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ICRP PUBLICATION 153 Approved by the Commission in September 2022. Ann ICRP 2022; 51:9-95. [PMID: 36942865 DOI: 10.1177/01466453221142702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Veterinary use of radiation in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of disease has expanded and diversified, as have the corresponding radiological protection concerns. Radiological exposure of personnel involved in veterinary procedures and, where applicable, members of the public providing assistance (e.g. owners or handlers) has always been included within the system of radiological protection. Veterinary practice is now addressed explicitly as the modern complexities associated with this practice warrant dedicated consideration, and there is a need to clarify and strengthen the application of radiological protection principles in this area. The Commission recommends that the system of radiological protection should be applied in veterinary practice principally for the protection of humans, but with explicit attention to the protection of exposed animals. Additionally, consideration should be given to the risk of potential contamination of the environment associated with applications of nuclear medicine in veterinary practice. This publication focuses primarily on justification and optimisation in veterinary practice, and sets the scene for more detailed guidance to follow in future Recommendations. It is intended for a wide-ranging audience, including radiological protection professionals, veterinary staff, students, education and training providers, and members of the public, as an introduction to radiological protection in veterinary practice.© 2022 ICRP. Published by SAGE.
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Stricklin DL, VanHorne-Sealy J, Rios CI, Scott Carnell LA, Taliaferro LP. Neutron Radiobiology and Dosimetry. Radiat Res 2021; 195:480-496. [PMID: 33587743 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00213.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As the U.S. prepares for the possibility of a radiological or nuclear incident, or anticipated lunar and Mars missions, the exposure of individuals to neutron radiation must be considered. More information is needed on how to determine the neutron dose to better estimate the true biological effects of neutrons and mixed-field (i.e., neutron and photon) radiation exposures. While exposure to gamma-ray radiation will cause significant health issues, the addition of neutrons will likely exacerbate the biological effects already anticipated after radiation exposure. To begin to understand the issues and knowledge gaps in these areas, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Radiation Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Department of Defense (DoD), Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed an inter-agency working group to host a Neutron Radiobiology and Dosimetry Workshop on March 7, 2019 in Rockville, MD. Stakeholder interests were clearly positioned, given the differences in the missions of each agency. An overview of neutron dosimetry and neutron radiobiology was included, as well as a historical overview of neutron exposure research. In addition, current research in the fields of biodosimetry and diagnostics, medical countermeasures (MCMs) and treatment, long-term health effects, and computational studies were presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela L Stricklin
- Previously - Arlington Division, Applied Research Associates, Inc., Arlington
| | - Jama VanHorne-Sealy
- Army Reactor Program, United States Army Nuclear and Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Agency (USANCA), Department of Defense, Fort Belvoir, Virginia
| | - Carmen I Rios
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
| | - Lisa A Scott Carnell
- Biological and Physical Sciences Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia
| | - Lanyn P Taliaferro
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, Maryland
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Analyses of cancer incidence and other morbidities in neutron irradiated B6CF1 mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0231511. [PMID: 33657093 PMCID: PMC7928494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Department of Energy conduced ten large-scale neutron irradiation experiments at Argonne National Laboratory between 1972 and 1989. Using a new approach to utilize experimental controls to determine whether a cross comparison between experiments was appropriate, we amalgamated data on neutron exposures to discover that fractionation significantly improved overall survival. A more detailed investigation showed that fractionation only had a significant impact on the death hazard for animals that died from solid tumors, but did not significantly impact any other causes of death. Additionally, we compared the effects of sex, age first irradiated, and radiation fractionation on neutron irradiated mice versus cobalt 60 gamma irradiated mice and found that solid tumors were the most common cause of death in neutron irradiated mice, while lymphomas were the dominant cause of death in gamma irradiated mice. Most animals in this study were irradiated before 150 days of age but a subset of mice was first exposed to gamma or neutron irradiation over 500 days of age. Advanced age played a significant role in decreasing the death hazard for neutron irradiated mice, but not for gamma irradiated mice. Mice that were 500 days old before their first exposures to neutrons began dying later than both sham irradiated or gamma irradiated mice.
