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Zeng Y, Wen F, Zhuang X, He G, Zhang X. EPIRETINAL MACROPHAGE-LIKE CELLS ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY: Potential Inflammatory Imaging Biomarker of Severity in Diabetic Retinopathy. Retina 2024; 44:1314-1322. [PMID: 38478763 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the clinical value of epiretinal macrophage-like cells (eMLCs) in different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR), including diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS One hundred and seventy-six eyes of 176 patients, including 31 diabetes eyes without retinopathy, 24 with mild nonproliferative DR (NPDR), 37 with moderate NPDR, 32 with severe NPDR, and 52 with proliferative DR, were compared with 30 healthy controls. The optic nerve head and macular region were examined using en face optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography. A previously described technique was employed to measure the eMLCs on the inner limiting membrane. RESULTS The optic nerve head and macular eMLC densities increased with worsening DR stage and were higher in moderate, severe NPDR, and proliferative DR, especially in eyes with DME (all adjusted P < 0.01). The optic nerve head and macular eMLC densities in the DME groups were higher than those in their corresponding non-DME groups at the same DR stage (all P < 0.05). The average macular thickness was correlated with macular eMLC density (standardized β = 0.661, P < 0.001) in patients with diabetes. The proportion of eyes with larger and plumper eMLCs increased with worsening DR and was higher in moderate, severe NPDR, proliferative DR, and eyes with DME ( P = 0.018, P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION Increased density along with morphological changes of eMLCs is observed beginning with moderate NPDR and correlates with the progression of DR, including DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China ; and
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China ; and
| | - Xuenan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China ; and
| | - Guiqin He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China ; and
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Guangzhou, China ; and
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Shughoury A, Bhatwadekar A, Jusufbegovic D, Hajrasouliha A, Ciulla TA. The evolving therapeutic landscape of diabetic retinopathy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2023; 23:969-985. [PMID: 37578843 PMCID: PMC10592121 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2023.2247987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Recent decades have seen rapid progress in the management of diabetic eye disease, evolving from pituitary ablation to photocoagulation and intravitreal pharmacotherapy. The advent of effective intravitreal drugs inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) marked a new era in DR therapy. Sustained innovation has since produced several promising biologics targeting angiogenesis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. AREAS COVERED This review surveys traditional, contemporary, and emerging therapeutics for DR, with an emphasis on anti-VEGF therapies, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors, angiopoietin-Tie2 pathway inhibitors, integrin pathway inhibitors, gene therapy 'biofactory' approaches, and novel systemic therapies. Some of these investigational therapies are being delivered intravitreally via sustained release technologies for extended durability. Other investigational agents are being delivered non-invasively via topical and systemic routes. These strategies hold promise for early and long-lasting treatment of DR. EXPERT OPINION The evolving therapeutic landscape of DR is rapidly expanding our toolkit for the effective and durable treatment of blinding eye disease. However, further research is required to validate the efficacy of novel therapeutics and characterize real world outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aumer Shughoury
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Ashay Bhatwadekar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Denis Jusufbegovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Amir Hajrasouliha
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
| | - Thomas A Ciulla
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46202
- Midwest Eye Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA 46290
- Clearside Biomedical, Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA 30005
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3
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Petrovic N, Todorovic D, Sarenac Vulovic T, Sreckovic S, Zivic F, Risimic D. Combined Treatment of Persistent Diabetic Macular Edema with Aflibercept and Triamcinolone Acetonide in Pseudophakic Eyes. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59050982. [PMID: 37241214 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The main cause of the vision loss in diabetics is the development of diabetic macular edema, regardless of the stage of diabetic retinopathy. The paper aimed to examine whether the additional intravitreal application of triamcinolone acetonide to continuous anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy could improve therapeutic outcomes for pseudophakic eyes with persistent diabetic macular edema. Materials and Methods: twenty-four pseudophakic eyes with refractory diabetic macular edema, that had appeared despite three previously administered intravitreal injections of aflibercept, were divided into two groups (twelve eyes in each group). The first group continued to have aflibercept administered according to a fixed dosing regimen (once in two months). Triamcinolone acetonide 10 mg/0.1 mL (administered once per four months) was included for the second group, i.e., their treatment continued with a combination of aflibercept + triamcinolone acetonide. Results: The reduction in central macular thickness was higher in the eyes treated with combined therapy (aflibercept + triamcinolone acetonide) compared with the use of aflibercept alone during the entire 12-month follow-up period (3rd month p = 0.019; 6th month p = 0.023; 9th month p = 0.027; 12th month p = 0.031). As was evident from the p-values, the differences were statistically significant. No statistically significant difference was recorded for visual acuity: 3rd month p = 0.423; 6th month p = 0.392; 9th month p = 0.413; 12th month p = 0.418. Conclusions: Combined anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and steroid therapy leads to a better anatomical outcome of persistent diabetic macular edema in pseudophakic eyes, but does not lead to a more significant improvement in visual acuity than continuous anti-VEGF therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Petrovic
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dusan Todorovic
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Tatjana Sarenac Vulovic
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suncica Sreckovic
- Clinic of Ophthalmology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Fatima Zivic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dijana Risimic
- Clinic for Eye Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
- Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, 11000 Beograd, Serbia
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4
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Sorour OA, Levine ES, Baumal CR, Elnahry AG, Braun P, Girgis J, Waheed NK. Persistent diabetic macular edema: Definition, incidence, biomarkers, and treatment methods. Surv Ophthalmol 2023; 68:147-174. [PMID: 36436614 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment has drastically improved the visual and anatomical outcomes in patients with diabetic macular edema (DME); however, success is not always guaranteed, and a proportion of these eyes demonstrate persistent DME (pDME) despite intensive treatment. While standardized criteria to define these treatment-resistant eyes have not yet been established, many studies refer to eyes with no clinical response or an unsatisfactory partial response as having pDME. A patient is considered to have pDME if the retinal thickness improves less than 10-25% after 6 months of treatment. A range of treatment options have been recommended for eyes with pDME, including switching anti-VEGF agents, using corticosteroids and/or antioxidant drugs in adjunct with anti-VEGF therapy, and vitrectomy. In addition, multimodal imaging of DME eyes may be advantageous in predicting the responsiveness to treatment; this is beneficial when initiating alternative therapies. We explore the literature on persistent DME regarding its defining criteria, incidence, the baseline biological markers that may be useful in anticipating the response to treatment, and the available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama A Sorour
