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Elghawi U, Elammari M. Assessment of occupational external radiation exposure of workers in the Southwest of Libya using portable NaI detector. Appl Radiat Isot 2024; 206:111246. [PMID: 38402844 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, gamma dose rates generated from the naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) were measured in the waste streams of a large scale and sludge onshore petroleum operations. Measurements conducted in this work involved: sludge recovery from separation tanks, sludge forming, NORM storage, scaling in oil tubulars, scaling in gas production and sedimentation in produced water evaporation ponds. Field work was carried out in many places of different terrain of an operation oil exploration and production in Murzuq basin in the Southwest of Libya. The radiation dose rates were measured using portable InSpector-1000. A total of 400 dose rates were acquired. The highest dose rate was 70 μSv/h acquired in sludge stored in barrels. The estimated mean annual equivalent doses in this field were in the range of 0.2-2.8 mSv/y in the first scenario, while in the second scenario the calculated mean annual equivalent doses were in the range of 0.04-0.68 mSv/y. It is assumed that workers may face various exposures in the field where measurements took place, considering the total annual effective dose to be 1.53 mSv/y. The main radioisotopes detected in these samples indicated by the display of the measuring device were 226Ra and 228Ra but detecting both radioisotopes in the same run is not achievable by using the display of the screen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usama Elghawi
- Libyan Atomic Energy Establishment, P.O. Box 397, Tripoli, Libya.
| | - Meftah Elammari
- Libyan Atomic Energy Establishment, P.O. Box 397, Tripoli, Libya.
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Mate-Kole EM, Dewji SA. Mathematical complexities in radionuclide metabolic modeling: A review of ordinary differential equation kinetics solvers in biokinetic modeling. J Radiol Prot 2024. [PMID: 38324906 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ad270d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Biokinetic models have been employed in internal dosimetry to model the human body's time-dependent retention and excretion of radionuclides. Consequently, biokinetic models have become instrumental in modeling the body burden from biological processes from internalized radionuclides for prospective and retrospective dose assessment. Solutions to biokinetic equations have been modelled as a system of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) representing the time-dependent distribution of materials deposited within the body. In parallel, several solving mathematical algorithms were developed for solving general kinetic problems, upon which biokinetic solution tools were constructed. This paper provides a comprehensive review of mathematical solving methods adopted by some known internal dose computer codes for modeling the distribution and dosimetry for internal emitters, highlighting the mathematical frameworks, their capabilities, and their limitations. Further discussion details the mathematical underpinnings of biokinetic solutions in a unique approach paralleling advancements in internal dosimetry with capabilities in available mathematical solvers in computational systems. A survey of ODE forms, methods, and solvers, including state-of-the-art solvers specifically in Python programming language, was conducted to highlight modern capabilities for advancing the utilization of modern toolkits in internal dosimetry. This review is the first of its kind, which provides a comprehensive analysis of biokinetic solving methods and base knowledge for understanding the computational demands, schemes, and implementations for biokinetic modeling, which can be leveraged for an expedited radiation dose assessment.
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El Bakkali J, Doudouh A. Comparison between InterDosi and MCNP in the estimation of photon SAFs on a series of ICRP pediatric voxelized phantoms. Jpn J Radiol 2023; 41:1420-1430. [PMID: 37454023 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, a new Monte Carlo Geant4 based code called InterDosi 1.0, was used to simulate specific absorbed fractions (SAFs) in the six reference pediatric voxel-based phantoms developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The aim of this study was to assess the ability of this code to estimate SAFs in a variety of voxel-based phantoms. A large number of photon SAFs were calculated for pairs of organs corresponding to three sources and 170 target organs/regions. A total of 108 initial photons were uniformly emitted from the source organs with eight discrete energies. In order to speed up the calculation of SAFs, Monte Carlo multithreaded simulations were started on a workstation with 12 threads, and a Geant4 tracking optimization technique was applied that consists in skipping the voxel boundaries when two adjacent voxels share the same material, which seems to reduce the simulation time by an average of approximately 36%. The results showed good agreement with the reference data produced through the MCNP 2.7 code, with average and maximum absolute discrepancies of 0.5% and 7.68%, respectively. We concluded that these results confirm the feasibility of InterDosi code to perform photon internal dosimetry calculations at a voxel level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaafar El Bakkali
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco.
- Royal School of Military Health Service, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Abderrahim Doudouh
- Nuclear Medicine Department, Military Hospital Mohammed V, Rabat, Morocco
- BioPhysics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, UM5, Rabat, Morocco
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Hamzah R, Deevband MR, Ghorbani M, Khosravi M, Pour FS, Tavakoli M. Incidence risk assessment of secondary cancer due to radiotherapy of women with rectal cancer using BEIR VII, EPA, and ICRP models. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2023; 28:571-581. [PMID: 38179292 PMCID: PMC10764039 DOI: 10.5603/rpor.96870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has a significant side effect known as radiation-induced secondary cancer. This study aims to evaluate the dose and secondary cancer risk for women with rectal cancer treated with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT) to the organs at risk (OARs) and some sensitive organs using different types of radiation-induced cancer risk prediction models, including Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIRVII), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), and compare the results of the different models for same organs. Materials and methods Thirty female patients with rectal cancer were considered and dose calculations were based on the PCRT-3D treatment planning system, while the radiotherapy of the patients had been performed using Shinva linear accelerator with a total dose of 45 Gy at 25 fractions. Planning target volume (PTV), OARs, and some sensitive organs were contoured, three models were used to evaluate secondary cancer risk (SCR) using the excess relative risk (ERR) and excess absolute risk (EAR). Results The bladder presents the highest risk, in terms of ERR, and the femur head and uterus in terms of EAR from the three models (BEIR VII, EPA, and ICRP). Conclusion Based on the obtained results, radiotherapy of rectal cancer is relatively higher for the bladder and femur head, compared to the risk for other organs, the kidney risk is significantly lower. It was observed that the SCR from the ICRP model was higher compared to BEIR VII and EPA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rowaidah Hamzah
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Deevband
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ghorbani
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Khosravi
- Medical Physics Department, Radiation Oncology Center, Vali Asr Hospital, Qom, Iran
| | - Faranak Sadeghi Pour
- Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Tavakoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Zölzer F, Schneider T, Ainsbury E, Goto A, Liutsko L, O'Reilly G, Lochard J. Ethical and societal aspects of radiological protection for offspring and next generations. Int J Radiat Biol 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37947483 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2281523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Over the last decade or so, ethical and societal aspects of radiological protection have received increasing attention. This is also reflected in the publications of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The current paper aims at identifying relevant ethical and societal topics which should receive attention in the context of radiological protection for offspring and next generations. MATERIALS AND METHODS We present a non-comprehensive review of the subject, based on presentation made at an ICRP workshop in Budapest in 2022. We first discuss the ethical values promoted by ICRP, and the application of these values in cases of (potential) pre-conceptual and prenatal radiation exposures. We then consider experience gained after the Fukushima accident indicating particular societal concerns about the health effects of such exposures. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Beneficence/non-maleficence, prudence, justice and dignity, the "core values" of the system of radiological protection have special roles to play when heritable and/or in utero effects are to be considered. Prudence, in particular, must be taken account of in view of the fact that solid scientific data in humans are largely lacking in this area, and it is necessary to rely on insights from animal experiments as well as theoretical considerations. As regards societal considerations, the perception of risk among (potentially) affected populations needs to be taken seriously. Accountability, transparency, and inclusivity, the "procedural values" promoted by ICRP for the practical implementation of the system of radiological protection play a central role in overcoming skepticism and creating trust. Stakeholder involvement should emphasize cooperation and dialogue, which allows for the joint evaluation of an exposure situation by experts and affected people.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zölzer
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - T Schneider
- Nuclear Protection Evaluation Centre (CEPN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | | | - A Goto
- Center for Integrated Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - L Liutsko
- Institute for Primary Health Care Research Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAP Jordi Gol) & ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J Lochard
