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Farg H, Elnakib A, Gebreil A, Alksas A, van Bogaert E, Mahmoud A, Khalil A, Ghazal M, Abou El-Ghar M, El-Baz A, Contractor S. Diagnostic value of PET imaging in clinically unresponsive patients. Br J Radiol 2024; 97:283-291. [PMID: 38308033 DOI: 10.1093/bjr/tqad040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Rapid advancements in the critical care management of acute brain injuries have facilitated the survival of numerous patients who may have otherwise succumbed to their injuries. The probability of conscious recovery hinges on the extent of structural brain damage and the level of metabolic and functional cerebral impairment, which remain challenging to assess via laboratory, clinical, or functional tests. Current research settings and guidelines highlight the potential value of fluorodeoxyglucose-PET (FDG-PET) for diagnostic and prognostic purposes, emphasizing its capacity to consistently illustrate a metabolic reduction in cerebral glucose uptake across various disorders of consciousness. Crucially, FDG-PET might be a pivotal tool for differentiating between patients in the minimally conscious state and those in the unresponsive wakefulness syndrome, a persistent clinical challenge. In patients with disorders of consciousness, PET offers utility in evaluating the degree and spread of functional disruption, as well as identifying irreversible neural damage. Further, studies that capture responses to external stimuli can shed light on residual or revived brain functioning. Nevertheless, the validity of these findings in predicting clinical outcomes calls for additional long-term studies with larger patient cohorts suffering from consciousness impairment. Misdiagnosis of conscious illnesses during bedside clinical assessments remains a significant concern. Based on the clinical research settings, current clinical guidelines recommend PET for diagnostic and/or prognostic purposes. This review article discusses the clinical categories of conscious disorders and the diagnostic and prognostic value of PET imaging in clinically unresponsive patients, considering the known limitations of PET imaging in such contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Farg
- Radiology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elnakib
- BioImaging Lab, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Ahmad Gebreil
- BioImaging Lab, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Ahmed Alksas
- BioImaging Lab, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Eric van Bogaert
- Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
| | - Ali Mahmoud
- BioImaging Lab, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Ashraf Khalil
- College of Technological Innovation, Zayed University, Abu Dhabi 4783, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed Ghazal
- Electrical, Computer, and Biomedical Engineering Department, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi 59911, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Abou El-Ghar
- Radiology Department, Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, 35516 Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ayman El-Baz
- BioImaging Lab, Bioengineering Department, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Sohail Contractor
- Department of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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Havlicek DF, Furhang R, Nikulina E, Smith-Salzberg B, Lawless S, Severin SA, Mallaboeva S, Nayab F, Seifert AC, Crary JF, Bergold PJ. A single closed head injury in male adult mice induces chronic, progressive white matter atrophy and increased phospho-tau expressing oligodendrocytes. Exp Neurol 2023; 359:114241. [PMID: 36240881 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) acutely damages the brain; this injury can evolve into chronic neurodegeneration. While much is known about the chronic effects arising from multiple mild TBIs, far less is known about the long-term effects of a single moderate to severe TBI. We found that a single moderate closed head injury to mice induces diffuse axonal injury within 1-day post-injury (DPI). At 14 DPI, injured animals have atrophy of ipsilesional cortex, thalamus, and corpus callosum, with bilateral atrophy of the dorsal fornix. Atrophy of the ipsilesional corpus callosum is accompanied by decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean and radial diffusivity that remains unchanged between 14 and 180 DPI. Injured animals show an increased density of phospho-tau immunoreactive (pTau+) cells in the ipsilesional cortex and thalamus, and bilaterally in corpus callosum. Between 14 and 180 DPI, atrophy occurs in the ipsilesional ventral fornix, contralesional corpus callosum, and bilateral internal capsule. Diffusion tensor MRI parameters remain unchanged in white matter regions with delayed atrophy. Between 14 and 180 DPI, pTau+ cell density increases bilaterally in corpus callosum, but decreases in cortex and thalamus. The location of pTau+ cells within the ipsilesional corpus callosum changes between 14 and 180 DPI; density of all cells increases including pTau+ or pTau- cells. >90% of the pTau+ cells are in the oligodendrocyte lineage in both gray and white matter. Density of thioflavin-S+ cells in thalamus increases by 180 DPI. These data suggest a single closed head impact produces multiple forms of chronic neurodegeneration. Gray and white matter regions proximal to the impact site undergo early atrophy. More distal white matter regions undergo chronic, progressive white matter atrophy with an increasing density of oligodendrocytes containing pTau. These data suggest a complex chronic neurodegenerative process arising from a single moderate closed head injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Havlicek
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Rachel Furhang
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Elena Nikulina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Bayle Smith-Salzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Siobhán Lawless
- School of Graduate Studies, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Sasha A Severin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Sevara Mallaboeva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Fizza Nayab
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America
| | - Alan C Seifert
- Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter J Bergold
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, United States of America.
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Moro F, Pischiutta F, Portet A, Needham EJ, Norton EJ, Ferdinand JR, Vegliante G, Sammali E, Pascente R, Caruso E, Micotti E, Tolomeo D, di Marco Barros R, Fraunberger E, Wang KKW, Esser MJ, Menon DK, Clatworthy MR, Zanier ER. Ageing is associated with maladaptive immune response and worse outcome after traumatic brain injury. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac036. [PMID: 35350551 PMCID: PMC8947244 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is increasingly common in older individuals. Older age is one of the strongest predictors for poor prognosis after brain trauma, a phenomenon driven by the presence of extra-cranial comorbidities as well as pre-existent pathologies associated with cognitive impairment and brain volume loss (such as cerebrovascular disease or age-related neurodegeneration). Furthermore, ageing is associated with a dysregulated immune response, which includes attenuated responses to infection and vaccination, and a failure to resolve inflammation leading to chronic inflammatory states. In traumatic brain injury, where the immune response is imperative for the clearance of cellular debris and survey of the injured milieu, an appropriate self-limiting response is vital to promote recovery. Currently, our understanding of age-related factors that contribute to the outcome is limited; but a more complete understanding is essential for the development of tailored therapeutic strategies to mitigate the consequences of traumatic brain injury. Here we show greater functional deficits, white matter abnormalities and worse long-term outcomes in aged compared with young C57BL/6J mice after either moderate or severe traumatic brain injury. These effects are associated with altered systemic, meningeal and brain tissue immune response. Importantly, the impaired acute systemic immune response in the mice was similar to the findings observed in our clinical cohort. Traumatic brain-injured patient cohort over 70 years of age showed lower monocyte and lymphocyte counts compared with those under 45 years. In mice, traumatic brain injury was associated with alterations in peripheral immune subsets, which differed in aged compared with adult mice. There was a significant increase in transcription of immune and inflammatory genes in the meninges post-traumatic brain injury, including monocyte/leucocyte-recruiting chemokines. Immune cells were recruited to the region of the dural injury, with a significantly higher number of CD11b+ myeloid cells in aged compared with the adult mice. In brain tissue, when compared with the young adult mice, we observed a more pronounced and widespread reactive astrogliosis 1 month after trauma in aged mice, sustained by an early and persistent induction of proinflammatory astrocytic state. These findings provide important insights regarding age-related exacerbation of neurological damage after brain trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Pischiutta
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Anaïs Portet
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Edward J. Needham
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Emma J. Norton
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - John R. Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosaria Pascente
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Caruso
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
- Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Tolomeo
- Laboratory of Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Rafael di Marco Barros
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Erik Fraunberger
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
- Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kevin K. W. Wang
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics and Biomarker Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael J. Esser
- Cumming School of Medicine, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Elisa R. Zanier
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence to: Elisa R. Zanier Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS 20156 Milan, Italy E-mail:
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Villamil F, Varela F, Caffaratti G, Ricciardi M, Cammarota A, Cervio A. Global Rostral Midbrain Syndrome (GRMS) and Corpus callosum infarction in the context of shunt overdrainage. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 213:107098. [PMID: 34973650 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.107098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We report 3 cases of Global rostral midbrain syndrome (GRMS) and Corpus Callosum (CC) infarction, in the context of hydrocephalus followed by shunt dysfunction and slit ventricles. Prior shunt implantation had been indicated for adult-onset hydrocephalus secondary to aqueductal stenosis of varying causes. All three patients had been stable for months before developing repeated shunt dysfunctions, ultimately progressing to parkinsonism, Parinaud syndrome, akinetic mutism, pyramidal signs, cognitive impairment, CC infarction and slit ventricles, in the context of CSF overdrainage. Parkinsonism-related symptoms responded to dopa in all cases, but Parinaud syndrome and cognitive impairment persisted. Although GRMS has been described in the context of a transtentorial pressure gradient after shunt blockage, in these three cases with similar clinical presentation, reverse transtentorial pressure gradient and slit ventricles due to shunt overdrainage was the likely cause. The authors discuss the role of CC infarction and provide a detailed analysis after gathering previously described data, to unify information under a recognizable clinical entity and better understand the underlying pathophysiology, treatment options and outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Facundo Villamil
- Department of Neurosurgery, Microsurgical Neuroanatomy Laboratory, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | - Andres Cervio
- Department of Neurosurgery, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Wu Z, Cao M, Di X, Wu K, Gao Y, Li X. Regional Topological Aberrances of White Matter- and Gray Matter-Based Functional Networks for Attention Processing May Foster Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Attention Deficits in Adults. Brain Sci 2021; 12:brainsci12010016. [PMID: 35053760 PMCID: PMC8774280 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is highly prevalent in adults. TBI-related functional brain alterations have been linked with common post-TBI neurobehavioral sequelae, with unknown neural substrates. This study examined the systems-level functional brain alterations in white matter (WM) and gray matter (GM) for visual sustained-attention processing, and their interactions and contributions to post-TBI attention deficits. Task-based functional MRI data were collected from 42 adults with TBI and 43 group-matched normal controls (NCs), and analyzed using the graph theoretic technique. Global and nodal topological properties were calculated and compared between the two groups. Correlation analyses were conducted between the neuroimaging measures that showed significant between-group differences and the behavioral symptom measures in attention domain in the groups of TBI and NCs, respectively. Significantly altered nodal efficiencies and/or degrees in several WM and GM nodes were reported in the TBI group, including the posterior corona radiata (PCR), posterior thalamic radiation (PTR), postcentral gyrus (PoG), and superior temporal sulcus (STS). Subjects with TBI also demonstrated abnormal systems-level functional synchronization between the PTR and STS in the right hemisphere, hypo-interaction between the PCR and PoG in the left hemisphere, as well as the involvement of systems-level functional aberrances in the PCR in TBI-related behavioral impairments in the attention domain. The findings of the current study suggest that TBI-related systems-level functional alterations associated with these two major-association WM tracts, and their anatomically connected GM regions may play critical role in TBI-related behavioral deficits in attention domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
| | - Meng Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (M.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Xin Di
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (M.C.); (X.D.)
| | - Kai Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510630, China;
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College, The City University of New York, New York, NY 11210, USA;
- The Graduate Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (M.C.); (X.D.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-973-596-5880
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Overman MJ, Zamboni G, Butler C, Ahmed S. Splenial white matter integrity is associated with memory impairments in posterior cortical atrophy. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab060. [PMID: 34007964 PMCID: PMC8112963 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Posterior cortical atrophy is an atypical form of Alzheimer’s disease characterized by visuospatial impairments and predominant tissue loss in the posterior parieto-occipital and temporo-occipital cortex. Whilst episodic memory is traditionally thought to be relatively preserved in posterior cortical atrophy, recent work indicates that memory impairments form a common clinical symptom in the early stages of the disease. Neuroimaging studies suggest that memory dysfunction in posterior cortical atrophy may originate from atrophy and functional hypoconnectivity of parietal cortex. The structural connectivity patterns underpinning these memory impairments, however, have not been investigated. This line of inquiry is of particular interest, as changes in white matter tracts of posterior cortical atrophy patients have been shown to be more extensive than expected based on posterior atrophy of grey matter. In this cross-sectional diffusion tensor imaging MRI study, we examine the relationship between white matter microstructure and verbal episodic memory in posterior cortical atrophy. We assessed episodic memory performance in a group of posterior cortical atrophy patients (n = 14) and a group of matched healthy control participants (n = 19) using the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test with Immediate Recall. Diffusion tensor imaging measures were obtained for 13 of the posterior cortical atrophy patients and a second control group of 18 healthy adults. Patients and healthy controls demonstrated similar memory encoding performance, indicating that learning of verbal information was preserved in posterior cortical atrophy. However, retrieval of verbal items was significantly impaired in the patient group compared with control participants. As expected, tract-based spatial statistics analyses showed widespread reductions of white matter integrity in posterior cortical regions of patients compared with healthy adults. Correlation analyses indicated that poor verbal retrieval in the patient group was specifically associated with microstructural damage of the splenium of the corpus callosum. Post-hoc tractography analyses in healthy controls demonstrated that this splenial region was connected to thalamic radiations and the retrolenticular part of the internal capsule. These results provide insight into the brain circuits that underlie memory impairments in posterior cortical atrophy. From a cognitive perspective, we propose that the association between splenial integrity and memory dysfunction could arise indirectly via disruption of attentional processes. We discuss implications for the clinical phenotype and development of therapeutic aids for cognitive impairment in posterior cortical atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Juliëtte Overman
- Research Institute for the Care of Older People (RICE), Bath BA1 3NG, UK.,MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, UK
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.,Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Samrah Ahmed
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 9DU, UK.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6ES, UK
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Miller LE, Urban JE, Davenport EM, Powers AK, Whitlow CT, Maldjian JA, Stitzel JD. Brain Strain: Computational Model-Based Metrics for Head Impact Exposure and Injury Correlation. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:1083-1096. [PMID: 33258089 PMCID: PMC10032321 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02685-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Athletes participating in contact sports are exposed to repetitive subconcussive head impacts that may have long-term neurological consequences. To better understand these impacts and their effects, head impacts are often measured during football to characterize head impact exposure and estimate injury risk. Despite widespread use of kinematic-based metrics, it remains unclear whether any single metric derived from head kinematics is well-correlated with measurable changes in the brain. This shortcoming has motivated the increasing use of finite element (FE)-based metrics, which quantify local brain deformations. Additionally, quantifying cumulative exposure is of increased interest to examine the relationship to brain changes over time. The current study uses the atlas-based brain model (ABM) to predict the strain response to impacts sustained by 116 youth football athletes and proposes 36 new, or derivative, cumulative strain-based metrics that quantify the combined burden of head impacts over the course of a season. The strain-based metrics developed and evaluated for FE modeling and presented in the current study present potential for improved analytics over existing kinematically-based and cumulative metrics. Additionally, the findings highlight the importance of accounting for directional dependence and expand the techniques to explore spatial distribution of the strain response throughout the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
| | - Jillian E Urban
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Davenport
- Department of Radiology, Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Alexander K Powers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
- Department of Radiology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Joseph A Maldjian
- Department of Radiology, Southwestern Medical School, University of Texas, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Joel D Stitzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University, 575 N. Patterson Avenue, Suite 530, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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8
