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Van der Meeren A, Devilliers K, Griffiths N, Chaplault AS, Defrance M, Ducouret G, Pasteur M, Laroche P, Caire-Maurisier F. Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Injured Skin with Ca-DTPA Products Using an Ex Vivo Rat Skin Model. HEALTH PHYSICS 2024:00004032-990000000-00149. [PMID: 38768323 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Skin contamination by α-emitting actinides such as plutonium and americium is a risk for workers during nuclear fuel production and reactor decommissioning. Decontamination of skin is an important medical countermeasure to limit potential internal contamination, particularly in the case of injured skin. Current recommendations include undressing of the victim followed by skin washing using soap or chelating agents, such as diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA). The goal of the present work is to assess the efficacy of a novel Ca-DTPA loaded gel to decontaminate injured skin exposed to plutonium or americium as compared to recommended treatments. For decontaminant testing on injured skin, whole body skin was obtained from euthanized rats and lesions created using a metallic brush. Delimited test areas were contaminated with plutonium or americium solutions of known properties. Various protocols were tested including time before contamination, duration of gel application, washing steps, as well as the concomitant addition or not of dressings. Activity was measured in each decontamination product and in skin. Data indicate that healthy skin was easier to decontaminate than damaged skin. On injured skin, we demonstrated an increased decontamination efficacy of the Ca-DTPA gel formulation as compared to the solution. Importantly, gel application alone was effective, and further gel applications could be used for residual activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | - Nina Griffiths
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | - Martine Defrance
- Laboratory of Radio Toxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, 91297 Arpajon, France
| | | | | | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction of Health, Security, Environment & Radioprotection, Orano, Châtillon, France
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Calixarenes as Host Molecules for Drug Carriers in the Cosmetic and Medical Field. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-022-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Griffiths NM, Devilliers K, Laroche P, Van der Meeren A. A Simple, Rapid, Comparative Evaluation of Multiple Products for Decontamination of Actinide-contaminated Rat Skin Ex Vivo. HEALTH PHYSICS 2022; 122:371-382. [PMID: 34966085 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Decontamination of skin is an important medical countermeasure in order to limit potential internal contamination by radionuclides such as actinides. Minimizing skin surface contamination will ultimately prevent internal contamination and subsequent committed effective dose as well as contamination spreading. The decontamination agents tested on a rat skin ex vivo model ranged from water to hydrogel wound dressings. A surfactant-containing cleansing gel and calixarene nanoemulsion with chelation properties demonstrated marked decontamination efficacies as compared with water or the chelator DTPA. Based on efficacy to remove different actinide physicochemical forms from skin, the results demonstrate that all products can remove the more soluble forms, but a further component of emulsifying or tensioactive action is required for less soluble forms. This indicates that for practical purposes, successful decontamination will depend on identification of the actinide element, the physicochemical form, and possibly the solvent. This study offers a simple, quick, cheap, reproducible screening method for efficacy evaluation of multiple products for removal of a variety of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Griffiths
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Karine Devilliers
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
| | - Pierre Laroche
- Direction of Health, Security, Environment & Radioprotection, ORANO, Paris, France
| | - Anne Van der Meeren
- Laboratory of RadioToxicology, CEA, Paris-Saclay University, Bruyères le Châtel, France
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Skin decontamination procedures against potential hazards substances exposure. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 344:109481. [PMID: 34051209 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decontamination of unprotected skin areas is crucial to prevent excessive penetration of chemical contaminants after criminal or accidental release. A review of literature studies was performed to identify the available decontamination methods adopted to treat skin contamination after chemical, radiological and metal exposures. In this bibliographic review, an overview of the old and recent works on decontamination procedures followed in case of potential hazards substances contaminations with a comparison between these systems are provided. Almost all data from our 95 selected studies conducted in vitro and in vivo revealed that a rapid skin decontamination process is the most efficient way to reduce the risk of intoxication. The commonly-used or recommended conventional procedures are simple rinsing with water only or soapy water. However, this approach has some limitations because an easy removal by flushing may not be sufficient to decontaminate all chemical deposited on the skin, and skin absorption can be enhanced by the wash-in effect. Other liquid solutions or systems as adsorbent powders, mobilizing agents, chelation therapy are also applied as decontaminants, but till nowadays does not exist a decontamination method which can be adopted in all situations. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient and successful decontaminating formulations.