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Karapiperis C, Chasapi A, Angelis L, Scouras ZG, Mastroberardino PG, Tapio S, Atkinson MJ, Ouzounis CA. The Coming of Age for Big Data in Systems Radiobiology, an Engineering Perspective. BIG DATA 2021; 9:63-71. [PMID: 32991205 DOI: 10.1089/big.2019.0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As high-throughput approaches in biological and biomedical research are transforming the life sciences into information-driven disciplines, modern analytics platforms for big data have started to address the needs for efficient and systematic data analysis and interpretation. We observe that radiobiology is following this general trend, with -omics information providing unparalleled depth into the biomolecular mechanisms of radiation response-defined as systems radiobiology. We outline the design of computational frameworks and discuss the analysis of big data in low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) responses of the mammalian brain. Following successful examples and best practices of approaches for the analysis of big data in life sciences and health care, we present the needs and requirements for radiation research. Our goal is to raise awareness for the radiobiology community about the new technological possibilities that can capture complex information and execute data analytics on a large scale. The production of large data sets from genome-wide experiments (quantity) and the complexity of radiation research with multidimensional experimental designs (quality) will necessitate the adoption of latest information technologies. The main objective was to translate research results into applied clinical and epidemiological practice and understand the responses of biological tissues to LDIR to define new radiation protection policies. We envisage a future where multidisciplinary teams include data scientists, artificial intelligence experts, DevOps engineers, and of course radiation experts to fulfill the augmented needs of the radiobiology community, accelerate research, and devise new strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Karapiperis
- School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessalonica (AUTH), Thessalonica, Greece
| | - Anastasia Chasapi
- Biological Computation & Process Laboratory (BCPL), Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessalonica, Greece
| | - Lefteris Angelis
- School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessalonica (AUTH), Thessalonica, Greece
| | - Zacharias G Scouras
- School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessalonica (AUTH), Thessalonica, Greece
| | | | - Soile Tapio
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Institute of Radiation Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christos A Ouzounis
- School of Informatics, Aristotle University of Thessalonica (AUTH), Thessalonica, Greece
- Biological Computation & Process Laboratory (BCPL), Chemical Process & Energy Resources Institute (CPERI), Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessalonica, Greece
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Paunesku T, Stevanović A, Popović J, Woloschak GE. Effects of low dose and low dose rate low linear energy transfer radiation on animals - review of recent studies relevant for carcinogenesis. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:757-768. [PMID: 33289582 PMCID: PMC9216178 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1859155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Carcinogenic effects of radiation are often assumed to be universally understood, more often than, for example, carcinogenic effects of many different chemicals. This in turn leads to an assumption that any dose of radiation, delivered at any dose rate, poses a serious health challenge. This remains an issue of dispute and low dose radiation research is focused on understanding whether these exposures contribute to cancer incidence. This review is focused on the low linear energy transfer (low LET) radiation exposures for which the data is the most abundant in recent years. Materials and methods: Review of the literature between 2008 and today, highlighting some of the most diverse studies in low dose research. Results: Low dose and low dose rate, low LET ionizing radiation animal studies suggest that the effects of exposure very much depend on animal genotype and health status.Conclusions: Only the integration of all of the data from different models and studies will lead to a fuller understanding of low dose radiation effects. Therefore, we hope to see an increase in international archival efforts and exchange of raw data information opening the possibilities for new types of meta analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aleksandra Stevanović
- Multidisciplinary Studies of History and Philosophy of Natural Sciences and Technology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Zander A, Paunesku T, Woloschak GE. Analyses of cancer incidence and other morbidities in gamma irradiated B6CF1 mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231510. [PMID: 32818954 PMCID: PMC7440931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing medical radiation exposures, it is important to understand how different modes of delivery of ionizing radiation as well as total doses of exposure impact health outcomes. Our lab studied the risks associated with ionizing radiation by analyzing the Northwestern University Radiation Archive for animals (NURA). NURA contains detailed data from a series of 10 individual neutron and gamma irradiation experiments conducted on over 50,000 mice. Rigorous statistical testing on control mice from all Janus experiments enabled us to select studies that could be compared to one another and uncover unexpected differences among the controls as well as experimental animals. For controls, mice sham irradiated with 300 fractions died significantly earlier than those with fewer sham fractions and were excluded from the pooled dataset. Using the integrated dataset of gamma irradiated and control mice, we found that fractionation significantly decreased the death hazard for animals dying of lymphomas, tumors, non-tumors, and unknown causes. Gender differences in frequencies of causes of death were identified irrespective of irradiation and dose fractionation, with female mice being at a greater risk for all causes of death, except for lung tumors. Irradiated and control male mice were at a significantly greater risk for lung tumors, the opposite from observations noted in humans. Additionally, we discovered that lymphoma deaths can occur quickly after exposures to high doses of gamma rays. This study systematically cross-compared outcomes of different modes of fractionation evaluated across different Janus experiments and across a wide span of total doses. It demonstrates that protraction modulated survival and disease status differently based on the total dose, cause of death, and sex of an animal. This novel method for analyzing the Janus datasets will lead to insightful new mechanistic hypotheses and research in the fields of radiation biology and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Zander