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Castaño-Leon AM, Cicuendez M, Navarro-Main B, Munarriz PM, Paredes I, Cepeda S, Hilario A, Ramos A, Gómez PA, Lagares A. PREMIO SIXTO OBRADOR SENEC 2019: El uso de la secuencia Tensor de difusión como herramienta pronóstica en los pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico grave y moderado. Parte II: Análisis longitudinal de las características del Tensor de difusión y su relación con la evolución de los pacientes. Neurocirugia (Astur) 2020; 31:231-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucir.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The Relation Between Loss of Consciousness, Severity of Traumatic Brain Injury, and Injury of Ascending Reticular Activating System in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2020; 98:1067-1071. [PMID: 31206359 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000001243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Loss of consciousness is an indicator of the severity of traumatic brain injury and the ascending reticular activating system has been considered as a main structure for consciousness. However, no study on the relation between loss of consciousness and ascending reticular activating system injury in traumatic brain injury has been reported. We investigated the relation between loss of consciousness, severity of traumatic brain injury, and ascending reticular activating system injury using diffusion tensor tractography. DESIGN One hundred twenty patients were recruited. Three components of ascending reticular activating system, fractional anisotropy, and tract volume were measured. RESULTS In lower dorsal and ventral ascending reticular activating system, fractional anisotropy and tract volume value in mild group were higher than those of moderate and severe groups, and there was no difference between moderate and severe groups. In upper ascending reticular activating system, fractional anisotropy value in mild group was higher than in moderate group, and it was higher than in moderate group than in severe group. Tract volume value in mild group was higher than in severe group. Loss of consciousness showed moderate negative correlations with tract volume value of lower dorsal ascending reticular activating system (r = -0.348), fractional anisotropy value of lower ventral ascending reticular activating system (r = -0.343), and fractional anisotropy value of upper ascending reticular activating system (r = -0.416). CONCLUSIONS Injury severity was different among the three traumatic brain injury groups in upper ascending reticular activating system but did not differ between moderate and severe groups in lower dorsal and ventral ascending reticular activating system.
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Jang SH, Kim OL, Kim SH, Lee HD. Differences in corpus callosum injury between cerebral concussion and diffuse axonal injury. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17467. [PMID: 31593106 PMCID: PMC6799815 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated differences in corpus callosum (CC) injuries between patients with concussion and those with diffuse axonal injury (DAI) by using diffusion tensor tractography (DTT). METHODS Twenty-nine patients with concussion, 21 patients with DAI, and 25 control subjects were recruited. We reconstructed the whole CC and 5 regions of the CC after applying Hofer classification (I, II, III, IV, and V). The whole CC and each region of the CC were analyzed to measure DTT parameters (fractional anisotropy [FA], apparent diffusion coefficient [ADC], and fiber number [FN]). RESULTS In the whole CC, significant differences were observed in all DTT parameters between the concussion and control groups and the DAI and control groups (P < .05). Among the 5 regions of the CC, significant differences were observed in FA and ADC between the concussion and control groups and the DAI and control groups (P < .05). Significant differences in FN were observed in CC regions I and II (connected with the prefrontal lobe and secondary motor area) between the concussion and control groups, in CC regions I, II, III, and IV (connected with the frontoparietal lobes) between the DAI and control groups, and in CC regions III, IV (connected with the motor-sensory cortex) between the concussion and DAI groups (P < .05). CONCLUSION It was observed that both concussion and DAI patients showed diffuse neural injuries in the whole CC and all 5 regions of the CC. Neural FN results revealed that concussion patients appeared to be specifically injured in the anterior part of the CC connected with the frontal lobe, whereas DAI patients were injured in more diffuse regions connected with whole frontoparietal lobes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Jang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
| | - Oh Lyong Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ho Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Do Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Rehabilitation Science, Ulsan College University, Ulsan, Korea
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11
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Alosco ML, Stern RA. Youth Exposure to Repetitive Head Impacts From Tackle Football and Long-term Neurologic Outcomes: A Review of the Literature, Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions, and Societal and Clinical Implications. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2019; 30:107-116. [PMID: 31235012 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Youth participation in contact and collision sports, particularly tackle football, is associated with exposure to repetitive head impacts during a time period when tremendous brain maturation is occurring. Accumulating evidence suggests that exposure to repetitive head impacts from youth tackle football may increase vulnerability to long-term cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurologic disturbances. There are limitations to the current literature and conflicting findings exist. Nonetheless, participation in youth football has become a cause of concern to clinicians, scientists, politicians, coaches, parents, and children. The objective of this paper is to review the literature on the long-term cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurologic outcomes associated with participation in youth contact and collision sports, with a focus on tackle football. We provide an overview of the empirically derived framework that has served as the foundation for the investigation of youth tackle football and neurologic outcomes. The extant research studies on age of first exposure to tackle football and later-life cognitive and neuropsychiatric functioning, as well as structural brain changes are reviewed. We discuss the limitations of the current evidence, suggest future directions, and conclude with our opinions on societal and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Alosco
- Boston University (BU), Alzheimer's Disease Center, BU CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Robert A Stern
- Boston University (BU), Alzheimer's Disease Center, BU CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Departments of Neurosurgery and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
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12
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Castaño-Leon AM, Cicuendez M, Navarro B, Paredes I, Munarriz PM, Cepeda S, Hilario A, Ramos A, Gomez PA, Lagares A. Longitudinal Analysis of Corpus Callosum Diffusion Tensor Imaging Metrics and Its Association with Neurological Outcome. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2785-2802. [PMID: 30963801 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is the main cause of cognitive and psychological disfunction after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is considered a useful technique for indirect assessment of white matter (WM) integrity after a TBI. Scattered WM alterations and its relationship with patient severity have been discovered in normal appearing conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies based on DTI sequences. However, there is a lack of large sample studies on the longitudinal changes of DTI metrics to be used to determine the temporal profile after head injury and its association with patient outcome. We performed a prospective observational study in 118 moderate-to-severe TBI patients. The study included clinical outcome assessment based on the Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) and serial DTI studies in the early subacute setting (< 60 days) and 6 and 12 months after injury. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial and radial diffusivities (AD and RD, respectively) were measured in the three portions of corpus callosum (genu, body, splenium) at each time-point and compared with normalized values from an age-matched control group. Longitudinal FA analysis and its correlation with patient improvement also was done by non-parametric testing and ordinal regression analysis. Our main results indicated that between all the time-points, dynamic changes in DTI metrics in all three portions of corpus callosum were detected, but TBI patients continued to show significantly lower FA and AD values and higher RD values compared with controls. We also have discovered differences in the change of DTI metrics among different time-points in patient subgroups according with their outcome improvement. In conclusion, even without normalization of DTI metrics in the long-term, knowledge of the temporal profile of change in DTI metrics can provide important information about patients' clinical recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Castaño-Leon
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Cicuendez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Navarro
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Paredes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo M Munarriz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Cepeda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amaya Hilario
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramos
- Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro A Gomez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Lagares
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Chiou KS, Jiang T, Chiaravalloti N, Hoptman MJ, DeLuca J, Genova H. Longitudinal examination of the relationship between changes in white matter organization and cognitive outcome in chronic TBI. Brain Inj 2019; 33:846-853. [DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2019.1606449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy S. Chiou
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Tony Jiang
- Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Nancy Chiaravalloti
- Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew J. Hoptman
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John DeLuca
- Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Helen Genova
- Kessler Foundation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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14
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Wallace EJ, Mathias JL, Ward L. Diffusion tensor imaging changes following mild, moderate and severe adult traumatic brain injury: a meta-analysis. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:1607-1621. [PMID: 29383621 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-018-9823-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging quantifies the asymmetry (fractional anisotropy; FA) and amount of water diffusion (mean diffusivity/apparent diffusion coefficient; MD/ADC) and has been used to assess white matter damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI). In healthy brains, diffusion is constrained by the organization of axons, resulting in high FA and low MD/ADC. Following a TBI, diffusion may be altered; however the exact nature of these changes has yet to be determined. A meta-analysis was therefore conducted to determine the location and extent of changes in DTI following adult TBI. The data from 44 studies that compared the FA and/or MD/ADC data from TBI and Control participants in different regions of interest (ROIs) were analyzed. The impact of injury severity, post-injury interval (acute: ≤ 1 week, subacute: 1 week-3 months, chronic: > 3 months), scanner details and acquisition parameters were investigated in subgroup analyses, with the findings indicating that mild TBI should be examined separately to that of moderate to severe injuries. Lower FA values were found in 88% of brain regions following mild TBI and 92% following moderate-severe TBI, compared to Controls. MD/ADC was higher in 95% and 100% of brain regions following mild and moderate-severe TBI, respectively. Moderate to severe TBI resulted in larger changes in FA and MD/ADC than mild TBI. Overall, changes to FA and MD/ADC were widespread, reflecting more symmetric and a higher amount of diffusion, indicative of white matter damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica J Wallace
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jane L Mathias
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Lynn Ward
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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15
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Wallace E, Mathias J, Ward L. The relationship between diffusion tensor imaging findings and cognitive outcomes following adult traumatic brain injury: A meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 92:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Thengone DJ, Voss HU, Fridman EA, Schiff ND. Local changes in network structure contribute to late communication recovery after severe brain injury. Sci Transl Med 2017; 8:368re5. [PMID: 27928029 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf6113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous recovery of brain function after severe brain injury may evolve over a long time period and is likely to involve both structural and functional reorganization of brain networks. We longitudinally tracked the recovery of communication in a patient with severe brain injury using multimodal brain imaging techniques and quantitative behavioral assessments measured at the bedside over a period of 2 years and 9 months (21 months after initial injury). Structural diffusion tensor imaging revealed changes in brain structure across interhemispheric connections and in local brain regions that support language and visuomotor function. These findings correlated with functional brain imaging using functional magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography, which demonstrated increased language network recruitment in response to natural speech stimuli, graded increases in interhemispheric interactions of language-related frontal cortices, and increased cerebral metabolic activity in the language-dominant hemisphere. In addition, electrophysiological studies showed recovery of synchronization of sleep spindling activity. The observed changes suggest a specific mechanism for late recovery of communication after severe brain injury and provide support for the potential of activity-dependent structural and functional remodeling over long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Thengone
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Henning U Voss
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Citigroup Biomedical Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Esteban A Fridman
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Nicholas D Schiff
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Pischiutta F, Micotti E, Hay JR, Marongiu I, Sammali E, Tolomeo D, Vegliante G, Stocchetti N, Forloni G, De Simoni MG, Stewart W, Zanier ER. Single severe traumatic brain injury produces progressive pathology with ongoing contralateral white matter damage one year after injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:167-178. [PMID: 29126888 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that traumatic brain injury (TBI) may initiate long-term neurodegenerative processes, particularly chronic traumatic encephalopathy. However, insight into the mechanisms transforming an initial biomechanical injury into a neurodegenerative process remain elusive, partly as a consequence of the paucity of informative pre-clinical models. This study shows the functional, whole brain imaging and neuropathological consequences at up to one year survival from single severe TBI by controlled cortical impact in mice. TBI mice displayed persistent sensorimotor and cognitive deficits. Longitudinal T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed progressive ipsilateral (il) cortical, hippocampal and striatal volume loss, with diffusion tensor imaging demonstrating decreased fractional anisotropy (FA) at up to one year in the il-corpus callosum (CC: -30%) and external capsule (EC: -21%). Parallel neuropathological studies indicated reduction in neuronal density, with evidence of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the il-cortex, with further evidence of microgliosis and astrogliosis in the il-thalamus. One year after TBI there was also a decrease in FA in the contralateral (cl) CC (-17%) and EC (-13%), corresponding to histopathological evidence of white matter loss (cl-CC: -68%; cl-EC: -30%) associated with ongoing microgliosis and astrogliosis. These findings indicate that a single severe TBI induces bilateral, long-term and progressive neuropathology at up to one year after injury. These observations support this model as a suitable platform for exploring the mechanistic link between acute brain injury and late and persistent neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pischiutta
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Jennifer R Hay
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ines Marongiu
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Eliana Sammali
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy; Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Tolomeo
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Gloria Vegliante
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Nino Stocchetti
- Department of Physiopathology and Transplantation, Milan University, Milan, Italy; ICU Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia De Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - William Stewart
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elisa R Zanier
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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18
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Ljungqvist J, Nilsson D, Ljungberg M, Esbjörnsson E, Eriksson-Ritzén C, Skoglund T. Longitudinal changes in diffusion tensor imaging parameters of the corpus callosum between 6 and 12 months after diffuse axonal injury. Brain Inj 2017; 31:344-350. [PMID: 28128655 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1256500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) is used increasingly to detect diffuse axonal injury (DAI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in the diffusion tensor imaging parameters of the corpus callosum 6 and 12 months after TBI, to optimize the timing of follow-up DTI investigations. A secondary goal was to study the relationship between DTI parameters and outcome. RESEARCH DESIGN Longitudinal prospective study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES MR-DTI was performed in 15 patients with suspected DAI, 6 and 12 months post-injury. Sixteen controls were also examined. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and diffusivity (trace) in the corpus callosum were analysed. The outcome measures were the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale and the Barrow Neurological Institute Screen for Higher Cerebral Functions, assessed at 6 and 12 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS FA decreased and trace increased at 6 and 12 months compared to controls. Trace continued to increase even further between 6 and 12 months, while FA remained unchanged. Patients with the worst outcomes had lower FA and higher trace compared to patients with better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS DTI parameters have not reached a stable level at 6 months after DAI, but continue to change, probably reflecting an incessant microstructural alteration of the white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Esbjörnsson
- c Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation , Sahlgrenska University Hospital , Goteborg , Sweden
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19