- Institute of Atomic Bomb Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Rühm W, Yu H, Clement C, Ainsbury EA, Andresz S, Bryant P, Chapple CL, Croüail P, Damilakis J, Ermacora MG, Eurajoki T, Gering F, Molyneux-Hodgson S, Hupe O, Impens N, Lassmann M, Martins JO, Mazzoni LN, Mogg C, Morgan J, Perko T, Pinak M, Santos J, Stritt N, Tanner R, Turcanu C, Vermeersch F. ICRP workshop on the review and revision of the system of radiological protection: a focus on research priorities-feedback from the international community. J Radiol Prot 2023; 43. [PMID: 37669663 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/acf6ca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) organised a workshop in Estoril, Portugal, on the 'Review and Revision of the System of Radiological Protection: A Focus on Research Priorities'. The workshop, which was a side event of the European Radiation Protection Week, offered an opportunity to comment on a recent paper published by ICRP on areas of research to support the System of Radiological Protection. Altogether, about 150 individuals participated in the workshop. After the workshop, 16 of the 30 organisations in formal relations with ICRP provided written feedback. All participants and organisations followed ICRP's view that further research in various areas will offer additional support in improving the System in the short, medium, and long term. In general, it was emphasised that any research should be outcome-focused in that it should improve protection of people or the environment. Many research topics mentioned by the participants were in line with those already identified by ICRP in the paper noted above. In addition, further ideas were expressed such as, for example, that lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic with regards to the non-radiological social, economic and environment impacts, should be analysed for their usefulness to enhance radiological protection, and that current protection strategies and application of current radiological protection principles may need to be adapted to military scenarios like those observed recently during the military conflict in the Ukraine or the detonation of a nuclear weapon. On a broader perspective, it was discussed how radiation research and radiological protection can contribute towards the Sustainable Development Goals announced by the United Nations in 2015. This paper summarises the views expressed during the workshop and the major take home messages identified by ICRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Rühm
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Hyungjoon Yu
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Christopher Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | | | - Sylvain Andresz
- Nuclear Evaluation Protection Centre (CEPN), 28, Rue de la Redoute, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - Peter Bryant
- Sizewell C, 90 Whitfield Street, London W1T 4EZ, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Claire-Louise Chapple
- Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
- International Radiation Protection Association
| | - Pascal Croüail
- Nuclear Evaluation Protection Centre (CEPN), 28, Rue de la Redoute, Fontenay-aux-Roses 92260, France
| | - John Damilakis
- University of Crete, School of Medicine, 71003 Iraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Marcela G Ermacora
- Ibero-American Forum of Radiological and Nuclear Regulatory Agencies (FORO)
| | | | - Florian Gering
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Susan Molyneux-Hodgson
- Department of Sociology, Philosophy and Anthropology, University of Exeter, Amory Building, Rennes Drive, Exeter EX4 4RJ, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Hupe
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - João O Martins
- Ibero-American Forum of Radiological and Nuclear Regulatory Agencies (FORO)
| | | | - Christopher Mogg
- OECD Nuclear Energy Agency, 46, Quai Alphonse Le Gallo, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Julie Morgan
- United Kingdom Health and Security Agency (UKHSA), Didcot OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tanja Perko
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Miroslav Pinak
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, PO Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Joana Santos
- Polytechnique University of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Medical Imaging and Radiotherapy, Rua 5 de Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Nicolas Stritt
- Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (SFOPH), CH-3003 BERN, Switzerland
| | - Rick Tanner
- UKHSA, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - Catrinel Turcanu
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre SCK CEN, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
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Zölzer F. Justification of dose limits-historical development, ethical basis, and the way forward. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:024002. [PMID: 35705002 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dose limits recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection have undergone considerable changes in the course of the past 90 years, and different arguments have been put forward for their justification. This has been largely due to new insights of radiation research, but changing perceptions of the related ethical values have also played a role. The current paper reviews important stages in this development and attempts to derive some implications for the Commission's next general recommendations. Above all, it suggests that it is essential to present clear and consistent justification strategies for dose limits (and related values), compatible with the core values of the system of radiological protection, especially prudence and justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedo Zölzer
- Institute of Radiology, Toxicology and Civil Protection, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Rühm W, Clement C, Cool D, Laurier D, Bochud F, Applegate K, Schneider T, Bouffler S, Cho K, Hirth G, Kai M, Liu S, Romanov S, Wojcik A. Summary of the 2021 ICRP workshop on the future of radiological protection. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:023002. [PMID: 35417898 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac670e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a process to review and revise the current System of Radiological Protection ('the System'). To stimulate discussion, the ICRP published two open-access articles: one on aspects of the System that might require review, and another on research that might improve the scientific foundation of the System. Building on these articles, the ICRP organized a Workshop on the Future of Radiological Protection as an opportunity to engage in the review and revision of the System. This digital workshop took place from 14 October-3 November 2021 and included 20 live-streamed and 43 on-demand presentations. Approximately 1500 individuals from 100 countries participated. Based on the subjects covered by the presentations, this summary is organized into four broad areas: the scientific basis, concepts and application of the System; and the role of the ICRP. Some of the key topics that emerged included the following: classification of radiation-induced effects; adverse outcome pathway methodologies; better understanding of the dose-response relationship; holistic and reasonable approaches to optimization of protection; radiological protection of the environment; ethical basis of the System; clarity, consistency and communication of the System; application of the System in medicine and application of the principles of justification and optimization of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Rühm
- Helmholtz Centre Munich, German Research Centre for Environmental Health, Ingolstaedter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - C Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - D Cool
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - D Laurier
- Institut de radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, BP 17-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, 31 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - F Bochud
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 21, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Applegate
- University of Kentucky College Medicine, 800 Rose Street MN 150, Lexington, KY 40506, United States of America
| | - T Schneider
- Nuclear Protection Evaluation Centre, 28, rue de la Redoute, F-92260 Fontenay aux Roses, France
| | - S Bouffler
- Radiation Protection Science Division, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - K Cho
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, PO Box 114, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-338, Republic of Korea
| | - G Hirth
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, PO Box 655, Miranda, NSW 1490, Australia
| | - M Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727 Ichigi, Ōita 870-0397, Japan
| | - S Liu
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, PO Box 275 (1), Beijing CN-102413, People's Republic of China
| | - S Romanov
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russia
| | - A Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, Stockholm University, Svante Arrheniusväg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanoski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
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Ban N, Cléro E, Vaillant L, Zhang W, Hamada N, Preston D, Laurier D. Radiation detriment calculation methodology: summary of ICRP Publication 152. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:023001. [PMID: 35417894 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac670d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Radiation detriment is a concept to quantify the burden of stochastic effects from exposure of the human population to low-dose and/or low-dose-rate ionising radiation. As part of a thorough review of the system of radiological protection, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has compiled a report on radiation detriment calculation methodology as Publication 152. It provides a historical review of the detriment calculation with details of the procedure used in ICRP Publication 103. A selected sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the parameters and calculation conditions that can be major sources of variation and uncertainty. It has demonstrated that sex, age at exposure, dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor, dose assumption in the lifetime risk calculation, and lethality fraction have a substantial impact on the calculated values of radiation detriment. Discussions are also made on the issues to be addressed and possible ways for improvement toward the revision of general recommendations. These include update of the reference population data and cancer severity parameters, revision of cancer risk models, and better handling of the variation with sex and age. Finally, emphasis is placed on transparency and traceability of the calculation, along with the need to improve the way of expressing and communicating the detriment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enora Cléro
- Health and Environmental Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Ludovic Vaillant
- Centre d'etude sur l'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucleaire (CEPN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Wei Zhang
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Directorate, UK Health Security Agency, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Unit, Biology and Environmental Chemistry Division, Sustainable System Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dale Preston
- Hirosoft International Corporation, Eureka, CA, United States of America
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Health and Environmental Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Abstract
This review presents evidence that the methodology that supports the current radiation risk model for cancer is insecure. As a consequence, the legal limits on internal exposures to certain common radionuclides are incorrect by several orders of magnitude. Because of this, hundreds of millions of people will have developed cancer due to internal exposures from atmospheric testing fallout, nuclear accidents, Depleted Uranium and releases from nuclear sites. There are fatal errors in both the mechanistic and epidemiological bases of the Linear No Threshold (LNT) Absorbed Dose model. The review discusses the history of the model and refers to published studies that clearly demonstrate these errors. It argues that the ways in which the models were constructed were arbitrary, capricious and unscientific.