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Emily S Levine
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline R Baumal
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Phillip Braun
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jessica Girgis
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nadia K Waheed
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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5
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Otsuka T, Masuda T, Takahashi Y, Suzuki A, Uemura A, Arakawa R, Okabe T, Naito A. Effect of triamcinolone acetonide on retinal inflammation and angiogenesis induced by pericyte depletion in mouse. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 151:28-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Gonzalez-Cortes JH, Martinez-Pacheco VA, Gonzalez-Cantu JE, Bilgic A, de Ribot FM, Sudhalkar A, Mohamed-Hamsho J, Kodjikian L, Mathis T. Current Treatments and Innovations in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010122. [PMID: 36678750 PMCID: PMC9866607 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness worldwide. Multiple treatment options have been used over time to attempt to modify the natural progression of the disease in both proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and diabetic macular edema (DME). These two retinal complications are the result of microvascular occlusions and vascular hyperpermeability and are considered one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in patients of working age. It is now well demonstrated that PDR and DME are associated with increased levels of inflammatory and pro-angiogenic factors in the ocular compartment. To date, laser photocoagulation, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, and corticosteroids have demonstrated efficacy in their treatment in large randomized controlled trials and in real-life observational studies. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive review of current treatments, including the main drugs used in diabetic pathologic manifestations, as well as new therapeutic alternatives, such as extended-release intraocular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus H. Gonzalez-Cortes
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-8182545652
| | - Victor A. Martinez-Pacheco
- Retina and Vitreous Department, Hospital de Nuestra Señora de la Luz, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 06030, Mexico
| | - Jesus E. Gonzalez-Cantu
- Ophthalmology Department, Instituto Avalos, University Galileo, Guatemala City 01010, Guatemala
| | - Alper Bilgic
- Alphavision Augenarztpraxis, 27568 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Francesc March de Ribot
- Department of Ophthalmology, Otago University, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Ophthalmology, Girona University, 17004 Girona, Spain
| | | | - Jesus Mohamed-Hamsho
- Ophthalmology Department, School of Medicine, University Hospital “Dr. Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez”, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey 64460, Mexico
| | - Laurent Kodjikian
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69004 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche—Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5510, Matéis, Villeurbanne, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Thibaud Mathis
- Service d’Ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69004 Lyon, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche—Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 5510, Matéis, Villeurbanne, 69004 Lyon, France
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Minaker SA, Mason RH, Lahaie Luna G, Farahvash A, Garg A, Bhambra N, Bapat P, Muni RH. Changes in aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokine levels in diabetic macular oedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e53-e70. [PMID: 33945678 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic macular oedema (DME) is considered a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrations in many intraocular cytokines. Studies assessing the role of these cytokines as biomarkers in the diagnosis and management of DME have demonstrated inconsistent findings. We quantitatively summarized data related to 116 candidate aqueous and vitreous inflammatory cytokines as biomarkers in DME. A systematic search without year limitation was performed up to 19 October 2020. Studies were included if they provided data on aqueous or vitreous cytokine concentrations in patients with DME. Effect sizes were generated as standardized mean differences (SMDs) of cytokine concentrations between patients with DME and controls. Data were extracted from 128 studies that included 4163 study eyes with DME and 1281 control eyes. Concentrations (standard mean difference, 95% confidence interval and p-value) of aqueous IL-6 (1.28, 0.57-2.00, p = 0.004), IL-8 (1.06, 0.74-1.39, p < 0.00001), MCP-1 (1.36, 0.57-2.16, p = 0.0008) and VEGF (1.31, 1.01-1.62, p < 0.00001) and vitreous VEGF (2.27, 1.55-2.99, p < 0.00001) were significantly higher in patients with DME (n = 4163) compared to healthy controls (n = 1281). No differences, failed sensitivity analyses or insufficient data were found between patients with DME and healthy controls for the concentrations of the remaining cytokines. This analysis implicates multiple cytokine biomarker candidates other than VEGF in DME and clarifies previously reported inconsistent associations. As the therapeutic options for DME expand to include multiple agents with multiple targets, it will be critical to manage the treatment burden with tailored therapy that optimizes outcomes and minimizes treatment burden. Intraocular cytokines have the promise of providing a robust individualized assessment of disease status and response to therapy. We have identified key candidate cytokines that may serve as biomarkers in individualized treatment algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A. Minaker
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Ryan H. Mason
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | | | - Armin Farahvash
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Anubhav Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Nishaant Bhambra
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Priya Bapat
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
| | - Rajeev H. Muni
- Department of Ophthalmology St. Michael’s Hospital/Unity Health Toronto Toronto Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Sciences University of Toronto Toronto Canada
- Kensington Vision and Research Centre Toronto Canada
- University of Toronto/Kensington Health Ophthalmology Biobank and Cytokine Laboratory Toronto Canada
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8
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Pesonen M, Kankaanpää E, Vottonen P. Cost-effectiveness of dexamethasone and triamcinolone for the treatment of diabetic macular oedema in Finland: A Markov-model. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:e1146-e1153. [PMID: 33421332 PMCID: PMC8597173 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetic macular oedema (DMO), a complication of diabetes, causes vision loss and blindness. Corticosteroids are usually used as a second-line treatment. The aim of this study was to analyse the cost-effectiveness of dexamethasone implants compared to cheaper and more frequently applied triamcinolone injections. METHODS Markov-modelling, which incorporated both eyes, was used for economic evaluation. The model consisted of five health states based on visual acuity, illustrating the progression of DMO. A cycle length of five months was chosen for dexamethasone and four months for triamcinolone. Time horizons of two and five years were applied. Transition probabilities and health state utilities were sourced from previous studies. The perspective used in this analysis was the hospital perspective. The health care costs were acquired from Kuopio University Hospital in Finland. RESULTS In this cost-effectiveness analysis, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ICER with 3% discount rate was €56 591/QALY for a two-year follow-up and -€1 110 942/QALY for a five-year follow-up. In order to consider dexamethasone as cost-effective over a 2-year time horizon, the WTP needs to be around €55 000/QALY. Over the five-year follow-up, triamcinolone is clearly a dominant treatment. Sensitivity analyses support the cost-effectiveness of dexamethasone over a 2-year time horizon. CONCLUSIONS Since the sensitivity analyses support the results, dexamethasone would be a cost-effective treatment during the first two years with WTP threshold around €55 000/QALY, and triamcinolone would be a convenient treatment after that. This recommendation is in line with the guidelines of EURETINA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pasi Vottonen