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Licastro F, Hrelia S, Porcellini E, Malaguti M, Di Stefano C, Angeloni C, Carbone I, Simoncini L, Piperno R. Peripheral Inflammatory Markers and Antioxidant Response during the Post-Acute and Chronic Phase after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2016; 7:189. [PMID: 27853449 PMCID: PMC5089971 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a mechanical insult to the brain caused by external forces and associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. The patients may show different profiles of neurological recovery and a combination of oxidative damage and inflammatory processes can affect their courses. It is known that an overexpression of cytokines can be seen in peripheral blood in the early hours/days after the injury, but little is known about the weeks and months encompassing the post-acute and chronic phases. In addition, no information is available about the antioxidant responses mediated by the major enzymes that regulate reactive oxygen species levels: superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases, and GSH-related enzymes. This study investigates the 6-month trends of inflammatory markers and antioxidant responses in 22 severe TBI patients with prolonged disorders of consciousness, consecutively recruited in a dedicated neurorehabilitation facility. Patients with a high degree of neurological impairment often show an uncertain outcome. In addition, the profiles of plasma activities were related to the neurological recovery after 12 months. Venous peripheral blood samples were taken blindly as soon as clinical signs and laboratory markers confirmed the absence of infections, 3 and 6 months later. The clinical and neuropsychological assessment continued up to 12 months. Nineteen patients completed the follow-up. In the chronic phase, persistent high plasma levels of cytokines can interfere with cognitive functioning and higher post-acute levels of cytokines [interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL1b, IL6] are associated with poorer cognitive recoveries 12 months later. Moreover, higher IFN-γ, higher TNF-α, and lower glutathione peroxidase activity are associated with greater disability. The results add evidence of persistent inflammatory response, provide information about long-term imbalance of antioxidant activity, and suggest that the over-production of cytokines and the alteration of the redox homeostasis in the post-acute phase might adversely affect the neurological and functional recovery. Inflammatory and antioxidant activity markers might offer a feasible way to highlight some of the processes opposing recovery after a severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Licastro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Hrelia
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Elisa Porcellini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Malaguti
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Cristina Di Stefano
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Emergency Department, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Angeloni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Ilaria Carbone
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Simoncini
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Emergency Department, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Piperno
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Emergency Department, Maggiore Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Recent advances in neuroimaging methodologies sensitive to axonal injury have made it possible to assess in vivo the extent of traumatic brain injury (TBI) -related disruption in neural structures and their connections. The objective of this paper is to review studies examining connectivity in TBI with an emphasis on structural and functional MRI methods that have proven to be valuable in uncovering neural abnormalities associated with this condition. METHODS We review studies that have examined white matter integrity in TBI of varying etiology and levels of severity, and consider how findings at different times post-injury may inform underlying mechanisms of post-injury progression and recovery. Moreover, in light of recent advances in neuroimaging methods to study the functional connectivity among brain regions that form integrated networks, we review TBI studies that use resting-state functional connectivity MRI methodology to examine neural networks disrupted by putative axonal injury. RESULTS The findings suggest that TBI is associated with altered structural and functional connectivity, characterized by decreased integrity of white matter pathways and imbalance and inefficiency of functional networks. These structural and functional alterations are often associated with neurocognitive dysfunction and poor functional outcomes. CONCLUSIONS TBI has a negative impact on distributed brain networks that lead to behavioral disturbance.
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21
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Demonstration of Differentially Degenerated Corpus Callosam in Patients With Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: With a Premise of Cortical-callosal Relationship. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.5812/archneurosci.27768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Stamm JM, Koerte IK, Muehlmann M, Pasternak O, Bourlas AP, Baugh CM, Giwerc MY, Zhu A, Coleman MJ, Bouix S, Fritts NG, Martin BM, Chaisson C, McClean MD, Lin AP, Cantu RC, Tripodis Y, Stern RA, Shenton ME. Age at First Exposure to Football Is Associated with Altered Corpus Callosum White Matter Microstructure in Former Professional Football Players. J Neurotrauma 2015. [PMID: 26200068 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Youth football players may incur hundreds of repetitive head impacts (RHI) in one season. Our recent research suggests that exposure to RHI during a critical neurodevelopmental period prior to age 12 may lead to greater later-life mood, behavioral, and cognitive impairments. Here, we examine the relationship between age of first exposure (AFE) to RHI through tackle football and later-life corpus callosum (CC) microstructure using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Forty retired National Football League (NFL) players, ages 40-65, were matched by age and divided into two groups based on their AFE to tackle football: before age 12 or at age 12 or older. Participants underwent DTI on a 3 Tesla Siemens (TIM-Verio) magnet. The whole CC and five subregions were defined and seeded using deterministic tractography. Dependent measures were fractional anisotropy (FA), trace, axial diffusivity, and radial diffusivity. Results showed that former NFL players in the AFE <12 group had significantly lower FA in anterior three CC regions and higher radial diffusivity in the most anterior CC region than those in the AFE ≥12 group. This is the first study to find a relationship between AFE to RHI and later-life CC microstructure. These results suggest that incurring RHI during critical periods of CC development may disrupt neurodevelopmental processes, including myelination, resulting in altered CC microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Stamm
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Inga K Koerte
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University , Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Muehlmann
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatic, and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University , Munich, Germany
| | - Ofer Pasternak
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,15 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexandra P Bourlas
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine M Baugh
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,6 Interfaculty Initiative in Health Policy, Harvard University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michelle Y Giwerc
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anni Zhu
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael J Coleman
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathan G Fritts
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brett M Martin
- 7 Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christine Chaisson
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,7 Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael D McClean
- 9 Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P Lin
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,10 Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert C Cantu
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,11 Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,12 Sports Legacy Institute , Waltham, Massachusetts.,13 Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital , Concord, Massachusetts
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,8 Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert A Stern
- 1 CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,5 Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,11 Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts.,14 Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Martha E Shenton
- 3 Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,15 Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,16 VA Boston Healthcare System , Brockton Division, Brockton, Massachusetts
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Moen KG, Håberg AK, Skandsen T, Finnanger TG, Vik A. A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of the apparent diffusion coefficient values in corpus callosum during the first year after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:56-63. [PMID: 23837731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the evolution of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in normal-appearing tissue of the corpus callosum during the 1st year after traumatic brain injury (TBI), and relate findings to outcome. Fifty-seven patients (mean age 34 [range 11-63] years) with moderate to severe TBI were examined with diffusion weighted MRI at three time points (median 7 days, 3 and 12 months), and a sex- and age-matched control group of 47 healthy individuals, were examined once. The corpus callosum was subdivided and the mean ADC values computed blinded in 10 regions of interests without any visible lesions in the ADC map. Outcome measures were Glasgow Outcome Scale Extended (GOSE) and neuropsychological domain scores at 12 months. We found a gradual increase of the mean ADC values during the 12 month follow-up, most evident in the posterior truncus (r=0.19, p<0.001). Compared with the healthy control group, we found higher mean ADC values in posterior truncus both at 3 months (p=0.021) and 12 months (p=0.003) post-injury. Patients with fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) lesions in the corpus callosum in the early MRI, and patients with disability (GOSE score ≤6) showed evidence of increased mean ADC values in the genu and posterior truncus at 12 months. Mean ADC values in posterior parts of the corpus callosum at 3 months predicted the sensory-motor function domain score (p=0.010-0.028). During the 1st year after moderate and severe TBI, we demonstrated a slowly evolving disruption of the microstructure in normal appearing corpus callosum in the ADC map, most evident in the posterior truncus. The mean ADC values were associated with both outcome and ability to perform speeded, complex sensory-motor action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Gøran Moen
- 1 Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim, Norway