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Wojcik A. Reflections on effects of low doses and risk inference based on the UNSCEAR 2021 report on 'biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation'. J Radiol Prot 2022; 42:023501. [PMID: 35226888 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac591c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The 2021 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report summarises the knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation action at low doses where, due to low statistical power of epidemiological investigations, the level of cancer risk must be inferred. It is the fourth UNSCEAR report since 1994 that looks into biological effects following low dose exposure with the aim of examining whether they support the assumption of the linear non-threshold (LNT) dose response for radiation-induced cancers. The conclusions of all four reports are affirmative. The new aspect of the 2021 report is that it focuses on the process of cancer risk inference. The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of the conclusions regarding LNT and the possibilities of inferring risks from biological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 20C, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden Institute for Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
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Sánchez-León G, López MA, Moraleda M, Rodríguez-Díaz JM. Bioassays in workers exposed to long time random intakes. Appl Radiat Isot 2021; 180:110057. [PMID: 34896900 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2021.110057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Workers who are occupationally exposed to radioactive aerosols are usually subjected to periodic controls of internal contamination by performing bioassays (whole body or partial body monitoring and measurement of excreta samples). The intakes are also estimated by using Static Air Samples (SAS). These measurements are used to estimate the radioactive intakes of the workers. A typical assumption is the workers are chronically (constant) exposed for long periods of time. However, the intakes are random and there are also periods without any exposure (weekends, holidays, etc.). The method presented here considers both facts. Simulations help to choose the most appropriate method of evaluation to minimize the statistical uncertainties in the intake. It has been applied to evaluate workers exposed to UO2 aerosols for a long time (30 years or more for most of them) in the same working area (sintering). Results of measurements of uranium in urine and daily intakes (from SAS) of these workers have been used. For this evaluation, the new Occupational Intakes of Radionuclides (OIR) biokinetic models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for uranium have been solved. For some workers the evaluation gives a significative deviation between the intake estimated from urine samples and the intake estimated using the SAS values, supporting the idea that the physiological standard parameters of the reference worker are not always applicable. The computations have been implemented in the BIOKMOD code.
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Clement C, Rühm W, Harrison J, Applegate K, Cool D, Larsson CM, Cousins C, Lochard J, Bouffler S, Cho K, Kai M, Laurier D, Liu S, Romanov S. Keeping the ICRP recommendations fit for purpose. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:1390-1409. [PMID: 34284364 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac1611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has embarked on a review and revision of the system of Radiological Protection that will update the 2007 general recommendations in ICRPPublication 103. This is the beginning of a process that will take several years, involving open and transparent engagement with organisations and individuals around the world. While the system is robust and has performed well, it must adapt to address changes in science and society to remain fit for purpose. The aim of this paper is to encourage discussions on which areas of the system might gain the greatest benefit from review, and to initiate collaborative efforts. Increased clarity and consistency are high priorities. The better the system is understood, the more effectively it can be applied, resulting in improved protection and increased harmonisation. Many areas are identified for potential review including: classification of effects, with particular focus on tissue reactions; reformulation of detriment, potentially including non-cancer diseases; re-evaluation of the relationship between detriment and effective dose, and the possibility of defining detriments for males and females of different ages; individual variation in the response to radiation exposure; heritable effects; and effects and risks in non-human biota and ecosystems. Some of the basic concepts are also being considered, including the framework for bringing together protection of people and the environment, incremental improvements to the fundamental principles of justification and optimisation, a broader approach to protection of individuals, and clarification of the exposure situations introduced in 2007. In addition, ICRP is considering identifying where explicit incorporation of the ethical basis of the system would be beneficial, how to better reflect the importance of communications and stakeholder involvement, and further advice on education and training. ICRP invites responses on these and other areas relating to the review of the System of Radiological Protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - W Rühm
- Helmholtz Center Munich German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - J Harrison
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, OX3 0BP Oxford, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, OX11 0RQ Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - K Applegate
- University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street MN 150, Lexington, KY 40506, United States of America (retired)
| | - D Cool
- Electric Power Research Institute, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - C-M Larsson
- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency, PO Box 655, Miranda, NSW 1490, Australia
| | - C Cousins
- International Commission on Radiological Protection, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - J Lochard
- Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - S Bouffler
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, OX11 0RQ Didcot, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - K Cho
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, PO Box 114, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-338, Korea
| | - M Kai
- Nippon Bunri University, 1727 Ichigi, Ōita 870-0397, Japan
| | - D Laurier
- Institut de radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, BP 17-92262 Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, 31 avenue de la Division Leclerc, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, Île-de-France, France
| | - S Liu
- China Institute of Atomic Energy, PO Box 275 (1), Beijing CN-102413, People's Republic of China
| | - S Romanov
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk region, Russia
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14
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Sasaki M, Ogino H, Hattori T. Quantitative evaluation of conservatism in the concept of committed dose from internal exposure for radiation workers. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:1328-1343. [PMID: 34038890 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac057f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For compliance with dose limits, the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommends that the committed dose be assigned to the year in which radionuclide intake occurred in the case of internal exposure. For radiation workers, the committed dose is evaluated over the 50 year period following the intake, which is a rounded value for the working-life expectancy of a young person entering the workforce. In this study, we develop an approach to the quantitative evaluation of the conservatism in the concept of the committed dose from internal exposure for radiation workers from the viewpoint of radiological risk. Actual annual doses due to an intake of radionuclides for strontium-90 (90Sr), caesium-137 (137Cs), and plutonium-239 (239Pu) were simulated. Risks of fatal cancer, i.e. unconditional death probability rates, were calculated in accordance with the risk estimation method in ICRP Publication 60. It was found that the conservatism ranged from 1.1 to 1.6 for90Sr, 1.0 to 1.6 for137Cs, and 1.6 to 2.2 for239Pu. The importance of understanding the extent of this conservatism and the uncertainty for practical radiological protection are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Sasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Ogino
- Nuclear Regulation Authority, 1-9-9 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-8450, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hattori
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, 2-11-1 Iwado kita, Komae-shi, Tokyo 201-8511, Japan
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15