- Suomen Terveystalo Oy and University of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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9
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Updates on the Current Treatments for Diabetic Retinopathy and Possibility of Future Oral Therapy. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10204666. [PMID: 34682788 PMCID: PMC8537579 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10204666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes and one of the leading causes of vision loss worldwide. Despite extensive efforts to reduce visual impairment, the prevalence of DR is still increasing. The initial pathophysiology of DR includes damage to vascular endothelial cells and loss of pericytes. Ensuing hypoxic responses trigger the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other pro-angiogenic factors. At present, the most effective treatment for DR and diabetic macular edema (DME) is the control of blood glucose levels. More advanced cases require laser, anti-VEGF therapy, steroid, and vitrectomy. Pan-retinal photocoagulation for non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) is well established and has demonstrated promising outcomes for preventing the progressive stage of DR. Furthermore, the efficacy of laser therapies such as grid and subthreshold diode laser micropulse photocoagulation (SDM) for DME has been reported. Vitrectomy has been performed for vitreous hemorrhage and tractional retinal detachment for patients with PDR. In addition, anti-VEGF treatment has been widely used for DME, and recently its potential to prevent the progression of PDR has been remarked. Even with these treatments, many patients with DR lose their vision and suffer from potential side effects. Thus, we need alternative treatments to address these limitations. In recent years, the relationship between DR, lipid metabolism, and inflammation has been featured. Research in diabetic animal models points to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation in cellular metabolism and inflammation by oral fenofibrate and/or pemafibrate as a promising target for DR. In this paper, we review the status of existing therapies, summarize PPARα activation therapies for DR, and discuss their potentials as promising DR treatments.
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10
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Sahoo NK, Ranjan R, Tyagi M, Agrawal H, Reddy S. Radiation Retinopathy: Detection and Management Strategies. Clin Ophthalmol 2021; 15:3797-3809. [PMID: 34526764 PMCID: PMC8436254 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s219268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A gradual shift in trend from primary enucleation to globe salvaging radiation therapy for the management of ocular tumors has resulted in the rise of several post-treatment ocular complications including radiation retinopathy. Radiation retinopathy is a chronic, progressive, and occlusive vasculopathy that can manifest anytime between 1 month to 15 years after starting radiation therapy. The aim of treatment in most of these cases is to prevent further vision loss. Treatment options such as laser photocoagulation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and intraviral steroids have been described. However, despite several advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, a significant proportion of eyes with radiation retinopathy eventually go blind. This review summarises some of the clinical features, investigative modalities, and recent therapeutic strategies used in the management of radiation retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroj Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Retina and Vitreous, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Vijayawada, India
| | - Richa Ranjan
- Bharti Eye Foundation and Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Mudit Tyagi
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hitesh Agrawal
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhakar Reddy
- Smt. Kanuri Santhamma Centre for Vitreo-Retinal Diseases, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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11
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Kuroiwa DAK, Malerbi FK, Regatieri CVS. NEW INSIGHTS IN RESISTANT DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA. Ophthalmologica 2021; 244:485-494. [PMID: 34023834 DOI: 10.1159/000516614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Korn Malerbi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Wallsh JO, Gallemore RP. Anti-VEGF-Resistant Retinal Diseases: A Review of the Latest Treatment Options. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051049. [PMID: 33946803 PMCID: PMC8145407 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy currently plays a central role in the treatment of numerous retinal diseases, most notably exudative age-related macular degeneration (eAMD), diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. While offering significant functional and anatomic benefits in most patients, there exists a subset of 15–40% of eyes that fail to respond or only partially respond. For these cases, various treatment options have been explored with a range of outcomes. These options include steroid injections, laser treatment (both thermal therapy for retinal vascular diseases and photodynamic therapy for eAMD), abbreviated anti-VEGF treatment intervals, switching anti-VEGF agents and topical medications. In this article, we review the effectiveness of these treatment options along with a discussion of the current research into future directions for anti-VEGF-resistant eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh O. Wallsh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
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13
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Couturier A, Blot G, Vignaud L, Nanteau C, Slembrouck-Brec A, Fradot V, Acar N, Sahel JA, Tadayoni R, Thuret G, Sennlaub F, Roger JE, Goureau O, Guillonneau X, Reichman S. Reproducing diabetic retinopathy features using newly developed human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived retinal Müller glial cells. Glia 2021; 69:1679-1693. [PMID: 33683746 PMCID: PMC8252429 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muller glial cells (MGCs) are responsible for the homeostatic and metabolic support of the retina. Despite the importance of MGCs in retinal disorders, reliable and accessible human cell sources to be used to model MGC-associated diseases are lacking. Although primary human MGCs (pMGCs) can be purified from post-mortem retinal tissues, the donor scarcity limits their use. To overcome this problem, we developed a protocol to generate and bank human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MGCs (hiMGCs). Using a transcriptome analysis, we showed that the three genetically independent hiMGCs generated were homogeneous and showed phenotypic characteristics and transcriptomic profile of pMGCs. These cells expressed key MGC markers, including Vimentin, CLU, DKK3, SOX9, SOX2, S100A16, ITGB1, and CD44 and could be cultured up to passage 8. Under our culture conditions, hiMGCs and pMGCs expressed low transcript levels of RLPB1, AQP4, KCNJ1, KCJN10, and SLC1A3. Using a disease modeling approach, we showed that hiMGCs could be used to model the features of diabetic retinopathy (DR)-associated dyslipidemia. Indeed, palmitate, a major free fatty acid with elevated plasma levels in diabetic patients, induced the expression of inflammatory cytokines found in the ocular fluid of DR patients such as CXCL8 (IL-8) and ANGPTL4. Moreover, the analysis of palmitate-treated hiMGC secretome showed an upregulation of proangiogenic factors strongly related to DR, including ANG2, Endoglin, IL-1β, CXCL8, MMP-9, PDGF-AA, and VEGF. Thus, hiMGCs could be an alternative to pMGCs and an extremely valuable tool to help to understand and model glial cell involvement in retinal disorders, including DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Couturier
