García O, Rada-Tarifa A, Lafuente-Álvarez E, González-Mesa JE, Mandina T, Muñoz-Velastegui G, Astudillo-Silva Y, Monjagata N, Aguilar-Coronel S, de Vargas AF. The BioDoseNet image repository used as a training tool for the dicentric assay. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1659-1667. [PMID: 31490087 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This paper describes how the BioDoseNet image repository was used as a training tool for the dicentric assay.Materials and methods: The training was implemented in three phases: introduction to dicentric scoring, dose response curve elaboration and dose assessment exercise. Four labs without previous experience in the dicentric assay participated and four modules of the repository were used.Results: The labs become familiar with aberrations induced by ionizing radiation. The labs were able to generate data for the elaboration of a dose response curve and then successfully estimated doses and irradiated fractions in six blind samples.Conclusions: The performance of these laboratories during the exercise demonstrates the efficacy of the BioDoseNet image repository as a training tool and the utility of web based scoring for the dicentric assay community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar García
- Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones, La Habana, Cuba
| | - Ana Rada-Tarifa
- Instituto de Genética, Facultad de Medicina, La Paz, Bolivia
| | | | | | - Tania Mandina
- Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones, La Habana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Norma Monjagata
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Salud, Asunción, Paraguay
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4
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Ryan TL, Pantelias AG, Terzoudi GI, Pantelias GE, Balajee AS. Use of human lymphocyte G0 PCCs to detect intra- and inter-chromosomal aberrations for early radiation biodosimetry and retrospective assessment of radiation-induced effects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216081. [PMID: 31059552 PMCID: PMC6502328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive biodosimetry tool is required for rapid individualized dose estimation and risk assessment in the case of radiological or nuclear mass casualty scenarios to prioritize exposed humans for immediate medical countermeasures to reduce radiation related injuries or morbidity risks. Unlike the conventional Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA), which takes about 3–4 days for radiation dose estimation, cell fusion mediated Premature Chromosome Condensation (PCC) technique in G0 lymphocytes can be rapidly performed for radiation dose assessment within 6–8 hrs of sample receipt by alleviating the need for ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation for 48 hrs. Despite this advantage, the PCC technique has not yet been fully exploited for radiation biodosimetry. Realizing the advantage of G0 PCC technique that can be instantaneously applied to unstimulated lymphocytes, we evaluated the utility of G0 PCC technique in detecting ionizing radiation (IR) induced stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations for biodosimetry purposes. Our study demonstrates that PCC coupled with mFISH and mBAND techniques can efficiently detect both numerical and structural chromosome aberrations at the intra- and inter-chromosomal levels in unstimulated T- and B-lymphocytes. Collectively, we demonstrate that the G0 PCC technique has the potential for development as a biodosimetry tool for detecting unstable chromosome aberrations (chromosome fragments and dicentric chromosomes) for early radiation dose estimation and stable chromosome exchange events (translocations) for retrospective monitoring of individualized health risks in unstimulated lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri L. Ryan
- Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Antonio G. Pantelias
- Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia I. Terzoudi
- Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Gabriel E. Pantelias
- Health Physics, Radiobiology & Cytogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Adayabalam S. Balajee
- Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Laboratory, Radiation Emergency Assistance Center/Training site, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Balajee AS, Escalona M, Iddins CJ, Shuryak I, Livingston GK, Hanlon D, Dainiak N. Development of electronic training and telescoring tools to increase the surge capacity of dicentric chromosome scorers for radiological/nuclear mass casualty incidents. Appl Radiat Isot 2018; 144:111-117. [PMID: 30572199 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dicentric chromosome assay (DCA) is most frequently used for estimating the absorbed radiation dose in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of humans after occupational or incidental radiation exposure. DCA is considered to be the "gold standard" for estimating the absorbed radiation dose because the dicentric chromosome formation is fairly specific to ionizing radiation exposure and its baseline frequency is extremely low in non-exposed humans. However, performance of DCA for biodosimetry is labor intensive and time-consuming making its application impractical for radiological/nuclear mass casualty incidents. Realizing the critical need for rapid dose estimation particularly after radiological/nuclear disaster events, several laboratories have initiated efforts to automate some of the procedural steps involved in DCA. Although metaphase image capture and dicentric chromosome analysis have been automated using commercially available platforms, lack or an insufficient number of these platforms