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Joseph SR, Kim J. Radiological Dose Assessment to Members of the Public Using Consumer Products Containing Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in Korea. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:7337. [PMID: 34299788 PMCID: PMC8303814 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Various products containing a small number of added radionuclides are commonly available for use worldwide. However, frequent use of such products puts the public at risk of radiation exposure. In this study, dose assessments to members of the public using consumer products containing naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) were conducted for various usage scenarios to evaluate the external and internal exposure dose. Data for this study were obtained from previous literature and were statistically analyzed using Boxplot to determine the input data for assessment. A normalized value of activity concentration was used for dose evaluation. In addition to other external and internal dose calculation codes, analytical calculations were used to perform age-dependent. Based on analytical calculations, the highest total effective dose equivalent (TEDE) received from necklace products at the upper whiskers with an activity concentration of 4.21 Bq/g for 238U, 24.4 Bq/g for 232Th, and 0.55 Bq/g for 40K for various age groups is 2.03 mSv/y for 1 year old, 1.24 mSv/y for 10 years old and 1.11 mSv/y for adult, which are above the international commission for radiation protection (ICRP) recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y. Results of external and internal exposure dose obtained using Microshield code, IMBA code and Visual Monte Carlo (VMC) code are all below the recommended public dose limit of 1 mSv/y.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juyoul Kim
- Department of Nuclear Power Plant Engineering, KEPCO International Nuclear Graduate School, 658-91 Haemaji-ro Seosaeng-myeon, Ulju-gun, Ulsan 45014, Korea;
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16
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Tashiro S. Lessons from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident -from a research perspective. Ann ICRP 2021; 50:138-146. [PMID: 34109803 DOI: 10.1177/01466453211015394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Since the accident at Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant, there has been a focus on the impact of low-dose radiation exposure due to nuclear disasters and radiology on human bodies. In order to study very low levels of impact on the human body from low-dose radiation exposure, a system with high detection sensitivity is needed. Until now, the most well-established biological radiation effect detection system in the field of emergency radiation medicine has been chromosomal analysis. However, chromosomal analysis requires advanced skills, and it is necessary to perform chromosomal analysis of a large number of cells in order to detect slight effects on the human body due to low-dose radiation exposure. Therefore, in order to study the effects of low-dose radiation exposure on the human body, it is necessary to develop high-throughput chromosome analysis technology. We have established the PNA-FISH method, which is a fluorescence in-situ hybridisation method using a PNA probe, as a high-throughput chromosome analysis technique. Using this method, the detection of dicentrics and ring chromosomes has become very efficient. Using this technology, chromosomal analysis was performed on peripheral blood before and after computed tomography (CT) examination of patients at Hiroshima University Hospital, and it was possible to detect chromosomal abnormalities due to low-dose radiation exposure in the CT examination. Furthermore, it was shown that there may be individual differences in the increase in chromosomal abnormalities due to low-dose radiation exposure, suggesting the need to build a next-generation medical radiation exposure management system based on individual differences in radiation sensitivity. If techniques such as chromosomal analysis, which have been used for biological dose evaluation in emergency radiation medicine, can be used for general radiology, such as radiodiagnosis and treatment, that will be a contribution to radiology from an unprecedented angle. This article will discuss the clinical application of new biological dose evaluation methods that have been developed in the field of emergency radiation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tashiro
- Department of Cellular Biology, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City 734-8553, Japan; e-mail:
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17
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Harrison JD. Lung cancer risk and effective dose coefficients for radon: UNSCEAR review and ICRP conclusions. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:433-441. [PMID: 33823504 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abf547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) has provided a detailed and authoritative update of its reviews of the epidemiology and dosimetry of radon and progeny. Lifetime risk of lung cancer calculated using data for several miner cohorts were 2.4-7.5 × 10-4per working level month (WLM) of radon-222 progeny exposure for a mixed male/female population and 3.0-9.6 × 10-4per WLM for a male population. Dosimetric models gave mean values of effective dose coefficients from radon-222 progeny of 12 mSv per WLM for mines, 16 mSv per WLM for indoor workplaces and 11 mSv per WLM for homes. The lifetime risk coefficient used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is 5 × 10-4per WLM and it has recently recommended an effective dose coefficient for radon-222 and progeny of 3 mSv per mJ h m-3(about 10 mSv per WLM) for most circumstances of exposure. The ICRP risk and dose coefficients are supported by the UNSCEAR review and provide a clear and firm basis for current international advice and standards for protection from radon. Notwithstanding this evidence and the ICRP advice, UNSCEAR will continue to use a lower value of effective dose coefficient of 5.7 mSv per WLM for assessments of population exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Harrison
- Oxford Brookes University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
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18
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Harrison JD, Balonov M, Bochud F, Martin CJ, Menzel HG, Smith-Bindman R, Ortiz-López P, Simmonds JR, Wakeford R. The use of dose quantities in radiological protection: ICRP publication 147 Ann ICRP 50(1) 2021. J Radiol Prot 2021; 41:410-422. [PMID: 33571972 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/abe548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection has recently published a report (ICRP Publication 147;Ann. ICRP50, 2021) on the use of dose quantities in radiological protection, under the same authorship as this Memorandum. Here, we present a brief summary of the main elements of the report. ICRP Publication 147 consolidates and clarifies the explanations provided in the 2007 ICRP Recommendations (Publication 103) but reaches conclusions that go beyond those presented in Publication 103. Further guidance is provided on the scientific basis for the control of radiation risks using dose quantities in occupational, public and medical applications. It is emphasised that best estimates of risk to individuals will use organ/tissue absorbed doses, appropriate relative biological effectiveness factors and dose-risk models for specific health effects. However, bearing in mind uncertainties including those associated with risk projection to low doses or low dose rates, it is concluded that in the context of radiological protection, effective dose may be considered as an approximate indicator of possible risk of stochastic health effects following low-level exposure to ionising radiation. In this respect, it should also be recognised that lifetime cancer risks vary with age at exposure, sex and population group. The ICRP report also concludes that equivalent dose is not needed as a protection quantity. Dose limits for the avoidance of tissue reactions for the skin, hands and feet, and lens of the eye will be more appropriately set in terms of absorbed dose rather than equivalent dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Harrison
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
| | - M Balonov
- Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - F Bochud
- Institute of Radiation Physics, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C J Martin
- Department of Clinical Physics, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - H-G Menzel
- International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Smith-Bindman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America
| | - P Ortiz-López
- Retired from the International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - J R Simmonds
- Public Health England, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0RQ, United Kingdom
- Retired, Wantage, United Kingdom
| | - R Wakeford
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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19
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Roffel A, Lier JJV, Rozema G, van Hoogdalem EJ. Predictability of Elimination and Excretion of Small Molecules from Animals to Humans, and Impact on Dosimetry for human ADME Studies with Radiolabeled Drugs. Curr Rev Clin Exp Pharmacol 2021; 17:26-38. [PMID: 33687900 DOI: 10.2174/1574884716666210309103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We assessed the extent to which urinary and fecal excretion of 14C-labeled drug material in animal ADME studies was predictive of human ADME studies. We compared observed plasma elimination half lives for total drug related radioactivity in humans to pre-study predictions, and we estimated the impact of any major differences on human dosimetry calculations. METHODS We included 34 human ADME studies with doses of 14C above 0.1 MBq. We calculated ratios of dosimetry input parameters (percentage fecal excretion in humans versus animals; observed half life in humans versus predicted pre-study) and output parameters (effective dose post-study versus pre study) and assessed their relationship. RESULTS A quantitative correlation assessment did not show a statistically significant correlation between the ratios of percentages of 14C excreted in feces and the ratios of dosimetry outcomes in the entire dataset, but a statistically significant correlation was found when assessing the studies that were based on ICRP 60/62 (n=19 studies; P=0.0028). There also appeared to be a correlation between the plasma half-life ratios and the ratios of dosimetry results. A quantitative correlation assessment showed that there was a statistically significant correlation between these ratios (P<0.0001). CONCLUSION In all cases where the plasma elimination half-life for 14C in humans was found to be longer than the predicted value, the radiation burden was still within ICRP Category IIa. Containment of the actual radiation burden below the limit of 1.00 mSv appeared to be determined partly also by our choice to limit 14C doses to 3.7 MBq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ad Roffel