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Blot
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Vignaud
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Céline Nanteau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Fradot
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Niyazi Acar
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, DHU Sight Restore, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramin Tadayoni
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Hôpital Lariboisière, AP-HP, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Thuret
- Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée, EA2521, Faculté de Médecine, Université Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Florian Sennlaub
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jerome E Roger
- Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, CERTO-Retina France, CNRS, Univ Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Olivier Goureau
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Sacha Reichman
- Institut de la Vision, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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Solís-Fernández G, Montero-Calle A, Alonso-Navarro M, Fernandez-Torres MÁ, Lledó VE, Garranzo-Asensio M, Barderas R, Guzman-Aranguez A. Protein Microarrays for Ocular Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2344:239-265. [PMID: 34115364 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1562-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The eye is a multifaceted organ organized in several compartments with particular properties that reflect their diverse functions. The prevalence of ocular diseases is increasing, mainly because of its relationship with aging and of generalized lifestyle changes. However, the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of many common eye pathologies remain poorly understood. Considering the unquestionable importance of proteins in cellular processes and disease progression, proteomic techniques, such as protein microarrays, represent a valuable approach to analyze pathophysiological protein changes in the ocular environment. This technology enables to perform multiplex high-throughput protein expression profiling with minimal sample volume requirements broadening our knowledge of ocular proteome network in eye diseases.In this review, we present a brief summary of the main types of protein microarrays (antibody microarrays, reverse-phase protein microarrays, and protein microarrays) and their application for protein change detection in chronic ocular diseases such as dry eye, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The validation of these specific protein changes in eye pathologies may lead to the identification of new biomarkers, depiction of ocular disease pathways, and assistance in the diagnosis, prognosis, and development of new therapeutic options for eye pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Solís-Fernández
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Imaging and Photonics Division, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miren Alonso-Navarro
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Fernandez-Torres
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Eugenia Lledó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Garranzo-Asensio
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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15
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Kuley B, Storey PP, Pancholy M, Wibbelsman TD, Obeid A, Regillo C, Garg S. Treatment of Eyes With Diabetic Macular Edema That Had a Suboptimal Response to Antivascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy: 2-mg Intravitreal Triamcinolone Acetonide vs 0.7-mg Dexamethasone Implant. JOURNAL OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES 2020; 4:372-376. [PMID: 37008292 PMCID: PMC9979017 DOI: 10.1177/2474126420917268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: This article compares 2-mg intravitreal triamcinolone (IVT) and 0.7-mg dexamethasone (DEX) implant for the treatment of diabetic macular edema in eyes that had a suboptimal response to antivascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Methods: A single-center, retrospective review was conducted of patients receiving either IVT between January 1, 2013, and January 1, 2018, or patients receiving DEX between October 1, 2015, and January 1, 2018. Visual acuity and central macular thickness (CMT) were recorded at visit of first injection and all subsequent visits. Results: Twenty-five eyes were included in the DEX group and 32 eyes were included in the IVT group. Change in vision from baseline was similar between DEX and IVT at 6-month follow-up (1.1 lines vs 2.3 lines, respectively; P = .24). Mean decrease in CMT from baseline was not different at 6-month follow-up (DEX: 120 µm vs IVT: 185 µm; P = .17). Conclusions: DEX and 2-mg IVT both achieved improvement in vision and CMT with no significant differences between treatment groups at 6-month follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kuley
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Philip P. Storey
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Austin Retina Associates, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Maitri Pancholy
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Turner D. Wibbelsman
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Anthony Obeid
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carl Regillo
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunir Garg
- Mid Atlantic Retina, The Retina Service of Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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16
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Yang YH, Kuo HH, Hsu WC, Hsieh YT. Ocular hypertension and severe intraocular pressure elevation after posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide for various diseases. Int J Ophthalmol 2020; 13:946-951. [PMID: 32566507 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2020.06.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate and compare the incidences of ocular hypertension and severe intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation after posterior subtenon injection of triamcinolone acetonide (PSTA) for various diseases. METHODS Totally 179 eyes that had received PSTA for diabetic macular edema (n=108), pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (n=20), branch retinal vein occlusion (n=16), central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO, n=14), choroidal neovascularization (n=14) or noninfectious uveitis (n=7) were retrospectively enrolled. The primary outcomes included ocular hypertension defined as an IOP>21 mm Hg, and severe IOP elevation defined as a rise of 10 mm Hg or more in IOP compared with baseline. Cox regression models were used to analyze the hazard ratios (HRs) among different diseases. RESULTS After PSTA, the mean IOPs from month 1 to month 6 all significantly increased (P<0.05). Ocular hypertension occurred in 30.7% of eyes (median time: 8wk), and severe IOP elevation occurred in 16.2% of eyes (median time: 9wk). Patients receiving PSTA for CRVO or uveitis had a significantly higher risk for ocular hypertension (HR=3.049, P=0.004 for CRVO; HR=5.464, P=0.019 for uveitis) and severe IOP elevation (HR=2.913, P=0.034 for CRVO; HR=7.650, P=0.009 for uveitis). CONCLUSION IOP significantly increases within 6mo after PSTA, with the onset of ocular hypertension happening mostly at 2 to 3mo. Patients of CRVO or noninfectious uveitis have a higher risk of ocular hypertension or severe IOP elevation after PSTA and should be monitored for IOP more carefully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, China
| | - Hua-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, China
| | - Wei-Cherng Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 231, Taiwan, China.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 970, Taiwan, China
| | - Yi-Ting Hsieh
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan, China
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17