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martinez NE, Van Bladel L. Radiation protection challenges in applications of ionising radiation on animals in veterinary practice. Ann ICRP 2020; 49:158-168. [PMID: 32700551 DOI: 10.1177/0146645320931973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As we work towards a holistic approach to radiation protection, we begin to consider and integrate protection beyond humans to include, among other things, non-human biota. Non-human biota not only includes environmental flora and fauna, but also livestock, companion animals, working animals, etc. Although under consideration, there is currently little guidance in terms of protection strategies for types of non-human biota beyond wildlife. For example, in recent years, veterinary procedures that make use of ionising radiation have increased in number and have diversified considerably, which has made radiation protection in veterinary applications of ionising radiation more challenging, both for humans and the animal patients. In fact, the common belief that doses to professionals and members of the public from these applications will be very low to negligible, and doses to the animals will not be acutely harmful nor even affect their lifetime probability of developing cancer, needs to be revisited in the light of higher dose diagnostic and interventional techniques, and certainly in the case of therapeutic applications. This paper provides a brief overview of the initiatives of the International Commission on Radiological Protection concerning radiation protection aspects of veterinary practice, and poses a variety of perspectives for consideration and further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Martinez
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Ct, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; e-mail:
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Schofield PN, Kulka U, Tapio S, Grosche B. Big data in radiation biology and epidemiology; an overview of the historical and contemporary landscape of data and biomaterial archives. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:861-878. [DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1589026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul N. Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development, and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ulrike Kulka
- Bundesamt fuer Strahlenschutz, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Soile Tapio
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
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Chua HL, Artur Plett P, Fisher A, Sampson CH, Vemula S, Feng H, Sellamuthu R, Wu T, MacVittie TJ, Orschell CM. Lifelong Residual bone Marrow Damage in Murine Survivors of the Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome (H-ARS): A Compilation of Studies Comprising the Indiana University Experience. HEALTH PHYSICS 2019; 116:546-557. [PMID: 30789496 PMCID: PMC6388630 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accurate analyses of the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure in survivors of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome are hampered by low numbers of mice for examination due to high lethality from the acute syndrome, increased morbidity and mortality in survivors, high cost of husbandry for long-term studies, biological variability, and inconsistencies of models from different laboratories complicating meta-analyses. To address this, a compilation of 38 similar hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome studies conducted over a 7-y period in the authors' laboratory, comprising more than 1,500 irradiated young adult C57BL/6 mice and almost 600 day-30 survivors, was assessed for hematopoietic delayed effects of acute radiation exposure at various times up to 30 mo of age. Significant loss of long-term repopulating potential of phenotypically defined primitive hematopoietic stem cells was documented in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors, as well as significant decreases in all hematopoietic lineages in peripheral blood, prominent myeloid skew, significantly decreased bone marrow cellularity, and numbers of lineage-negative Sca-1+ cKit+ CD150+ cells (KSL CD150+; the phenotype known to be enriched for hematopoietic stem cells), and increased cycling of KSL CD150+ cells. Studies interrogating the phenotype of bone marrow cells capable of initiation of suspension cultures and engraftment in competitive transplantation assays documented the phenotype of hematopoietic stem cells in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors to be the same as that in nonirradiated age-matched controls. This compilation study adds rigor and validity to our initial findings of persistent hematopoietic dysfunction in hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome survivors that arises at the level of the hematopoietic stem cell and which affects all classes of hematopoietic cells for the life of the survivor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin Chua
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - P. Artur Plett
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexa Fisher
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Sasidhar Vemula
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hailin Feng
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Tong Wu
- : Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Mats Harms-Ringdahl