- Department of Scientific Affairs, Clinical Pharmacology. Netherlands
| | | | - Gerk Rozema
- Department of Data Support, PRA Health Sciences, Groningen. Netherlands
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20
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Abstract
As we work towards a holistic approach to radiation protection, we begin to consider and integrate protection beyond humans to include, among other things, non-human biota. Non-human biota not only includes environmental flora and fauna, but also livestock, companion animals, working animals, etc. Although under consideration, there is currently little guidance in terms of protection strategies for types of non-human biota beyond wildlife. For example, in recent years, veterinary procedures that make use of ionising radiation have increased in number and have diversified considerably, which has made radiation protection in veterinary applications of ionising radiation more challenging, both for humans and the animal patients. In fact, the common belief that doses to professionals and members of the public from these applications will be very low to negligible, and doses to the animals will not be acutely harmful nor even affect their lifetime probability of developing cancer, needs to be revisited in the light of higher dose diagnostic and interventional techniques, and certainly in the case of therapeutic applications. This paper provides a brief overview of the initiatives of the International Commission on Radiological Protection concerning radiation protection aspects of veterinary practice, and poses a variety of perspectives for consideration and further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Martinez
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, 342 Computer Ct, Anderson, SC 29625, USA; e-mail:
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21
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Applegate KE, Rühm W, Wojcik A, Bourguignon M, Brenner A, Hamasaki K, Imai T, Imaizumi M, Imaoka T, Kakinuma S, Kamada T, Nishimura N, Okonogi N, Ozasa K, Rübe CE, Sadakane A, Sakata R, Shimada Y, Yoshida K, Bouffler S. Individual response of humans to ionising radiation: governing factors and importance for radiological protection. Radiat Environ Biophys 2020; 59:185-209. [PMID: 32146555 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-020-00837-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Tissue reactions and stochastic effects after exposure to ionising radiation are variable between individuals but the factors and mechanisms governing individual responses are not well understood. Individual responses can be measured at different levels of biological organization and using different endpoints following varying doses of radiation, including: cancers, non-cancer diseases and mortality in the whole organism; normal tissue reactions after exposures; and, cellular endpoints such as chromosomal damage and molecular alterations. There is no doubt that many factors influence the responses of people to radiation to different degrees. In addition to the obvious general factors of radiation quality, dose, dose rate and the tissue (sub)volume irradiated, recognized and potential determining factors include age, sex, life style (e.g., smoking, diet, possibly body mass index), environmental factors, genetics and epigenetics, stochastic distribution of cellular events, and systemic comorbidities such as diabetes or viral infections. Genetic factors are commonly thought to be a substantial contributor to individual response to radiation. Apart from a small number of rare monogenic diseases such as ataxia telangiectasia, the inheritance of an abnormally responsive phenotype among a population of healthy individuals does not follow a classical Mendelian inheritance pattern. Rather it is considered to be a multi-factorial, complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Rühm
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - A Wojcik
- Centre for Radiation Protection Research, MBW Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bourguignon
- Department of Biophysics and Nuclear Medicine, University of Paris Saclay (UVSQ), Verseilles, France
| | - A Brenner
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - K Hamasaki
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Imai
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Sciences and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Imaizumi
- Department of Nagasaki Clinical Studies, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - T Imaoka
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - S Kakinuma
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Kamada
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Nishimura
- Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - N Okonogi
- QST Hospital, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C E Rübe
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - A Sadakane
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - R Sakata
- Department of Epidemiology, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Shimada
- National Institute for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Aomori, Japan
| | - K Yoshida
- Immunology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Radiation Effects Research Foundation, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Bouffler
- Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilto, Didcot, UK
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22
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Josefsson A, Siritantikorn K, Ranka S, de Amorim de Carvalho JW, Buchpiguel CA, Sapienza MT, Bolch WE, Sgouros G. Accuracy in dosimetry of diagnostic agents: impact of the number of source tissues used in whole organ S value-based calculations. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:26. [PMID: 32189087 PMCID: PMC7080914 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-0614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dosimetry for diagnostic agents is performed to assess the risk of radiation detriment (e.g., cancer) associated with the imaging agent and the risk is assessed by computing the effective dose coefficient, e. Stylized phantoms created by the MIRD Committee and updated by work performed by Cristy-Eckerman (CE) have been the standard in diagnostic dosimetry. Recently, the ICRP developed voxelized phantoms, which are described in ICRP Publication 110. These voxelized phantoms are more realistic and detailed in describing human anatomy compared with the CE stylized phantoms. Ideally, all tissues should be represented and their pharmacokinetics collected for an as accurate a dosimetric calculation as possible. As the number of source tissues included increases, the calculated e becomes more accurate. There is, however, a trade-off between the number of source tissues considered, and the time and effort required to measure the time-activity curve for each tissue needed for the calculations. In this study, we used a previously published 68Ga-DOTA-TATE data set to examine how the number of source tissues included for both the ICRP voxelized and CE stylized phantoms affected e. RESULTS Depending upon the number of source tissues included e varied between 14.0-23.5 μSv/MBq for the ICRP voxelized and 12.4-27.7 μSv/MBq for the CE stylized phantoms. Furthermore, stability in e, defined as a < 10% difference between e obtained using all source tissues compared to one using fewer source tissues, was obtained after including 5 (36%) of the 14 source tissues for the ICRP voxelized, and after including 3 (25%) of the 12 source tissues for the CE stylized phantoms. In addition, a 2-fold increase in e was obtained when all source tissues where included in the calculation compared to when the TIAC distribution was lumped into a single reminder-of-body source term. CONCLUSIONS This study shows the importance of including the larger tissues like the muscles and remainder-of-body in the dosimetric calculations. The range of e based on the included tissues were less for the ICRP voxelized phantoms using tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103 compared to CE stylized phantoms using tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 60.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Josefsson
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Klaikangwol Siritantikorn
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sagar Ranka
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Carlos Alberto Buchpiguel
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo University, School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tatit Sapienza
- Instituto do Cancer do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo University, School of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Wesley E Bolch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - George Sgouros
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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23