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Torres-Costa S, Alves Valente MC, Falcão-Reis F, Falcão M. Cytokines and Growth Factors as Predictors of Response to Medical Treatment in Diabetic Macular Edema. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:445-452. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.262956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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18
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Factors associated with the duration of action of dexamethasone intravitreal implants in diabetic macular edema patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19588. [PMID: 31862943 PMCID: PMC6925102 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56143-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We designed this study to determine the association between the duration of action of intravitreal dexamethasone implants and aqueous humor biomarkers or optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings of diabetic macular edema (DME) patients. We measured the concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1β, -8, -10, -17; placental growth factor; and vascular endothelial growth factor in the aqueous humor, and identified the number of hyperreflective foci (HF), grades of ellipsoid zone disruptions, and baseline central subfield thicknesses (CSTs) using OCT of patients with DME. The average duration of action of dexamethasone implants was 4.32 ± 1.18 months. In multivariate linear regression analyses, the duration of action was associated with aqueous IL-8 levels and the number of HF (β = -0.016, p = 0.037 and β = -0.073, p = 0.035, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the number of HF (>10) was significantly associated with a shorter duration (<4 months) of action (odds ratio: 17.17, p = 0.010). The duration of action of intravitreal dexamethasone implants in DME patients was associated with the level of aqueous IL-8 and the number of HF using OCT. Specifically, higher number of HF in the OCT was associated with a shorter duration of action.
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19
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Garranzo-Asensio M, Montero-Calle A, Solís-Fernández G, Barderas R, Guzman-Aranguez A. Protein Microarrays: Valuable Tools for Ocular Diseases Research. Curr Med Chem 2019; 27:4549-4566. [PMID: 31244416 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190627131300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The eye is a complex organ comprised of several compartments with exclusive and specialized properties that reflect their diverse functions. Although the prevalence of eye pathologies is increasing, mainly because of its correlation with aging and of generalized lifestyle changes, the pathogenic molecular mechanisms of many common ocular diseases remain poorly understood. Therefore, there is an unmet need to delve into the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of eye diseases to preserve ocular health and reduce the incidence of visual impairment or blindness. Proteomics analysis stands as a valuable tool for deciphering protein profiles related to specific ocular conditions. In turn, such profiles can lead to real breakthroughs in the fields of ocular science and ophthalmology. Among proteomics techniques, protein microarray technology stands out by providing expanded information using very small volumes of samples. In this review, we present a brief summary of the main types of protein microarrays and their application for the identification of protein changes in chronic ocular diseases such as dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, or diabetic retinopathy. The validation of these specific protein alterations could provide new biomarkers, disclose eye diseases pathways, and help in the diagnosis and development of novel therapies for eye pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Garranzo-Asensio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalon 118, Madrid 28037, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Solís-Fernández
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Functional Proteomics Unit, Chronic Disease Programme (UFIEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guzman-Aranguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/Arcos de Jalon 118, Madrid 28037, Spain
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20
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Abreu-Gonzalez R, Gallego-Pinazo R, Abraldes M, Pinilla I, Lopez-Galvez MI. Management of diabetic macular edema patients in clinical practice in Spain. Eur J Ophthalmol 2018; 29:664-672. [DOI: 10.1177/1120672118804079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Diabetic macular edema is the main cause of blindness in diabetic patients. Vascular endothelial growth factor is involved in diabetic macular edema pathogenesis. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors are an important option in diabetic macular edema therapy. This survey investigates actual clinical practice in diabetic macular edema in Spain. Methods: An expert advisory panel of 17 Spanish ophthalmologists developed a 30-item anonymous questionnaire about diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up in diabetic macular edema. A total of 137 ophthalmologists from 10 Spanish regions completed the questionnaire online. Results: Almost all of the respondents (99.3%) record the measured visual acuity and perform biomicroscopic anterior (94.9%) and posterior (91.2%) segment examinations. Similarly, 100% of responding ophthalmologists always/almost always or frequently perform optical coherence tomography. Most respondents (65%) always/almost always or frequently perform a retinography. More than 50% rarely perform fluorescein angiography. Nearly, all (96.4%) of the specialists responded that, in center-involved diabetic macular edema, the first treatment is an anti–vascular endothelial growth factor drug. For corticosteroids, the first choice of most respondents (91.2%) was the dexamethasone implant. In the follow-up, almost all (96.4%) specialists record the measured visual acuity and most also perform biomicroscopic anterior (82.5%) and posterior (83.2%) segment examination. Conclusion: This survey shows the actual clinical practice in diabetic macular edema in Spain, finding that anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy is frequently used, and that diagnosis, treatments, and follow-up examinations used by specialists are homogeneous and according to diabetic macular edema guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maximino Abraldes
- Gómez-Ulla Ophthalmological Institute and University Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Isabel Pinilla
- Aragon Health Sciences Institute, Lozano Blesa University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
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21
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Kwon JW, Jee D. Aqueous humor cytokine levels in patients with diabetic macular edema refractory to anti-VEGF treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203408. [PMID: 30204781 PMCID: PMC6133344 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine aqueous cytokines association with response to intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection in diabetic macular edema (DME). METHOD We compared the concentrations of IL (interleukin)-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, placental growth factor (PlGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the aqueous humor of 64 naïve DME patients with those of 13 cataract patients. Factors associated with central subfield thickness (CST) in DME patients were identified. DME patients were then subgrouped in terms of responsiveness to three IVB injections; cytokine concentrations were compared, and factors associated with responsiveness were identified. RESULTS Levels of IL-2, IL-8, PlGF, and VEGF were significantly elevated in DME patients (p = 0.007, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.004 respectively). Regression analysis showed that the preoperative CST was associated with the preoperative best-corrected visual acuity and the aqueous IL-10 level (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, respectively). Of the 64 DME patients, 28 (43.75%) exhibited either CST < 300 μm or reduction in CST ≥ 50 μm after three consecutive IVB injections. On sub-group analysis, the mean IL-8 concentration was higher in the refractory group than in the responsive group, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the IL-8 was the only factor associated with responsiveness (OR = 0.95, p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The IL-8 concentration in the aqueous humor was associated with responsiveness to IVB in DME patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, St. Vincent's Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, Korea