may pose a serious bottleneck when hundreds and thousands of samples need to be analyzed for rapid dose estimation. To circumvent this problem, a web-based approach for telescoring was initiated by our laboratory, which enabled the cytogeneticists around the globe to analyze and score digital images. To further increase the surge capacity of dicentric scorers, we recently initiated a dicentric training and scoring exercise involving a total of 50 volunteers at all academic levels without any prerequisite for experience in radiation cytogenetics. Out of the 50 volunteers enrolled thus far, only one outlier was found who overestimated the absorbed radiation dose. Our approach of training the civilians in dicentric chromosome analysis holds great promise for increasing the surge capacity of dicentric chromosome scorers for a rapid biodosimetry in the case of mass casualty scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adayabalam S Balajee
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1299, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Maria Escalona
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1299, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Carol J Iddins
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1299, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Department of Radiation Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Gordon K Livingston
- Radiation Emergency Assistance Center and Training Site, Cytogenetics Biodosimetry Laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, 1299, Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Don Hanlon
- Department of Health, Energy and Environment-Health, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Nicholas Dainiak
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wilkins RC, Rodrigues MA, Beaton-Green LA. The Application of Imaging Flow Cytometry to High-Throughput Biodosimetry. Genome Integr 2017; 8:7. [PMID: 28250914 PMCID: PMC5320785 DOI: 10.4103/2041-9414.198912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodosimetry methods, including the dicentric chromosome assay, the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the γH2AX marker of DNA damage are used to determine the dose of ionizing radiation. These techniques are particularly useful when physical dosimetry is absent or questioned. While these assays can be very sensitive and specific, the standard methods need to be adapted to increase sample throughput in the case of a large-scale radiological/nuclear event. Recent modifications to the microscope-based assays have resulted in some increased throughput, and a number of biodosimetry networks have been, and continue to be, established and strengthened. As the imaging flow cytometer (IFC) is a technology that can automatically image and analyze processed blood samples for markers of radiation damage, the microscope-based biodosimetry techniques can be modified for the IFC for high-throughput biological dosimetry. Furthermore, the analysis templates can be easily shared between networked biodosimetry laboratories for increased capacity and improved standardization. This review describes recent advances in IFC methodology and their application to biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth C. Wilkins
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lindsay A. Beaton-Green
- Environmental and Radiation and Health Sciences Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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7
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Romm H, Beinke C, Garcia O, Di Giorgio M, Gregoire E, Livingston G, Lloyd DC, Martìnez-Lopez W, Moquet JE, Sugarman SL, Wilkins RC, Ainsbury EA. A New Cytogenetic Biodosimetry Image Repository for the Dicentric Assay. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:192-200. [PMID: 27412509 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The BioDoseNet was founded by the World Health Organization as a global network of biodosimetry laboratories for building biodosimetry laboratory capacities in countries. The newly established BioDoseNet image repository is a databank of ~25 000 electronically captured images of metaphases from the dicentric assay, which have been previously analysed by international experts. The detailed scoring results and dose estimations have, in most cases, already been published. The compilation of these images into one image repository provides a valuable tool for training and research purposes in biological dosimetry. No special software is needed to view and score the image galleries. For those new to the dicentric assay, the BioDoseNet Image Repository provides an introduction to and training for the dicentric assay. It is an excellent instrument for intra-laboratory training purposes or inter-comparisons between laboratories, as recommended by the International Organization for Standardisation standards. In the event of a radiation accident, the repository can also increase the surge capacity and reduce the turnaround time for dose estimations. Finally, it provides a mechanism for the discussion of scoring discrepancies in difficult cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horst Romm
- Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg, Salzgitter, Germany
| | | | - Omar Garcia
- Centro de Protección e Higiene de las Radiaciones, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Eric Gregoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sureté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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8