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Zhang W, Laurier D, Cléro E, Hamada N, Preston D, Vaillant L, Ban N. Sensitivity analysis of parameters and methodological choices used in calculation of radiation detriment for solid cancer. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:596-605. [PMID: 31914349 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1708499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Radiation detriment is a concept used by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to quantify the harmful health effects of radiation exposure in humans. The current approach of radiation detriment calculation has been defined in ICRP Publication 103 in 2007. It is determined from lifetime risk of cancer and heritable effects for a composite reference population, taking into account the severity of the disease in terms of lethality, quality of life and years of life lost. Many parameters are used in the calculations and the variation of these parameters can have effects on the cancer detriment, which needs to be investigated.Materials and methods: In this paper, we conducted a sensitivity analysis for examining the impact of 12 different parameters or methodological choices on the calculation of solid cancer detriment, such as the lifetime risk calculation method, survival curve, dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF), age-at-exposure, sex, reference population, risk transfer model, latency, attained age, lethality, minimum quality of life factor and relative cancer-free life lost. Sensitivity calculations have been performed systematically for each of 10 solid cancer sites, by changing each one of the parameters in turn.Results: This sensitivity analysis demonstrated a large impact on estimated detriment from DDREF, age-at-exposure, sex and lethality, a noticeable impact of risk transfer model associated to variation of baseline rates, and a limited impact of risk calculation method, survival curve, latency, attained age, quality of life and relative years of life lost.Conclusion: These results could have implications for radiation protection standards, and they should help define priorities for future research in the field of low radiation dose and dose rate research. The present sensitivity analysis is part of a global effort of ICRP to review the bases of radiation detriment calculation and assess potential evolutions to improve the radiation protection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Oxon, UK
| | - Dominique Laurier
- Health and Environmental Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Enora Cléro
- Health and Environmental Division, Institute for Radiological Protection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dale Preston
- Hirosoft International Corporation, Eureka, CA, USA
| | - Ludovic Vaillant
- Centre d'etude sur l'Evaluation de la Protection dans le domaine Nucleaire (CEPN), Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Abstract
Purpose: The potential for individual radiosensitivity and radiosusceptibility testing, both in clinical practice and in systems of radiological protection, raises complex ethical considerations which must be addressed both in relation to the scientific research looking at the issues themselves, and in relation to any systems of safety and protection which are then proposed for introduction.Methods: This paper uses ethical principles for radiological protection derived by the ICRP together with other biomedical principles, to identify and evaluate some of the ethical issues associated with radiosensitivity testing.Results and conclusions: Although the evaluation is not exhaustive, it illustrates a range of different ethical aspects that would need to be considered, prior to making recommendations for how the field might better address these challenges in its future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kalman
- Occupational Health Service, Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Scotland, UK
| | - Deborah Oughton
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
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Dauer LT, Yorke E, Williamson M, Gao Y, Dauer ZL, Miller DL, Vañó E. Radiotherapeutic implications of the updated ICRP thresholds for tissue reactions related to cataracts and circulatory diseases. Ann ICRP 2018; 47:196-213. [PMID: 29741403 DOI: 10.1177/0146645318759622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy of cancer patients involves a trade-off between a sufficient tumour dose for a high probability of local control and dose to organs at risk that is low enough to lead to a clinically acceptable probability of toxicity. The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reviewed epidemiological evidence and provided updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury, as defined at the level of 1% incidence, in ICRP Publication 118. Particular attention was paid to cataracts and circulatory diseases. ICRP recommended nominal absorbed dose threshold for these outcomes as low as 0.5 Gy. Threshold doses for tissue reactions can be reached in some patients during radiation therapy. Modern treatment planning systems do not account for such low doses accurately, and doses to therapy patients from associated imaging procedures are not generally accounted for. While local control is paramount, the observations of ICRP Publication 118 suggest that radiation therapy plans and processes should be examined with particular care. The research needs are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- L T Dauer
- a Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,b Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, USA
| | - E Yorke
- a Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Williamson
- a Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Gao
- a Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - E Vañó
- e Compultense University, Spain
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26
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Andersson M, Johansson L, Eckerman K, Mattsson S. IDAC-Dose 2.1, an internal dosimetry program for diagnostic nuclear medicine based on the ICRP adult reference voxel phantoms. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:88. [PMID: 29098485 PMCID: PMC5668221 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the estimated radiation-absorbed dose to organs and tissues in patients undergoing diagnostic examinations in nuclear medicine is derived via calculations based on models of the human body and the biokinetic behaviour of the radiopharmaceutical. An internal dosimetry computer program, IDAC-Dose2.1, was developed based on the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP)-specific absorbed fractions and computational framework of internal dose assessment given for reference adults in ICRP Publication 133. The program uses the radionuclide decay database of ICRP Publication 107 and considers 83 different source regions irradiating 47 target tissues, defining the effective dose as presented in ICRP Publications 60 and 103. The computer program was validated against another ICRP dosimetry program, Dose and Risk Calculation (DCAL), that employs the same computational framework in evaluation of occupational and environmental intakes of radionuclides. IDAC-Dose2.1 has a sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures of different volumes and composition; this sub-module is intended for absorbed dose estimates in radiopharmaceutical therapy. For nine specific alpha emitters, the absorbed dose contribution from their decay products is also included in the committed absorbed dose calculations. RESULTS The absorbed doses and effective dose of 131I-iodide determined by IDAC-Dose2.1 were validated against the dosimetry program DCAL, showing identical results. IDAC-Dose2.1 was used to calculate absorbed doses for intravenously administered 18F-FDG and orally administered 99mTc-pertechnetate and 131I-iodide, three frequently used radiopharmaceuticals. Using the tissue weighting factors from ICRP Publication 103, the effective dose per administered activity was estimated to be 0.016 mSv/MBq for 18F-FDG, 0.014 mSv/MBq for 99mTc-pertechnetate, and 16 mSv/MBq for 131I-iodide. CONCLUSIONS The internal dosimetry program IDAC-Dose2.1 was developed and applied to three radiopharmaceuticals for validation against DCAL and to generate improved absorbed dose estimations for diagnostic nuclear medicine using specific absorbed fraction values of the ICRP computational voxel phantoms. The sub-module for absorbed dose calculations in spherical structures 1 mm to 9 cm in diameter and different tissue composition was included to broaden the clinical usefulness of the program. The IDAC-Dose2.1 program is free software for research and available for download at http://www.idac-dose.org .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lennart Johansson
- Radiation Physics, Department of Radiation Sciences, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Keith Eckerman
- Center for Radiation Protection Knowledge, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Translational Medicine, Malmö, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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27
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Yarahmadi M, Shahsavani A, Mahmoudian MH, Shamsedini N, Rastkari N, Kermani M. Estimation of the residential radon levels and the annual effective dose in dwellings of Shiraz, Iran, in 2015. Electron Physician 2016; 8:2497-505. [PMID: 27504164 PMCID: PMC4965199 DOI: 10.19082/2497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Radon is the second most important cause of lung cancer after smoking. Thus, the determination of indoor radon concentrations in dwellings and workplaces is an important public health concern. The purpose of this research was to measure the concentration of radon gas in residential homes and public places in the city of Shiraz and its relationship with the type and age of the buildings as well as the type of materials used to construct the building (brick, block). We also determined the radon dosages that occupants of the building would receive. Methods The present study is a descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional research that was conducted on the building’s indoor air in the city of Shiraz in 2015. Using geographic information system (GIS) software and a spatial sampling cell with an area of 25 square kilometers, 200 points were selected. In this study, we used passive diffusive samplers as Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD) CR-39 polycarbonate films for three months in the winter. Sampling was conducted in accordance with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s protocol. We determined the concentrations of radon gas at the time of sampling, and calibration factors were determined. The data were analyzed by IBM-SPSS, version 20, descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann–Whitney tests. Results This study showed that the average radon concentration was 57.6 ± 33.06 Bq/m3 in residential dwellings. The average effective dose was 1.45 mSv/y. The concentration of radon in 5.4% of the houses was found to be greater than 100 Bq/m3, which is above the level allowed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Conclusion Since radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer, it seems necessary to increase the public’s awareness of this issue and to take action to reduce radon in homes when the concentrations are above the WHO’s guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yarahmadi