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22
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Ogura Y, Shimura M, Iida T, Sakamoto T, Yoshimura N, Yamada M, Ishibashi T. Phase II/III Clinical Trial of Sub-Tenon Injection of Triamcinolone Acetonide (WP-0508ST) for Diabetic Macular Edema. Ophthalmologica 2018; 241:161-169. [DOI: 10.1159/000492135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
As the disease duration increases, the multifactorial nature of diabetic macular edema becomes more prominent, and corticosteroid therapy represents an important treatment option for patients whose disease is multifactorial. Purpose: To report functional and morphologic outcomes, based on diabetic macular edema (DME) chronicity and baseline best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), from a subanalysis of the fluocinolone acetonide for macular edema (FAME) trials. Methods: Patients were categorized by DME duration (nonchronic [ncDME] or chronic [cDME] DME) and three nonexclusive baseline vision strata. Anatomic and visual acuity VA outcomes of these cohorts were compared with treatment assignment. Results: For all patients with ncDME and cDME who received sham control, 27.8% and 13.4%, respectively, gained ≥15 BCVA letters, whereas 22.3% and 34.0% of 0.2 μg/day fluocinolone acetonide (FAc)-treated patients, respectively, gained ≥15 BCVA letters. Among patients with ncDME who received sham control, as baseline vision decreased, the percentage gaining ≥15 BCVA letters increased; however, among those with cDME, the percentage gaining ≥15 BCVA letters did not change as baseline vision decreased. Conversely, among 0.2 μg/day FAc-treated patients, the percentage gaining ≥15 BCVA letters increased with decreasing baseline vision, regardless of DME chronicity. Anatomical outcomes were similar within treatment arms, regardless of the DME duration. Conclusion: Patients with cDME and poor baseline vision who were exposed to low-dose FAc experienced BCVA improvements that were not observed in a similar group from the sham-control arm. These data support the multifactorial pathogenesis of cDME.
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Cabral T, Lima LH, Mello LGM, Polido J, Correa ÉP, Oshima A, Duong J, Serracarbassa P, Regatieri CV, Mahajan VB, Belfort R. Bevacizumab Injection in Patients with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Increases Angiogenic Biomarkers. Ophthalmol Retina 2018; 2:31-37. [PMID: 29376143 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the expression of 19 angiogenic biomarkers in the aqueous humor before and after intravitreal bevacizumab injection (IVB) in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. Participants Twenty-three eyes of 23 treatment-naïve patients with choroidal neovascularization (CNV) secondary to neovascular AMD. Methods Eyes were diagnosed with CNV secondary to neovascular AMD and were treated with 3 monthly IVBs. Aqueous humor samples were obtained by anterior chamber paracentesis at baseline and immediately before each intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Main Outcome Measures Aqueous humor levels of 19 angiogenic biomarkers (angiopoietin 2, bone morphogenetic protein 9 [BMP-9], epidermal growth factor [EGF], endoglin, endothelin 1, fibroblast growth factor [FGF]-1 and FGF-2, follistatin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [GCSF], heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor [HB-EGF], hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], interleukin 8, leptin, placental growth factor [PLGF], vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]-A, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases [TIMP]-1 and TIMP-2) were measured. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), spectral-domain OCT parameters, and intraocular pressure also were evaluated. Results Baseline aqueous VEGF-A expression was elevated in all study eyes before treatment initiation. A statistically significant decrease of VEGF-A was observed at the 1- and 2-month follow-ups. A statistically significant increased concentration was observed in 7 biomarkers: VEGF-C, angiopoietin 2, endothelin 1, follistatin, HB-EGF, HGF, and interleukin 8. The other 11 study biomarker levels (VEGF-D, BMP-9, EGF, endoglin, FGF-1, FGF-2, GCSF, leptin, PLGF, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2) did not show any significant difference during follow-up. The BCVA statistically improved significantly at 2 months. Spectral-domain OCT parameters improved significantly at all follow-ups. Mean intraocular pressure values were not statistically different during the study period. Conclusions Despite a decrease in VEGF-A, the aqueous levels of VEGF-C, angiopoietin 2, endothelin 1, follistatin, HB-EGF, HGF, and interleukin 8 increased significantly after intravitreal injection of bevacizumab. These upregulated angiogenic biomarkers may represent new therapeutic targets in exudative AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Cabral
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil.,Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Luiz H Lima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Júlia Polido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Éverton P Correa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Public Service Hospital of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Akiyoshi Oshima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Public Service Hospital of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jimmy Duong
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Pedro Serracarbassa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Public Service Hospital of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio V Regatieri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Omics Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rubens Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Yu SY, Nam DH, Lee DY. Changes in aqueous concentrations of various cytokines after intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection for diabetic macular edema. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2017; 256:39-47. [PMID: 29030692 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-017-3819-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in the aqueous cytokine levels after intravitreal bevacizumab with those after combined intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection in diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS This study examined 24 eyes of 23 patients with DME. Each patient with DME received randomly either an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab (IVBe) or IVBe with a subtenon triamcinolone injection (IVBe + STTA). Best corrected visual acuity and foveal thickness were evaluated and aqueous samples were obtained before and 4 weeks after the injection. The aqueous concentrations of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured using a multiplex bead assay. RESULTS After the injection, the foveal thickness decreased more in the IVBe + STTA group than in the IVBe group (P = 0.042). The MCP-1, PDGF-AA, and VEGF levels decreased significantly in the IVBe + STTA group (p = 0.013, p = 0.004 and p = 0.018 respectively), but only the VEGF level decreased in the IVBe group (p = 0.001). IL-8 was significantly increased in the IVBe + STTA group (p = 0.003) but the changes in the VEGF levels were smaller than in the IVBe group (p = 0.025). CONCLUSION Intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon triamcinolone injection reduces the VEGF, MCP-1 and PDGF-AA levels and increases the IL-8 level in the plural cytokine profiles of patients with DME, which might explain the limited therapeutic effect of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Young Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Heun Nam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University, Gil Hospital, #21 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea
| | - Dae Yeong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gachon University, Gil Hospital, #21 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon, 405-760, South Korea.