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Zander A, Paunesku T, Woloschak G. Radiation databases and archives - examples and comparisons. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1378-1389. [PMID: 30676164 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1572249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies of ionizing radiation effects through the archiving of data began with standardizing medical treatments in the early 1900s shortly after the discovery of X-rays. Once the breadth of the delayed effects of ionizing radiation was recognized, the need for long-term follow up became apparent. There are now many human archives of data from nuclear disasters and accidents, occupational exposures, and medical procedures. Planned animal irradiation experiments began around the time of the Cold War and included a variety of doses, fractions, dose rates, and types of ionizing radiation. The goal of most of these studies was to supplement information coming from human data through carefully planned experimental conditions and immediate and uninterrupted data collection. This review aims to highlight major archives and databases that have shaped the field of radiation biology and provide a broad range of the types of datasets currently available. By preserving all of these data and tissue sets, radiation biologists can combine databases and conduct large-scale analyses of detailed existing data and perform new assays with cutting edge scientific approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Zander
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
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12
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Mothersill C, Rusin A, Seymour C. Low doses and non-targeted effects in environmental radiation protection; where are we now and where should we go? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:484-490. [PMID: 28863303 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of low dose radiobiology has advanced considerably in the last 30 years from small indications in the 1980's that all was not simple, to a paradigm shift which occurred during the 1990's, which severely dented the dose-driven models and DNA centric theories which had dominated until then. However while the science has evolved, the application of that science in environmental health protection has not. A reason for this appears to be the uncertainties regarding the shape of the low dose response curve, which lead regulators to adopt a precautionary approach to radiation protection. Radiation protection models assume a linear relationship between dose (i.e. energy deposition) and effect (in this case probability of an adverse DNA interaction leading to a mutation). This model does not consider non-targeted effects (NTE) such as bystander effects or delayed effects, which occur in progeny cells or offspring not directly receiving energy deposition from the dose. There is huge controversy concerning the role of NTE with some saying they reflect "biology" and that repair and homeostatic mechanisms sort out the apparent damage while others consider them to be a class of damage which increases the size of the target. One thing which has recently become apparent is that NTE may be very critical for modelling long-term effects at the level of the population rather than the individual. The issue is that NTE resulting from an acute high dose such as occurred after the A-bomb or Chernobyl occur in parallel with chronic effects induced by the continuing residual effects due to radiation dose decay. This means that if ambient radiation doses are measured for example 25 years after the Chernobyl accident, they only represent a portion of the dose effect because the contribution of NTE is not included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Mothersill
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Andrej Rusin
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Colin Seymour
- Medical Physics and Applied Radiation Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Sollazzo A, Shakeri-Manesh S, Fotouhi A, Czub J, Haghdoost S, Wojcik A. Interaction of low and high LET radiation in TK6 cells-mechanistic aspects and significance for radiation protection. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2016; 36:721-735. [PMID: 27631423 DOI: 10.1088/0952-4746/36/4/721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most environmental, occupational and medical exposures to ionising radiation are associated with a simultaneous action of different radiation types. An open question remains whether radiations of different qualities interact with each other to yield effects stronger than expected based on the assumption of additivity. It is possible that DNA damage induced by high linear energy transfer (LET) radiation will lead to an opening of the chromatin structure making the DNA more susceptible to attack by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by the low LET radiation. In such case, the effect of mixed beams should be strongly expressed in cells that are sensitive to ROS. The present investigation was carried out to test if cells with an impaired capacity to handle oxidative stress are particularly sensitive to the effect of mixed beams of alpha particles and x-rays. Clonogenic cell survival curves and mutant frequencies were analysed in TK6 wild type (wt) cells and in TK6 cells with a knocked down hMYH glycosylase. The results showed a synergistic effect of mixed beams on clonogenic cell survival of TK6wt but not TK6MYH- cells. The frequencies of mutants showed a high degree of interexperimental variability without any indications for synergistic effects of mixed beams. TK6MYH- cells were generally more tolerant to radiation exposure with respect to clonogenic cell survival but showed a strong increase in mutant frequency. The results demonstrate that exposure of wt cells to a mixed beam of alpha particles and x-rays leads to a detrimental effect which is stronger than expected based on the assumption of additivity. The role of oxidative stress in the reaction of cells to mixed beams remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Sollazzo
- MBW Department, Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University, Sweden