- Environmental and Occupational Health Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shahsavani
- Environmental and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran; Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Narges Shamsedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Kermani
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) has been in existence for 87 y, since its establishment in 1928. It remains a leading authority in radiological protection, and its role is to provide recommendations and guidance on all aspects of protection against ionising radiation. The published recommendations of ICRP form the basis of radiation safety standards worldwide. Modernisation of the organisation in recent years has led to new initiatives and changes. These have included writing a strategic plan and code of ethics for the first time. Elections for committee membership have been through open nominations, a process which will shortly be repeated for the membership in the next term, commencing on 1 July 2017. Biennial symposia started in 2011, and the success of the first two symposia has secured this venture as a regular part of the ICRP calendar. ICRP has also revised its method of working with other organisations by establishing 'special liaison organisation' status. This has improved collaboration with the ever-expanding number of organisations working in radiological protection, with whom it is important that ICRP has essential links. ICRP is also looking to review its legal basis and governing documents in the future, in order to ensure that best practices are being followed as ICRP evolves. In addition, the strategic plan will be reviewed and updated regularly. Other ways of working with organisations will be considered to further strengthen engagement with the wider radiological protection community. ICRP aims to make its publications available at low or no cost, and to produce both a plain language overview of the system of radiological protection and a summary of the recommendations. These activities will require additional financial resources, and ICRP has embarked on a fundraising campaign to support such efforts. ICRP can be proud of its history of maintaining its independence and preserving the wide respect earned over many years. Despite long traditions, ICRP has evolved and will continue to do so to perform as a more modern organisation as it heads towards a centenary and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cousins
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Schwartz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
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30
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A. Endo on behalf of ICRU Report Committee 26 on Operational Radiation Protection Quantities for External Radiation. Operational quantities and new approach by ICRU. Ann ICRP 2016; 45:178-87. [PMID: 26980797 DOI: 10.1177/0146645315624341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The protection quantities, equivalent dose in a tissue or organ and effective dose, were developed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) to allow quantification of the extent of exposure of the human body to ionising radiation. These quantities are used for the implementation of limitation and optimisation principles. Body-related protection quantities are not measurable in practice. Therefore, the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) developed a set of operational dose quantities for use in radiation measurements for external exposure that can assess the protection quantities. The current ICRU operational quantities were defined more than 30 years ago. ICRU Report Committee 26 examined the rationale for the operational quantities, taking account of changes in the definitions of the protection quantities in ICRP's 2007 Recommendations. The considerations included the range of types and energies of particles contributing to exposure of workers and members of the public. ICRU Report Committee 26 investigated a set of alternative definitions for the operational quantities. The major change to the currently favoured set of quantities is redefinition of the operational quantities, from being based on doses at specific points in the ICRU sphere and soft tissue, to being based on particle fluence and conversion coefficients for effective dose and absorbed dose to the lens of the eye and local skin.
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31
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Abstract
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), an independent international organization established in 1925, develops, maintains, and elaborates radiological protection standards, legislation, and guidelines. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) provides scientific evidence. World Health Organization (WHO) and International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) utilise the ICRP recommendations to implement radiation protection in practice. Finally, radiation protection agencies in each country adopt the policies, and adapt them to each situation. In Korea, Nuclear Safety and Security Commission is the governmental body for nuclear safety regulation and Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety is a public organization for technical support and R&D in nuclear safety and radiation protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon Wook Kang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Rühm W, Woloschak GE, Shore RE, Azizova TV, Grosche B, Niwa O, Akiba S, Ono T, Suzuki K, Iwasaki T, Ban N, Kai M, Clement CH, Bouffler S, Toma H, Hamada N. Dose and dose-rate effects of ionizing radiation: a discussion in the light of radiological protection. Radiat Environ Biophys 2015; 54:379-401. [PMID: 26343037 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-015-0613-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The biological effects on humans of low-dose and low-dose-rate exposures to ionizing radiation have always been of major interest. The most recent concept as suggested by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is to extrapolate existing epidemiological data at high doses and dose rates down to low doses and low dose rates relevant to radiological protection, using the so-called dose and dose-rate effectiveness factor (DDREF). The present paper summarizes what was presented and discussed by experts from ICRP and Japan at a dedicated workshop on this topic held in May 2015 in Kyoto, Japan. This paper describes the historical development of the DDREF concept in light of emerging scientific evidence on dose and dose-rate effects, summarizes the conclusions recently drawn by a number of international organizations (e.g., BEIR VII, ICRP, SSK, UNSCEAR, and WHO), mentions current scientific efforts to obtain more data on low-dose and low-dose-rate effects at molecular, cellular, animal and human levels, and discusses future options that could be useful to improve and optimize the DDREF concept for the purpose of radiological protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Rühm
- Institute of Radiation Protection, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy E Shore
- Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF), 5-2 Hijiyama Park, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, 732-0815, Japan
| | - Tamara V Azizova
- Southern Urals Biophysics Institute (SUBI), Ozyorskoe Shosse 19, Ozyorsk, Chelyabinsk Region, Russian Federation, 456780
| | - Bernd Grosche
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstaedter Landstr. 1, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Ohtsura Niwa
- Fukushima Medical University, Hikarigaoka 1, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
| | - Suminori Akiba
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, 1-7 Ienomae, Rokkasho, Aomori-ken, 039-3212, Japan
| | - Keiji Suzuki
- Department of Radiation Medical Sciences, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiyasu Iwasaki
- Radiation Safety Research Center, Nuclear Technology Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), 2-11-1 Iwado-kita, Tokyo, 201-8511, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ban
- Faculty of Nursing, Tokyo Healthcare University, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8558, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, 2944-9 Megusuno, Oita, 840-1201, Japan
| | - Christopher H Clement
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada
| | - Simon Bouffler
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, Didcot, OX11 ORQ, UK
| | - Hideki Toma
- JAPAN NUS Co., Ltd. (JANUS), 7-5-25 Nishi-Shinjuku, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Hamada
- International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), PO Box 1046, Station B, 280 Slater Street, Ottawa, ON, K1P 5S9, Canada.