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Retinal and choroidal angiogenesis: a review of new targets. Int J Retina Vitreous 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 28835854 PMCID: PMC5563895 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-017-0084-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal and choroidal neovascularization are a major cause of significant visual impairment, worldwide. Understanding the various factors involved in the accompanying physiopathology is vital for development of novel treatments, and most important, for preserving patient vision. The intraocular use of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapeutics has improved management of the retinal and choroidal neovascularization but some patients do not respond, suggesting other vascular mediators may also contribute to ocular angiogenesis. Several recent studies examined possible new targets for future anti-angiogenic therapies. Potential targets of retinal and choroidal neovascularization therapy include members of the platelet-derived growth factor family, vascular endothelial growth factor sub-family, epidermal growth factor family, fibroblast growth factor family, transforming growth factor-β superfamily (TGF-β1, activins, follistatin and bone morphogenetic proteins), angiopoietin-like family, galectins family, integrin superfamily, as well as pigment epithelium derived factor, hepatocyte growth factor, angiopoietins, endothelins, hypoxia-inducible factors, insulin-like growth factors, cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors and glycosylation proteins. This review highlights current antiangiogenic therapies under development, and discusses future retinal and choroidal pro- and anti-angiogenic targets as wells as the importance of developing of new drugs.
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Kaplan RI, Chaugule SS, Finger PT. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetate for radiation maculopathy recalcitrant to high-dose intravitreal bevacizumab. Br J Ophthalmol 2017; 101:1694-1698. [PMID: 28416492 PMCID: PMC5754875 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To evaluate the effect of adjuvant intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (ITA) for radiation maculopathy (RM) recalcitrant to high-dose bevacizumab in patients with choroidal melanoma after plaque radiotherapy. METHODS Eight eyes of eight patients with RM secondary to plaque radiotherapy for choroidal melanoma, recalcitrant to high-dose bevacizumab (3.0 mg) were retrospectively evaluated. Intravitreal injections of ITA (4 mg/0.1 mL) were performed at 4-week to 16-week intervals as an adjunct to continued bevacizumab therapy. Change in central foveal thickness (CFT) as measured by optical coherence tomography and change in visual acuity (VA) were the main outcome measures. RESULTS At the time of diagnosis of choroidal melanoma, VA was 20/20 to 20/50 in 88% (n=7) and 20/60 to 20/200 in 12% (n=1). The mean radiation dose to the fovea was 81 Gy (median 75.2 Gy; range: 22.72-132.8 Gy). The mean onset to RM was 25 months after plaque therapy (median 25 months; range 12-44 months). At the time of initiation of ITA, VA was 20/20 to 20/50 in 38% (3/8), and 20/60 to 20/200 in 62% (5/8). After initiation of ITA, VA was stable or improved in 100% of patients (n=8) at 3 months, 88% at 6 months, 88% at 9 months and 75% at 12 months. Mean CFT was 417 µm at ITA initiation, 339 µm at 1 month, 355 µm at 6 months, 339 µm at 9 months and 359 µm at 1 year. CONCLUSION Intravitreal triamcinolone can be added to preserve vision and decrease macular oedema in patients with RM recalcitrant to high-dose anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard I Kaplan
- The New York Eye Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sonal S Chaugule
- The New York Eye Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul T Finger
- The New York Eye Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Adjunct Intravitreous Triamcinolone Acetonide in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema with Anti-VEGF Agents. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:5282470. [PMID: 27980863 PMCID: PMC5131249 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5282470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims. To compare visual and anatomic outcomes of adjunct intravitreous (IVT) triamcinolone acetonide to antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections to IVT anti-VEGF injections alone for center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME) in treatment-naïve eyes. Methods. Retrospective study of treatment-naïve eyes with center-involving DME. The primary outcome was the change in best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in eyes receiving only IVT anti-VEGF (group 1) and eyes receiving IVT anti-VEGF and adjunct IVT-TA (group 2). Results. Included were 192 eyes. The mean change in BCVA was +3.5 letters in group 1 compared to −3.5 letters in group 2 (p = 0.048). Final macular thickness improved by −94 μm in group 1 versus −68 μm in group 2 (p = 0.26). In group 1, 5/150 eyes compared to 9/42 eyes in group 2 (3.3% versus 21%, p = 0.0005) had a IOP >10 mmHg increase. Six of 126 phakic eyes in group 1 versus 12/33 phakic eyes in group 2 underwent cataract surgery (4.7% versus 36.3%, p = 0.00009). Conclusions. IVT-TA results in no additional benefit in eyes treated with anti-VEGF agents for DME.