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Rühm W, Azizova TV, Bouffler SD, Little MP, Shore RE, Walsh L, Woloschak GE. Dose-rate effects in radiation biology and radiation protection. Ann ICRP 2016; 45:262-279. [PMID: 26960819 DOI: 10.1177/0146645316629336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of biological effects (cancer, other diseases, and cell damage) associated with exposure to ionising radiation has been a major issue for the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) since its foundation in 1928. While there is a wealth of information on the effects on human health for whole-body doses above approximately 100 mGy, the effects associated with doses below 100 mGy are still being investigated and debated intensively. The current radiological protection approach, proposed by ICRP for workers and the public, is largely based on risks obtained from high-dose and high-dose-rate studies, such as the Japanese Life Span Study on atomic bomb survivors. The risk coefficients obtained from these studies can be reduced by the dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF) to account for the assumed lower effectiveness of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures. The 2007 ICRP Recommendations continue to propose a value of 2 for DDREF, while other international organisations suggest either application of different values or abandonment of the factor. This paper summarises the current status of discussions, and highlights issues that are relevant to reassessing the magnitude and application of DDREF.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rühm
- a Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Department for Radiation Sciences, Institute of Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - T V Azizova
- b Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Russian Federation
| | - S D Bouffler
- c Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, UK
| | - M P Little
- d Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, USA
| | - R E Shore
- e New York University School of Medicine, USA
| | - L Walsh
- f Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Germany
| | - G E Woloschak
- g Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, USA
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15
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Abstract
This forum article discusses issues related to the effects of low dose radiation, an area that is under intense study but difficult to assess. Experiments with large-scale animal studies are included in this paper; these studies point to the need for international consortia to examine and balance the results of these large-scale studies and databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle E Woloschak
- *Departments of Radiation Oncology and Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
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16
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Haley BM, Paunesku T, Grdina DJ, Woloschak GE. The Increase in Animal Mortality Risk following Exposure to Sparsely Ionizing Radiation Is Not Linear Quadratic with Dose. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140989. [PMID: 26649569 PMCID: PMC4674094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The US government regulates allowable radiation exposures relying, in large part, on the seventh report from the committee to estimate the Biological Effect of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR VII), which estimated that most contemporary exposures- protracted or low-dose, carry 1.5 fold less risk of carcinogenesis and mortality per Gy than acute exposures of atomic bomb survivors. This correction is known as the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor for the life span study of atomic bomb survivors (DDREFLSS). It was calculated by applying a linear-quadratic dose response model to data from Japanese atomic bomb survivors and a limited number of animal studies. METHODS AND RESULTS We argue that the linear-quadratic model does not provide appropriate support to estimate the risk of contemporary exposures. In this work, we re-estimated DDREFLSS using 15 animal studies that were not included in BEIR VII's original analysis. Acute exposure data led to a DDREFLSS estimate from 0.9 to 3.0. By contrast, data that included both acute and protracted exposures led to a DDREFLSS estimate from 4.8 to infinity. These two estimates are significantly different, violating the assumptions of the linear-quadratic model, which predicts that DDREFLSS values calculated in either way should be the same. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, we propose that future estimates of the risk of protracted exposures should be based on direct comparisons of data from acute and protracted exposures, rather than from extrapolations from a linear-quadratic model. The risk of low dose exposures may be extrapolated from these protracted estimates, though we encourage ongoing debate as to whether this is the most valid approach. We also encourage efforts to enlarge the datasets used to estimate the risk of protracted exposures by including both human and animal data, carcinogenesis outcomes, a wider range of exposures, and by making more radiobiology data publicly accessible. We believe that these steps will contribute to better estimates of the risks of contemporary radiation exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Haley
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - David J. Grdina
- Departments of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Radiology, and Cell and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Rühm W, Woloschak GE, Shore RE, Azizova TV, Grosche B, Niwa O, Akiba S, Ono T, Suzuki K, Iwasaki T, Ban N, Kai M, Clement CH, Bouffler S, Toma H, Hamada N. Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2015; 54:379-401. [PMID: 26343037 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation, 456780
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ohtsura Niwa
- Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Suminori Akiba
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Rokkasho, Aomori-ken, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ban
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8558, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, 840-1201, Japan
| | - Christopher H Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Hideki Toma
- JAPAN NUS Co., Ltd. (JANUS), 7-5-25 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada.