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33
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Abstract
Commission 1 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection considers the risk of induction of cancer and heritable disease (stochastic effects) together with the underlying mechanisms of radiation action. Committee 1 also considers the risks, severity, and mechanisms of induction of tissue/organ damage and developmental defects (deterministic effects). The Committee was significantly revamped in 2013 and last met in Abu Dhabi in October 2013. Committee 1 evaluated progress on two ongoing task groups: Task Group 64 'Cancer Risk from Alpha Emitters' and Task Group 75 'Stem Cell Radiobiology'. Following approval from the Main Commission, Committee 1 established two new task groups: Task Group 91 'Radiation Risk Inference at Low Dose and Low Dose Rate Exposure for Radiological Protection Purposes' and Task Group 92 'Terminology and Definitions'. This article presents a synopsis of the current status of Committee 1 and outlines the tasks that Committee 1 may undertake in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Morgan
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, PO Box 999, MSIN J4-02, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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34
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Abstract
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safety requirements: 'General Safety Requirements Part 3--Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International Basic Safety Standards' (BSS) was approved by the IAEA Board of Governors at its meeting in September 2011, and was issued as General Safety Requirements Part 3 in July 2014. The equivalent dose limit for the lens of the eye for occupational exposure in planned exposure situations was reduced from 150 mSv year(-1) to 20 mSv year(-1), averaged over defined periods of 5 years, with no annual dose in a single year exceeding 50 mSv. This reduction in the dose limit for the lens of the eye followed the recommendation of the International Commission on Radiological Protection in its statement on tissue reactions of 21 April 2011. IAEA has developed guidance on the implications of the new dose limit for the lens of the eye. This paper summarises the process that led to the inclusion of the new dose limit for the lens of the eye in the BSS, and the implications of the new dose limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Boal
- Radiation Safety and Monitoring Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - M Pinak
- Radiation Safety and Monitoring Section, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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35
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Abstract
The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) is a premier international organisation for the protection of workers, patients, and the public against ionising radiation. It was established in 1928 to advance, for the public benefit, the science of radiological protection, with its work in the early years focusing mainly on occupational exposure in medicine. The name 'International Commission on Radiological Protection' was adopted in 1950 to reflect the wider and more diverse areas of work that were being undertaken. ICRP has published 13 sets of general recommendations and these form the basis of radiation safety standards worldwide. ICRP consists of the Main Commission and five standing committees. There are 84 official members of the Main Commission and Committees 1-5, but more than 200 members who work with ICRP through its task groups. ICRP has developed a strategic plan for 2011-2017 and has made progress with some of its initiatives. These include establishing close liaison with other radiological protection organisations, responding to the needs and concerns of the radiological protection community, and identifying areas of work that require scrutiny of science and practice to produce relevant recommendations. This strategy means that ICRP will continue to be a leader in radiological protection for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Cousins
- Department of Radiology, Box 218, Addenbrooke's Hospital NHS Trust, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK;
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36
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Andersson M, Johansson L, Minarik D, Leide-Svegborn S, Mattsson S. Effective dose to adult patients from 338 radiopharmaceuticals estimated using ICRP biokinetic data, ICRP/ICRU computational reference phantoms and ICRP 2007 tissue weighting factors. EJNMMI Phys 2014; 1:9. [PMID: 26501451 PMCID: PMC4545621 DOI: 10.1186/2197-7364-1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective dose represents the potential risk to a population of stochastic effects of ionizing radiation (mainly lethal cancer). In recent years, there have been a number of revisions and updates influencing the way to estimate the effective dose. The aim of this work was to recalculate the effective dose values for the 338 different radiopharmaceuticals previously published by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). METHOD The new estimations are based on information on the cumulated activities per unit administered activity in various organs and tissues and for the various radiopharmaceuticals obtained from the ICRP publications 53, 80 and 106. The effective dose for adults was calculated using the new ICRP/International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) reference voxel phantoms and decay data from the ICRP publication 107. The ICRP human alimentary tract model has also been applied at the recalculations. The effective dose was calculated using the new tissue weighting factors from ICRP publications 103 and the prior factors from ICRP publication 60. The results of the new calculations were compared with the effective dose values published by the ICRP, which were generated with the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) adult phantom and the tissue weighting factors from ICRP publication 60. RESULTS For 79% of the radiopharmaceuticals, the new calculations gave a lower effective dose per unit administered activity than earlier estimated. As a mean for all radiopharmaceuticals, the effective dose was 25% lower. The use of the new adult computational voxel phantoms has a larger impact on the change of effective doses than the change to new tissue weighting factors. CONCLUSION The use of the new computational voxel phantoms and the new weighting factors has generated new effective dose estimations. These are supposed to result in more realistic estimations of the radiation risk to a population undergoing nuclear medicine investigations than hitherto available values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andersson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | | | - David Minarik
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sigrid Leide-Svegborn
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sören Mattsson
- Medical Radiation Physics, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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37
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Shin HS, Nam KC, Park H, Choi HU, Kim HY, Park CS. Effective doses from panoramic radiography and CBCT (cone beam CT) using dose area product (DAP) in dentistry. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2014; 43:20130439. [PMID: 24845340 DOI: 10.1259/dmfr.20130439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We compared the effective dose from panoramic radiography with that from cone beam CT (CBCT) using dose area product under adult and child exposure conditions. METHODS The effective doses of the cephalo, panorama, implant and dental modes of Alphard 3030 (Asahi Roentgen Ind., Co. Ltd, Kyoto, Japan) CBCT and the Jaw, Wide, Facial and temporomandibular joint modes of Rayscan Symphony (RAY Co., Ltd, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea) CBCT were compared with those of CRANEX(®) 3+ CEPH (Soredex Orion Corporation, Helsinki, Finland) panoramic radiography equipment under adult and child exposure conditions. Each effective dose was calculated using a conversion formula from dose area product meter measured values (VacuTec Messtechnik GmbH, Dresden, Germany). The conversion formulae used were suggested by Helmrot and Alm Carlsson and Batista et al, and they were applied with the tube voltage taken into consideration. RESULTS The maximum effective doses from the Alphard 3030 and Rayscan Symphony were 67 and 21 times greater than that from panoramic radiography, respectively. The ratios of the effective dose under the child setting to that under the adult condition were 0.60-0.62 and 0.84-0.95, and the maximum differences in effective doses between the adult and child exposure settings were equivalent to 27 and 4 times greater than a panoramic examination in the Alphard 3030 and Rayscan Symphony, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The effective CBCT doses were higher than those of panoramic radiography. The differences in effective doses between the adult and child CBCT settings were dependent on equipment type and exposure parameters. Therefore, adequate mode selection and control of exposure as well as further research are necessary to minimize the effective dose to patients, especially for radiosensitive children.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Shin
- 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Yonsei University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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38
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Yankovich T, Beresford NA, Fesenko S, Fesenko J, Phaneuf M, Dagher E, Outola I, Andersson P, Thiessen K, Ryan J, Wood MD, Bollhöfer A, Barnett CL, Copplestone D. Establishing a database of radionuclide transfer parameters for freshwater wildlife. J Environ Radioact 2013; 126:299-313. [PMID: 23103210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2012.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Environmental assessments to evaluate potentials risks to humans and wildlife often involve modelling to predict contaminant exposure through key pathways. Such models require input of parameter values, including concentration ratios, to estimate contaminant concentrations in biota based on measurements or estimates of concentrations in environmental media, such as water. Due to the diversity of species and the range in physicochemical conditions in natural ecosystems, concentration ratios can vary by orders of magnitude, even within similar species. Therefore, to improve model input parameter values for application in aquatic systems, freshwater concentration ratios were collated or calculated from national grey literature, Russian language publications, and refereed papers. Collated data were then input into an international database that is being established by the International Atomic Energy Agency. The freshwater database enables entry of information for all radionuclides listed in ICRP (1983), in addition to the corresponding stable elements, and comprises a total of more than 16,500 concentration ratio (CRwo-water) values. Although data were available for all broad wildlife groups (with the exception of birds), data were sparse for many organism types. For example, zooplankton, crustaceans, insects and insect larvae, amphibians, and mammals, for which there were CRwo-water values for less than eight elements. Coverage was most comprehensive for fish, vascular plants, and molluscs. To our knowledge, the freshwater database that has now been established represents the most comprehensive set of CRwo-water values for freshwater species currently available for use in radiological environmental assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yankovich
- Saskatchewan Research Council (SRC), Environment and Forestry, #125, 15 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 2X8, Canada.
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