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Mishra AM, Bai X, Sanganahalli BG, Waxman SG, Shatillo O, Grohn O, Hyder F, Pitkänen A, Blumenfeld H. Decreased resting functional connectivity after traumatic brain injury in the rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95280. [PMID: 24748279 PMCID: PMC3991600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) contributes to about 10% of acquired epilepsy. Even though the mechanisms of post-traumatic epileptogenesis are poorly known, a disruption of neuronal networks predisposing to altered neuronal synchrony remains a viable candidate mechanism. We tested a hypothesis that resting state BOLD-fMRI functional connectivity can reveal network abnormalities in brain regions that are connected to the lesioned cortex, and that these changes associate with functional impairment, particularly epileptogenesis. TBI was induced using lateral fluid-percussion injury in seven adult male Sprague-Dawley rats followed by functional imaging at 9.4T 4 months later. As controls we used six sham-operated animals that underwent all surgical operations but were not injured. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed to measure resting functional connectivity. A week after functional imaging, rats were implanted with bipolar skull electrodes. After recovery, rats underwent pentyleneterazol (PTZ) seizure-susceptibility test under EEG. For image analysis, four pairs of regions of interests were analyzed in each hemisphere: ipsilateral and contralateral frontal and parietal cortex, hippocampus, and thalamus. High-pass and low-pass filters were applied to functional imaging data. Group statistics comparing injured and sham-operated rats and correlations over time between each region were calculated. In the end, rats were perfused for histology. None of the rats had epileptiform discharges during functional imaging. PTZ-test, however revealed increased seizure susceptibility in injured rats as compared to controls. Group statistics revealed decreased connectivity between the ipsilateral and contralateral parietal cortex and between the parietal cortex and hippocampus on the side of injury as compared to sham-operated animals. Injured animals also had abnormal negative connectivity between the ipsilateral and contralateral parietal cortex and other regions. Our data provide the first evidence on abnormal functional connectivity after experimental TBI assessed with resting state BOLD-fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asht Mangal Mishra
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxiao Bai
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Basavaraju G. Sanganahalli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Waxman
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, West Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Olena Shatillo
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Olli Grohn
- Biomedical NMR research group, Biomedical Imaging Unit, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurobiology, A. I. Virtanen Institute of Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hal Blumenfeld
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Core Center for Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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Arenth PM, Russell KC, Scanlon JM, Kessler LJ, Ricker JH. Corpus callosum integrity and neuropsychological performance after traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2014; 29:E1-E10. [PMID: 23558829 PMCID: PMC4918513 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0b013e318289ede5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) Detailed analysis of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters (fractional anisotropy and radial diffusivity) to evaluate white matter integrity in the corpus callosum (CC), and (2) examine correlations between DTI data and performance on multiple measures of cognitive functioning. PARTICIPANTS Twelve individuals with a history of complicated mild, moderate, or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) who were an average of 1.7 years postinjury and 12 control participants. MAIN MEASURES Standardized and experimental neuropsychological tests; detailed analysis of DTI parameters. RESULTS The TBI group demonstrated DTI values suggesting decreased white matter integrity and correlations with severity of injury. Both groups showed correlations between DTI parameters and cognitive measures, with more significant correlations observed for the TBI group. White matter changes in the CC were evident chronically and were related to severity of injury. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor imaging parameters suggesting disruptions in white matter in the CC may be implicated in impaired performance, both in terms of cognitive tasks and reaction time, after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M. Arenth
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine
- University of Pittsburgh Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition
| | - Kathryn C. Russell
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine
- University of Pittsburgh Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition
- University of Pittsburgh Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, School of Medicine
| | - Joelle M. Scanlon
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine
| | - Lauren J. Kessler
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine
| | - Joseph H. Ricker
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine
- University of Pittsburgh Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition
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26
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van der Eerden AW, Khalilzadeh O, Perlbarg V, Dinkel J, Sanchez P, Vos PE, Luyt CE, Stevens RD, Menjot de Champfleur N, Delmaire C, Tollard E, Gupta R, Dormont D, Laureys S, Benali H, Vanhaudenhuyse A, Galanaud D, Puybasset L. White matter changes in comatose survivors of anoxic ischemic encephalopathy and traumatic brain injury: comparative diffusion-tensor imaging study. Radiology 2013; 270:506-16. [PMID: 24471392 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.13122720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze white matter pathologic abnormalities by using diffusion-tensor (DT) imaging in a multicenter prospective cohort of comatose patients following cardiac arrest or traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIALS AND METHODS Institutional review board approval and informed consent from proxies and control subjects were obtained. DT imaging was performed 5-57 days after insult in 49 cardiac arrest and 40 TBI patients. To control for DT imaging-processing variability, patients' values were normalized to those of 111 control subjects. Automated segmentation software calculated normalized axial diffusivity (λ1) and radial diffusivity (λ⊥) in 19 predefined white matter regions of interest (ROIs). DT imaging variables were compared by using general linear modeling, and side-to-side Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated. P values were corrected for multiple testing (Bonferroni). RESULTS In central white matter, λ1 differed from that in control subjects in six of seven TBI ROIs and five of seven cardiac arrest ROIs (all P < .01). The λ⊥ differed from that in control subjects in all ROIs in both patient groups (P < .01). In hemispheres, λ1 was decreased compared with that in control subjects in three of 12 TBI ROIs (P < .05) and nine of 12 cardiac arrest ROIs (P < .01). The λ⊥ was increased in all TBI ROIs (P < .01) and in seven of 12 cardiac arrest ROIs (P < .05). Cerebral hemisphere λ1 was lower in cardiac arrest than in TBI in six of 12 ROIs (P < .01), while λ⊥ was higher in TBI than in cardiac arrest in eight of 12 ROIs (P < .01). Diffusivity values were symmetrically distributed in cardiac arrest (P < .001 for side-to-side correlation) but not in TBI patients. CONCLUSION DT imaging findings are consistent with the known predominance of cerebral hemisphere axonal injury in cardiac arrest and chiefly central myelin injury in TBI. This consistency supports the validity of DT imaging for differentiating axon and myelin damage in vivo in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke W van der Eerden
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.W.v.d.E., D.D., D.G.), the Neurosurgical ICU (P.S., L.P.), and the Medical ICU (C.E.L.), Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 47-83 boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris Cedex 13, France; Departments of Radiology (A.W.v.d.E.) and Neurology (P.E.V.), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; INSERM, UMRS 678, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, Paris, France (V.P., H.B.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass (O.K., J.D., R.G.); Division of Neuroscience Critical Care, Department of Anesthesiology Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md (R.D.S.); Department of Neuroradiology, Guy de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier, France (N.M.d.C.); Department of Neuroradiology, Roger Salengro Hospital, Lille, France (C.D.); Department of Neuroradiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Rouen, France (E.T.); and Cyclotron Research Center, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium (S.L., A.V.)
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Hulkower MB, Poliak DB, Rosenbaum SB, Zimmerman ME, Lipton ML. A decade of DTI in traumatic brain injury: 10 years and 100 articles later. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:2064-74. [PMID: 23306011 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY The past decade has seen an increase in the number of articles reporting the use of DTI to detect brain abnormalities in patients with traumatic brain injury. DTI is well-suited to the interrogation of white matter microstructure, the most important location of pathology in TBI. Additionally, studies in animal models have demonstrated the correlation of DTI findings and TBI pathology. One hundred articles met the inclusion criteria for this quantitative literature review. Despite significant variability in sample characteristics, technical aspects of imaging, and analysis approaches, the consensus is that DTI effectively differentiates patients with TBI and controls, regardless of the severity and timeframe following injury. Furthermore, many have established a relationship between DTI measures and TBI outcomes. However, the heterogeneity of specific outcome measures used limits interpretation of the literature. Similarly, few longitudinal studies have been performed, limiting inferences regarding the long-term predictive utility of DTI. Larger longitudinal studies, using standardized imaging, analysis approaches, and outcome measures will help realize the promise of DTI as a prognostic tool in the care of patients with TBI.