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The effects of radiation and dose-fractionation on cancer and non-tumor disease development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2012; 9:4688-703. [PMID: 23249856 PMCID: PMC3546784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph9124688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Janus series of radiation experiments, conducted from 1970 to 1992, explored the effects of gamma and neutron radiation on animal lifespan and disease development. Data from these experiments presents an opportunity to conduct a large scale analysis of both tumor and non-tumor disease development. This work was focused on a subset of animals from the Janus series of experiments, comparing acute or fractionated exposures of gamma or neutron radiation on the hazards associated with the development of tumor and non-tumor diseases of the liver, lung, kidney or vascular system. This study also examines how the co-occurrence of non-tumor diseases may affect tumor-associated hazards. While exposure to radiation increases the hazard of dying with tumor and non-tumor diseases, dose fractionation modulates these hazards, which varies across different organ systems. Finally, the effect that concurrent non-cancer diseases have on the hazard of dying with a tumor also differs by organ system. These results highlight the complexity in the effects of radiation on the liver, lung, kidney and vascular system.
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Stricklin D, Millage K. Evaluation of demographic factors that influence acute radiation response. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:210-216. [PMID: 22951482 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Casualty estimation tools are critical in planning for nuclear event scenarios. Current consequence assessment models based on healthy adult males may not adequately represent the population. To develop an understanding of the impact of demographic variables on casualty estimates, human data was surveyed to identify key demographic factors that affect acute radiation response. Information on in utero exposures, gender, age, and comorbidity status was collected from atomic bomb survivors, radiation accidents, and clinical oncology. Burn and trauma studies were also examined to gain insight into the impact of demographic variables on acute injury outcomes. Fetal radiation sensitivity is well documented; increased mortality or malformations are observed depending on gestational age. A greater incidence of radiation syndrome was observed among male atomic bomb survivors. Trauma data show increased mortality in males, apparently due to immunological differences between genders. Limited data suggest vulnerability in the very young and old due to immunological status and comorbidities, respectively. Certain genetically susceptible subpopulations demonstrate marked increased sensitivity to radiation exposure. Interaction of radiation and comorbid conditions has not been well studied; however, burn and trauma data indicate that comorbidities negatively impact response to acute injury. Key factors evaluated together with their prevalence indicate the importance of modeling demographic variability in casualty estimations. Also they can help identify vulnerable subpopulations and provide insight on treatment requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Stricklin
- Applied Research Associates, Inc., Nuclear and Radiation Effects Group, Arlington, VA 22203, USA.
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20
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Paunesku T, Wanzer MB, Kirillova EN, Muksinova KN, Revina VS, Lyubchansky ER, Grosche B, Birschwilks M, Vogt S, Finney L, Woloschak GE. X-ray fluorescence microscopy for investigation of archival tissues. HEALTH PHYSICS 2012; 103:181-186. [PMID: 22951477 PMCID: PMC3716449 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0b013e31824e7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Several recent efforts in the radiation biology community worldwide have amassed records and archival tissues from animals exposed to different radionuclides and external beam irradiation. In most cases, these samples come from lifelong studies on large animal populations conducted in national laboratories and equivalent institutions throughout Europe, North America, and Japan. While many of these tissues were used for histopathological analyses, much more information may still be obtained from these samples. A new technique suitable for imaging of these tissues is x-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM). Following development of third generation synchrotrons, XFM has emerged as an ideal technique for the study of metal content, speciation, and localization in cells, tissues, and organs. Here the authors review some of the recent XFM literature pertinent to tissue sample studies and present examples of XFM data obtained from tissue sections of beagle dog samples, which show that the quality of archival tissues allows XFM investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Paunesku
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E Chicago Avenue, Ward 13-007, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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