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Schwartz SG, Scott IU, Stewart MW, Flynn HW. Update on corticosteroids for diabetic macular edema. Clin Ophthalmol 2016; 10:1723-30. [PMID: 27660409 PMCID: PMC5019446 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s115546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) remains an important cause of visual loss. Although anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents are generally used as first-line treatments for patients with center-involving DME, there is an important role for corticosteroids as well. Corticosteroids may be especially useful in pseudophakic patients poorly responsive to anti-VEGF therapies, in patients wishing to reduce the number of required injections, and in pregnant patients. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide has been used for many years but is not approved for this indication. An extended-release bioerodable dexamethasone delivery system and an extended-release nonbioerodable fluocinolone acetonide insert have both achieved regulatory approval for the treatment of DME. All intravitreal corticosteroids are associated with risks of cataract progression, elevation of intraocular pressure, and endophthalmitis. There is no current consensus regarding the use of corticosteroids, but they are valuable for selected patients with center-involving DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen G Schwartz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Ingrid U Scott
- Department of Ophthalmology; Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Michael W Stewart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Harry W Flynn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Bahrami B, Zhu M, Hong T, Chang A. Diabetic macular oedema: pathophysiology, management challenges and treatment resistance. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1594-608. [PMID: 27179659 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3974-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic macular oedema (DMO) is the leading cause of vision loss in patients living with diabetes. DMO results from hyperglycaemia-induced activation of pathways that lead to oxidative stress and release of cytokines, impairing the inner and outer blood-retinal barriers. Improved understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to DMO have led to the development of effective therapies, including vitreoretinal surgery, laser photocoagulation, intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor drugs and corticosteroids. Advances in imaging, including fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography, have also enhanced diagnosis and management of the condition. Despite these advances, there remain patients who do not respond completely to therapy, reflecting the complex pathophysiology of DMO. These patients may be considered treatment-resistant. In this review, we summarise the pathophysiology of DMO, as well as the available treatments and their mechanism of action. Additionally, we focus on treatment-resistant disease and review the literature on potential options for managing this complication of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobak Bahrami
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Meidong Zhu
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Hong
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Chang
- Sydney Institute of Vision Science, 13/187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, 2000, NSW, Australia.
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Rayat JS, Grewal PS, Whelan J, Tennant MT, Choudhry N. Canadian preference and trends survey results for anti-VEGF treatment of macular edema. Can J Ophthalmol 2016; 51:233-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Intravitreal injection of methotrexate in persistent diabetic macular edema: a 6-month follow-up study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:2159-2164. [PMID: 27145784 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of intravitreal injection of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with persistent diabetic macular edema (DME) nonresponsive to intravitreal bevacizumab. METHODS In this prospective, interventional study, intravitreal injection of 400 μg MTX was performed in eyes with persistent center-involving DME unresponsive to at least three consecutive bevacizumab injections or two consecutive bevacizumab injections plus macular photocoagulation. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central subfield thickness (CST), and maximum retinal thickness (MRT) were recorded before and 1, 3, and 6 months after injections. RESULTS Eighteen eyes of 16 patients with a mean age of 61.1 ± 6.7 years were included. Mean number of intravitreal bevacizumab injections was 3.9 ± 1.8 (range 2-8). The mean change in BCVA was -0.09 ± 0.19, -0.1 ± 0.19, and -0.1 ± 0.19 LogMAR at 1, 3, and 6 months after intravitreal MTX injections, respectively (all P = 0.04). Three eyes (16.6 %) had improvement of at least two lines of BCVA and no eye lost visual acuity. Mean change in CST was -23.7 ± 66.7, -28.7 ± 82.2 and 26.5 ± 83.4 μm at 1, 3, and 6 months after MTX injections, respectively (all P = 0.1). A decrease in CST was found in 13 eyes (72.2 %) at 1 and 3 months, and seven eyes (38.8 %) at 6 months of follow-up. Other eyes showed an increase in CST measurements. Mean change in MRT was -35.1 ± 76.4, -40.6 ± 86.3, and 29.8 ± 68.6 μm at 1, 3, and 6 months after MTX injections, respectively (P = 0.06, P = 0.06, and P = 0.08, respectively). No complication attributable to intravitreal MTX occurred. CONCLUSION In this study, intravitreal injection of MTX resulted in anatomical improvement in a significant proportion of eyes with persistent DME. Significant visual improvement was found in 16.6 % of eyes.
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Lee JH, Chung HY, Lee KM, Park YS, Sohn JH, Hwang DJ. Intravitreal Bevacizumab versus Intravitreal Bevacizumab Combined with Posterior Subtenon Triamcinolone Acetonide for Diabetic Macular Edema. JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SOCIETY 2016. [DOI: 10.3341/jkos.2016.57.12.1903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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The Vitreomacular Interface in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Ophthalmol 2015; 2015:392983. [PMID: 26425349 PMCID: PMC4573635 DOI: 10.1155/2015/392983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading health concern and a major cause of blindness. DR can be complicated by scar tissue formation, macular edema, and tractional retinal detachment. Optical coherence tomography has found that patients with DR often have diffuse retinal thickening, cystoid macular edema, posterior hyaloid traction, and tractional retinal detachment. Newer imaging techniques can even detect fine tangential folds and serous macular detachment. The interplay of the vitreous and the retina in the progression of DR involves multiple chemokine and other regulatory factors including VEGF. Understanding the cells infiltrating pathologic membranes at the vitreomacular interface has opened up the possibility of new targets for pharmacotherapy. Vitrectomies for DR remain a vital tool to help relieve tension on the macula by removing membranes, improving edema absorption, and eliminating the scaffold for new membrane formation. Newer treatments such as triamcinolone acetonide and VEGF inhibitors have become essential as a rapid way to control DR at the vitreomacular interface, improve macular edema, and reduce retinal neovascularization. These treatments alone, and in conjunction with PRP, help to prevent worsening of the VMI in patients with DR.
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