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28
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Morandi A, Rogers BP, Gunther ML, Merkle K, Pandharipande P, Girard TD, Jackson JC, Thompson J, Shintani AK, Geevarghese S, Miller RR, Canonico A, Cannistraci CJ, Gore JC, Ely EW, Hopkins RO. The relationship between delirium duration, white matter integrity, and cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors as determined by diffusion tensor imaging: the VISIONS prospective cohort magnetic resonance imaging study*. Crit Care Med 2012; 40:2182-9. [PMID: 22584766 PMCID: PMC3378755 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318250acdc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evidence is emerging that delirium duration is a predictor of long-term cognitive impairment in intensive care unit survivors. Relationships between 1) delirium duration and brain white matter integrity, and 2) white matter integrity and long-term cognitive impairment are poorly understood and could be explored using magnetic resonance imaging. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS A two-center, prospective cohort study incorporating delirium monitoring, neuroimaging, and cognitive testing in intensive care unit survivors. MEASUREMENTS Delirium was evaluated with the Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit and cognitive outcomes were tested at 3 and 12-month follow-up. Following the intensive care unit stay, fractional anisotropy, a measure of white matter integrity, was calculated quantitatively using diffusion tensor imaging with a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging scanner at hospital discharge and 3-month follow-up. We examined associations between 1) delirium duration and fractional anisotropy and 2) fractional anisotropy and cognitive outcomes using linear regression adjusted for age and sepsis. RESULTS A total of 47 patients with a median age of 50 yrs completed the diffusion tensor imaging-magnetic resonance imaging protocol. Greater duration of delirium (3 vs. 0 days) was associated with lower fractional anisotropy (i.e., reduced fractional anisotropy = white matter disruption) in the genu (-0.02; p = .04) and splenium (-0.01; p = .02) of the corpus callosum and anterior limb of the internal capsule (-0.02; p =.01) at hospital discharge. These associations persisted at 3 months for the genu (-0.02; p =.02) and splenium (-0.01; p = .004). Lower fractional anisotropy in the anterior limb of internal capsule at discharge and in genu of corpus callosum at three months was associated with worse cognitive scores at 3 and 12 months. CONCLUSIONS In this pilot investigation, delirium duration in the intensive care unit was associated with white matter disruption at both discharge and 3 months. Similarly, white matter disruption was associated with worse cognitive scores up to 12 months later. This hypothesis-generating investigation may help design future studies to explore these complex relationships in greater depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Morandi
- Center for Quality of Aging, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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29
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Farbota KD, Bendlin BB, Alexander AL, Rowley HA, Dempsey RJ, Johnson SC. Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological correlates in traumatic brain injury patients. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:160. [PMID: 22723773 PMCID: PMC3378081 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often involves focal cortical injury and white matter (WM) damage that can be measured shortly after injury. Additionally, slowly evolving WM change can be observed but there is a paucity of research on the duration and spatial pattern of long-term changes several years post-injury. The current study utilized diffusion tensor imaging to identify regional WM changes in 12 TBI patients and nine healthy controls at three time points over a four year period. Neuropsychological testing was also administered to each participant at each time point. Results indicate that TBI patients exhibit longitudinal changes to WM indexed by reductions in fractional anisotropy (FA) in the corpus callosum, as well as FA increases in bilateral regions of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and portions of the optic radiation (OR). FA changes appear to be driven by changes in radial (not axial) diffusivity, suggesting that observed longitudinal FA changes may be related to changes in myelin rather than to axons. Neuropsychological correlations indicate that regional FA values in the corpus callosum and sagittal stratum (SS) correlate with performance on finger tapping and visuomotor speed tasks (respectively) in TBI patients, and that longitudinal increases in FA in the SS, SLF, and OR correlate with improved performance on the visuomotor speed (SS) task as well as a derived measure of cognitive control (SLF, OR). The results of this study showing progressive WM deterioration for several years post-injury contribute to a growing literature supporting the hypothesis that TBI should be viewed not as an isolated incident but as a prolonged disease state. The observations of long-term neurological and functional improvement provide evidence that some ameliorative change may be occurring concurrently with progressive degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D Farbota
- Geriatric Research and Education Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison WI, USA
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Schmid KE, Tortella FC. The diagnosis of traumatic brain injury on the battlefield. Front Neurol 2012; 3:90. [PMID: 22701447 PMCID: PMC3373009 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan have placed an increased awareness on traumatic brain injury (TBI). Various publications have estimated the incidence of TBI for our deployed servicemen, however all have been based on extrapolations of data sets or subjective evaluations due to our current method of diagnosing a TBI. Therefore it has been difficult to get an accurate rate and severity of deployment related TBIs, or the incidence of multiple TBIs our service members are experiencing. As such, there is a critical need to develop a rapid objective method to diagnose TBI on the battlefield. Because of the austere environment of the combat theater the ideal diagnostic platform faces numerous logistical constraints not encountered in civilian trauma centers. Consequently, a simple blood test to diagnosis TBI represents a viable option for the military. This perspective will provide information on some of the current options for TBI biomarkers, detail concerning battlefield constraints, and a possible acquisition strategy for the military. The end result is a non-invasive TBI diagnostic platform capable of providing much needed advances in objective triage capabilities and improved clinical management of in-Theater TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara E Schmid
- Brain Trauma Neuroprotection and Neurorestoration Department, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD, USA
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31
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Wallesch CW, Schmidt R. [Medicolegal evaluation of traumatic brain injury]. DER NERVENARZT 2011; 82:1533-1540. [PMID: 22108810 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-011-3287-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The present state of medicolegal evaluation of persons with traumatic brain injury is discussed in this contribution. Both the ICD and German jurisdiction see a strict separation between structural and only functional brain damage that can be reliably evaluated through neurological, neuropsychological and neuroradiological means. However, there is evidence mainly from MRI investigations that there can be structural changes that presently cannot be detected in the single case, e.g. anisotropy. Furthermore, the neurological and neuropsychological differentiation of directly traumatic and psychogenic disorders can be difficult and requires expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-W Wallesch
- BDH-Klinik Elzach, Am Tannwald 1, 79215 Elzach, Deutschland.
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32
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Rathore RK, Gupta RK, Agarwal S, Trivedi R, Tripathi RP, Awasthi R. Principal eigenvector field segmentation for reproducible diffusion tensor tractography of white matter structures. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:1088-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2011.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ljungqvist J, Nilsson D, Ljungberg M, Sörbo A, Esbjörnsson E, Eriksson-Ritzén C, Skoglund T. Longitudinal study of the diffusion tensor imaging properties of the corpus callosum in acute and chronic diffuse axonal injury. Brain Inj 2011; 25:370-8. [PMID: 21355671 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2011.558038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (MR-DTI) is used increasingly to detect diffuse axonal injury (DAI) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). PRIMARY OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to investigate the changes in the diffusion properties of the corpus callosum in the acute phase and 6 months after TBI and to examine the correlation between DTI parameters and clinical outcome. RESEARCH DESIGN Longitudinal prospective study. METHODS AND PROCEDURES MR-DTI was performed in eight patients with suspected DAI within 11 days and at 6 months post-injury. Six controls were also examined. Fractional anisotropy (FA), trace and parallel and perpendicular diffusivity of the corpus callosum were analysed. The main outcome was the extended Glasgow Outcome Scale score, assessed at 6 months. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS A significant reduction in FA in the corpus callosum was seen in the acute phase in patients compared with the healthy controls. There was no significant change in the parallel or perpendicular eigenvalues or trace. At 6 months, a significant reduction in FA and a significant increase in trace and perpendicular eigenvalues were noticed compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS The diffusion properties of the corpus callosum correlated with clinical outcome in this longitudinal investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ljungqvist
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden.