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Tarnowska M, Briançon S, Resende de Azevedo J, Chevalier Y, Bolzinger MA. Inorganic ions in the skin: Allies or enemies? Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119991. [PMID: 33091552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Skin constitutes a barrier protecting the organism against physical and chemical factors. Therefore, it is constantly exposed to the xenobiotics, including inorganic ions that are ubiquitous in the environment. Some of them play important roles in homeostasis and regulatory functions of the body, also in the skin, while others can be considered dangerous. Many authors have shown that inorganic ions could penetrate inside the skin and possibly induce local effects. In this review, we give an account of the current knowledge on the effects of skin exposure to inorganic ions. Beneficial effects on skin conditions related to the use of thermal spring waters are discussed together with the application of aluminium in underarm hygiene products and silver salts in treatment of difficult wounds. Finally, the potential consequences of dermal exposure to topical sensitizers and harmful heavy ions including radionuclides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Tarnowska
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Stéphanie Briançon
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jacqueline Resende de Azevedo
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Chevalier
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marie-Alexandrine Bolzinger
- University of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, LAGEPP UMR 5007, Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Faculté de Pharmacie de Lyon, 43 bd 11 Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Chanton P. Chelating properties of the calixarene carboxylic. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191406008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Grémy O. Medical countermeasures against radionuclide contamination: An overview. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20191406001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Tazrart A, Bolzinger MA, Moureau A, Molina T, Coudert S, Angulo JF, Briancon S, Griffiths NM. Penetration and decontamination of americium-241 ex vivo using fresh and frozen pig skin. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 267:40-47. [PMID: 27234047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skin contamination is one of the most probable risks following major nuclear or radiological incidents. However, accidents involving skin contamination with radionuclides may occur in the nuclear industry, in research laboratories and in nuclear medicine departments. This work aims to measure the penetration of the radiological contaminant Americium (241Am) in fresh and frozen skin and to evaluate the distribution of the contamination in the skin. Decontamination tests were performed using water, Fuller's earth and diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), which is the recommended treatment in case of skin contamination with actinides such as plutonium or americium. To assess these parameters, we used the Franz cell diffusion system with full-thickness skin obtained from pigs' ears, representative of human skin. Solutions of 241Am were deposited on the skin samples. The radioactivity content in each compartment and skin layers was measured after 24 h by liquid scintillation counting and alpha spectrophotometry. The Am cutaneous penetration to the receiver compartment is almost negligible in fresh and frozen skin. Multiple washings with water and DTPA recovered about 90% of the initial activity. The rest remains fixed mainly in the stratum corneum. Traces of activity were detected within the epidermis and dermis which is fixed and not accessible to the decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tazrart
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France; Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - M A Bolzinger
- Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - A Moureau
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - T Molina
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - S Coudert
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - J F Angulo
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France
| | - S Briancon
- Université de Lyon, F-69008, Lyon, France; Laboratoire de Dermopharmacie et Cosmétologie, Laboratoire d'Automatique et de Génie des Procédés (LAGEP), UMR CNRS 5007, 8, Avenue Rockefeller, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - N M Griffiths
- Laboratoire de RadioToxicologie, CEA/DRF/iRCM, Bruyères le Châtel, Arpajon, France.
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Fattal E, Tsapis N, Phan G. Novel drug delivery systems for actinides (uranium and plutonium) decontamination agents. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:40-54. [PMID: 26144994 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of accidents in the nuclear industry or of nuclear terrorist attacks makes the development of new decontamination strategies crucial. Among radionuclides, actinides such as uranium and plutonium and their different isotopes are considered as the most dangerous contaminants, plutonium displaying mostly a radiological toxicity whereas uranium exhibits mainly a chemical toxicity. Contamination occurs through ingestion, skin or lung exposure with subsequent absorption and distribution of the radionuclides to different tissues where they induce damaging effects. Different chelating agents have been synthesized but their efficacy is limited by their low tissue specificity and high toxicity. For these reasons, several groups have developed smart delivery systems to increase the local concentration of the chelating agent or to improve its biodistribution. The aim of this review is to highlight these strategies.
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Wilson J, Zuniga MC, Yazzie F, Stearns DM. Synergistic cytotoxicity and DNA strand breaks in cells and plasmid DNA exposed to uranyl acetate and ultraviolet radiation. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:338-49. [PMID: 24832689 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Depleted uranium (DU) has a chemical toxicity that is independent of its radioactivity. The purpose of this study was to explore the photoactivation of uranyl ion by ultraviolet (UV) radiation as a chemical mechanism of uranium genotoxicity. The ability of UVB (302 nm) and UVA (368 nm) radiation to photoactivate uranyl ion to produce single strand breaks was measured in pBR322 plasmid DNA, and the presence of adducts and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites that could be converted to single strand breaks by heat and piperidine was analyzed. Results showed that DNA lesions in plasmid DNA exposed to UVB- or UVA-activated DU were only slightly heat reactive, but were piperidine sensitive. The cytotoxicity of UVB-activated uranyl ion was measured in repair-proficient and repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cells and human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. The cytotoxicity of co-exposures of uranyl ion and UVB radiation was dependent on the order of exposure and was greater than co-exposures of arsenite and UVB radiation. Uranyl ion and UVB radiation were synergistically cytotoxic in cells, and cells exposed to photoactivated DU required different DNA repair pathways than cells exposed to non-photoactivated DU. This study contributes to our understanding of the DNA lesions formed by DU, as well as their repair. Results suggest that excitation of uranyl ion by UV radiation can provide a pathway for uranyl ion to be chemically genotoxic in populations with dermal exposures to uranium and UV radiation, which would make skin an overlooked target organ for uranium exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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