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Wilkins RC, Carr Z, Lloyd DC. An update of the WHO Biodosenet: Developments since its Inception. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:47-57. [PMID: 27421473 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2007 the World Health Organization established an international network of biodosimetry laboratories, the BioDoseNet. The goal of this network was to support international cooperation and capacity building in the area of biodosimetry around the world, including harmonisation of protocols and techniques to enable them to provide mutual assistance during a mass casualty event. In order to assess the progress and success of this network, the results of the second survey conducted in 2015 that assessed the capabilities and capacities of the members of the network, were compared to the similar first survey conducted in 2009. The results of the survey offer a unique cross-section of the global status of biodosimetry capacity and demonstrate how the BioDoseNet has brought together laboratories from around the world and strengthened the international capacity for biodosimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Z Carr
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D C Lloyd
- Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK
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9
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Blakely WF, Romanyukha A, Hayes SM, Reyes RA, Stewart HM, Hoefer MH, Williams A, Sharp T, Huff LA. U.S. Department of Defense Multiple-Parameter Biodosimetry Network. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2016; 172:58-71. [PMID: 27886989 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncw295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) service members are at risk of exposure to ionizing radiation due to radiation accidents, terrorist attacks and national defense activities. The use of biodosimetry is a standard of care for the triage and treatment of radiation injuries. Resources and procedures need to be established to implement a multiple-parameter biodosimetry system coupled with expert medial guidance to provide an integrated radiation diagnostic system to meet USDOD requirements. Current USDOD biodosimetry capabilities were identified and recommendations to fill the identified gaps are provided. A USDOD Multi-parametric Biodosimetry Network, based on the expertise that resides at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute and the Naval Dosimetry Center, was designed. This network based on the use of multiple biodosimetry modalities would provide diagnostic and triage capabilities needed to meet USDOD requirements. These are not available with sufficient capacity elsewhere but could be needed urgently after a major radiological/nuclear event.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F Blakely
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
| | | | | | - Ricardo A Reyes
- Defense Health Agency, Walter Reed National Military Medical Command, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | | | - Matthew H Hoefer
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
| | | | - Thad Sharp
- Naval Dosimetry Center, Bethesda, MD 20889, USA
| | - L Andrew Huff
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 8901 Wisconsin Avenue, Bethesda, MD 20889-5603, USA
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10
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Romm H, Ainsbury EA, Barquinero JF, Barrios L, Beinke C, Cucu A, Domene MM, Filippi S, Monteiro Gil O, Gregoire E, Hadjidekova V, Hatzi V, Lindholm C, M´ kacher R, Montoro A, Moquet J, Noditi M, Oestreicher U, Palitti F, Pantelias G, Prieto MJ, Popescu I, Rothkamm K, Sebastià N, Sommer S, Terzoudi G, Testa A, Wojcik A. Web based scoring is useful for validation and harmonisation of scoring criteria within RENEB. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 93:110-117. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1206228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Horst Romm
- Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Christina Beinke
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology affiliated to the University of Ulm, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Cucu
- Institutul National de Sanatate Publica, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mercedes Moreno Domene
- Servicio Madrileño de Salud – Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Filippi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Octávia Monteiro Gil
- Centro de Ciêincias e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eric Gregoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - Vasia Hatzi
- National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Radhia M´ kacher
- Commissariat à l´ Énergie Atomique, Paris, France
- Cell Environment, Paris, France
| | | | - Jayne Moquet
- Public Health England, CRCE, Chilton, Didcot, UK
| | - Mihaela Noditi
- Institutul National de Sanatate Publica, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Fabrizio Palitti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gabriel Pantelias
- National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | - María Jesús Prieto
- Servicio Madrileño de Salud – Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irina Popescu
- Institutul National de Sanatate Publica, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Kai Rothkamm
- University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Georgia Terzoudi
- National Centre for Scientific Research ‘Demokritos’, Athens, Greece
| | - Antonella Testa
- Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l'Energia e lo Sviluppo Economico Sostenibile, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrzej Wojcik
- Stockholm University, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden and Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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