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Wang J, Hamm RJ, Povlishock JT. Traumatic axonal injury in the optic nerve: evidence for axonal swelling, disconnection, dieback, and reorganization. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:1185-98. [PMID: 21506725 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major feature of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is associated with much of its morbidity. To date, significant insight has been gained into the initiating pathogenesis of TAI. However, the nature of TAI within the injured brain precludes the consistent evaluation of its specific anterograde and retrograde sequelae. To overcome this limitation, we used the relatively organized optic nerve in a central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) model. To improve the visualization of TAI, we utilized mice expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) in their visual pathways. Through this approach, we consistently generated TAI in the optic nerve and qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated its progression over a 48-h period in YFP axons via confocal microscopy and electron microscopy. In this model, delayed axonal swelling with subsequent disconnection were the norm, together with the fact that once disconnected, both the proximal and distal axonal segments revealed significant dieback, with the proximal swellings showing regression and reorganization, while the distal swellings persisted, although showing signs of impending degeneration. When antibodies targeting the C-terminus of amyloid precursor protein (APP), a routine marker of TAI were employed, they mapped exclusively to the proximal axonal segments without distal targeting, regardless of the survival time. Concomitant with this evolving axonal pathology, focal YFP fluorescence quenching occurred and mapped precisely to immunoreactive loci positive for Texas-Red-conjugated-IgG, indicating that blood-brain barrier disruption and its attendant edema contributed to this phenomenon. This was confirmed through the use of antibodies targeting endogenous YFP, which demonstrated the retention of intact immunoreactive axons despite YFP fluorescence quenching. Collectively, the results of this study within the injured optic nerve provide unprecedented insight into the evolving pathobiology associated with TAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqiong Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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35
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2011; 24:224-33. [PMID: 21386670 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0b013e32834585d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Wu TC, Wilde EA, Bigler ED, Li X, Merkley TL, Yallampalli R, McCauley SR, Schnelle KP, Vasquez AC, Chu Z, Hanten G, Hunter JV, Levin HS. Longitudinal changes in the corpus callosum following pediatric traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:361-73. [PMID: 20948181 DOI: 10.1159/000317058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atrophy of the corpus callosum (CC) is a documented consequence of moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), which has been expressed as volume loss using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Other advanced imaging modalities such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have also detected white matter microstructural alteration following TBI in the CC. The manner and degree to which macrostructural changes such as volume and microstructural changes develop over time following pediatric TBI, and their relation to a measure of processing speed is the focus of this longitudinal investigation. As such, DTI and volumetric changes in the CC in participants with TBI and a comparison group at approximately 3 and 18 months after injury as well as their relation to processing speed were determined. METHODS Forty-eight children and adolescents aged 7-17 years who sustained either complicated mild or moderate-to-severe TBI (n = 23) or orthopedic injury (OI; n = 25) were studied. The participants underwent brain MRI and were administered the Eriksen flanker task at both time points. RESULTS At 3 months after injury, there were significant group differences in DTI metrics in the total CC and its subregions (genu/anterior, body/central and splenium/posterior), with the TBI group demonstrating significantly lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and a higher apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in comparison to the OI group. These group differences were also present at 18 months after injury in all CC subregions, with lower FA and a higher ADC in the TBI group. In terms of longitudinal changes in DTI, despite the group difference in mean FA, both groups generally demonstrated a modest increase in FA over time though this increase was only significant in the splenium/posterior subregion. Interestingly, the TBI group also generally demonstrated ADC increases from 3 to 18 months though the OI group demonstrated ADC decreases over time. Volumetrically, the group differences at 3 months were marginal for the midanterior and body/central subregions and total CC. However, by 18 months, the TBI group demonstrated a significantly decreased volume in all subregions except the splenium/posterior area relative to the OI group. Unlike the OI group, which showed a significant volume increase in subregions of the CC over time, the TBI group demonstrated a significant and consistent volume decrease. Performance on a measure of processing speed did not differentiate the groups at either visit, and only the OI group showed significantly improved performance over time. Processing speed was related to FA in the splenium/posterior and total CC only in the TBI group on both occasions, with a stronger relation at 18 months. CONCLUSION In response to TBI, macrostructural volume loss in the CC occurred over time; yet, at the microstructural level, DTI demonstrated both indicators of continued maturation and development even in the damaged CC, as well as evidence of potential degenerative change. Unlike volumetrics, which likely reflects the degree of overall neuronal loss and axonal damage, DTI may reflect some aspects of postinjury maturation and adaptation in white matter following TBI. Multimodality imaging studies may be important to further understand the long-term consequences of pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor C Wu
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
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Tasker RC, Westland AG, White DK, Williams GB. Corpus callosum and inferior forebrain white matter microstructure are related to functional outcome from raised intracranial pressure in child traumatic brain injury. Dev Neurosci 2010; 32:374-84. [PMID: 20829579 DOI: 10.1159/000316806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In severe paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI), a common focus of treatment is raised intracranial pressure (ICP). We have previously reported frontal cerebral vulnerability with executive deficits from raised ICP in paediatric TBI. Now, using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in a different population, we have examined fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean, axial and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD) in 4 regions of the corpus callosum (CC) and in both inferior frontal regions. Our aim was to examine during the chronic phase of TBI whether the CC cross-sectional area correlated with regional DTI metrics of white matter microstructure, with global outcome ratings of function (Functional Independence Measure and Multiattribute Health Status Classification) and with performance in the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure (ROCF) test. We examined 33 paediatric TBI cases who were followed, on average, 4.9 years after severe injury. All cases had received mechanical ventilation during their acute treatment and, a priori, they were assigned to a non-ICP or a raised ICP group. Twenty-two participants had mainly right-sided injury at the time of acute ictus. The findings confirm that severe TBI in childhood, complicated by intracranial hypertension, results in CC vulnerability. In the chronic phase of recovery, it is reduced in the cross-sectional area, it is more compact and thinned, and the anterior region is disproportionately small. Late after raised ICP, we have also found that individuals exhibit regional microstructural abnormality with combined reduced FA and increased MD, AD and RD. Smaller size and such microstructural changes in the anterior CC were associated with similar right-sided (rather than left-sided) frontal microstructural changes in the ICP group. Taken together, this evidence points to an interaction between raised ICP-related brain tissue perturbation and focal frontal extracallosal injury, leading to anterior CC regional vulnerability, most likely wallerian degeneration. At long-term follow-up, this lack of white matter integrity in the anterior CC is correlated with functional outcome, particularly in aspects of social interaction and the copy component of the ROCF test, which suggests that the CC-to-forebrain function warrants further study in chronic TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Tasker
- Department of Paediatrics, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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