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Chang CCJ, Liu B, Liebmann JM, Cioffi GA, Winn BJ. Glaucoma and the Human Microbiome. J Glaucoma 2024; 33:529-538. [PMID: 38809163 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000002448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To explore a view of the human microbiome as an interconnected, functional, dynamic system that may be linked to the pathogenesis and progression of glaucoma. METHODS A literature review was undertaken that included publications from 1966 to 2023. RESULTS Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) activate toll-like receptors (TLR) and mediate the human immune response. The LPS-TLR4 pathway is a potential avenue for the ocular, gut, and oral microbiomes to interface and/or influence ocular disease. Studies of gut dysbiosis have shown that alterations in the healthy microbiota can predispose the host to immune-mediated inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions, while oral and ocular surface dysbiosis has been correlated with glaucoma. While developmental exposure to commensal microflora has shown to be necessary for the autoimmune and neurodegenerative responses to elevated intraocular pressure to take place, commensal bacterial products like short-chain fatty acids have regulatory effects protective against glaucoma. SUMMARY Alterations to human microbiotas have been associated with changes in intestinal permeability, gene regulation, immune cell differentiation, and neural functioning, which may predispose the host to glaucoma. Select microbes have been highlighted for their potential contributions to glaucoma disease progression or protection, raising the potential for microbiota-based treatment modalities. Current topical glaucoma treatments may disrupt the ocular surface microbiota, potentially having ramifications on host health. Further study of the relationships between human microbiome and glaucoma is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Bryan J Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY
- Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA
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2
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Lai J, Rigas Y, Kantor N, Cohen N, Tomlinson A, St. Leger AJ, Galor A. Living with your biome: how the bacterial microbiome impacts ocular surface health and disease. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 19:89-103. [PMID: 38764699 PMCID: PMC11101146 DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2024.2306582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Microbiome research has grown exponentially but the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) remains an area in need of further study. This review aims to explore its complexity, disease-related microbial changes, and immune interactions, and highlights the potential for its manipulation as a therapeutic for ocular surface diseases. Areas Covered We introduce the OSM by location and describe what constitutes a normal OSM. Second, we highlight aspects of the ocular immune system and discuss potential immune microbiome interactions in health and disease. Finally, we highlight how microbiome manipulation may have therapeutic potential for ocular surface diseases. Expert Opinion The ocular surface microbiome varies across its different regions, with a core phyla identified, but with genus variability. A few studies have linked microbiome composition to diseases like dry eye but more research is needed, including examining microbiome interactions with the host. Studies have noted that manipulating the microbiome may impact disease presentation. As such, microbiome manipulation via diet, oral and topical pre and probiotics, and hygienic measures may provide new therapeutic algorithms in ocular surface diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Lai
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Yannis Rigas
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole Kantor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Noah Cohen
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Ana Tomlinson
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Anthony J. St. Leger
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anat Galor
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
- Miami Veterans Affairs Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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3
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Barrera B, Bustamante A, Marín-Cornuy M, Aguila-Torres P. Contact lenses and ocular dysbiosis, from the transitory to the pathological. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE OFTALMOLOGIA 2023; 98:586-594. [PMID: 37648207 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Normal ocular microbiota is composed of different Gram-negative and positive bacterial communities that act as commensals on the ocular surface. An imbalance in the homeostasis of the native species or dysbiosis triggers functional alterations that can eventually lead to ocular conditions, indicating the use of contact lenses as the most relevant predisposing factor. Through a bibliographic review that added scientific articles published between 2018 and 2022, the relationship between healthy ocular microbiota and dysbiosis associated with the use of contact lenses that trigger ocular conditions was analyzed. The ocular microbiota in healthy individuals is mainly composed of bacteria from the phyla: Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. These bacterial communities associated with the use of contact lenses develop dysbiosis, observing an increase in certain genera such as Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp., which under normal conditions are commensals of the ocular surface, but as their abundance is increased, they condition the appearance of various ocular conditions such as corneal infiltrative events, bacterial keratitis and corneal ulcer. These pathologies tend to evolve rapidly, which, added to late detection and treatment, can lead to a poor visual prognosis. It is suggested that professionals in the ophthalmology area learn about the composition of the communities of microorganisms that make up this ocular microbiota, in order to correctly distinguish and identify the causative agent, thereby providing a adequate and effective treatment to the user.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barrera
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Bustamante
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - M Marín-Cornuy
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - P Aguila-Torres
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile.
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Hong M, Tong L, Mehta JS, Ong HS. Impact of Exposomes on Ocular Surface Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11273. [PMID: 37511032 PMCID: PMC10379833 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocular surface diseases (OSDs) are significant causes of ocular morbidity, and are often associated with chronic inflammation, redness, irritation, discomfort, and pain. In severe OSDs, loss of vision can result from ocular surface failure, characterised by limbal stem cell deficiencies, corneal vascularisation, corneal opacification, and surface keratinisation. External and internal exposomes are measures of environmental factors that individuals are exposed to, and have been increasingly studied for their impact on ocular surface diseases. External exposomes consist of external environmental factors such as dust, pollution, and stress; internal exposomes consist of the surface microbiome, gut microflora, and oxidative stress. Concerning internal exposomes, alterations in the commensal ocular surface microbiome of patients with OSDs are increasingly reported due to advancements in metagenomics using next-generation sequencing. Changes in the microbiome may be a consequence of the underlying disease processes or may have a role in the pathogenesis of OSDs. Understanding the changes in the ocular surface microbiome and the impact of various other exposomes may also help to establish the causative factors underlying ocular surface inflammation and scarring, the hallmarks of OSDs. This review provides a summary of the current evidence on exposomes in various OSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merrelynn Hong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
| | - Louis Tong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Ocular Surface Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Hon Shing Ong
- Corneal and External Diseases Department, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore 168751, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore
- Tissue Engineering and Cell Therapy Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore 169856, Singapore
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Leis ML. An Update on the Ocular Surface Bacterial Microbiota in Small Animals. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023; 53:299-318. [PMID: 36813387 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques have revolutionized the way we understand microbial communities in both research and clinical settings and are bringing new insights into what constitutes a healthy ocular surface (and a diseased one). As more diagnostic laboratories incorporate HTS into their technique repertoire, practitioners can expect this technology to become increasingly accessible for clinical practice, potentially becoming the new standard. However, particularly regarding ophthalmic microbiota, considerable research remains to render HTS accessible and applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Leis
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Chang CCJ, Winn BJ. Perturbations of the ocular surface microbiome and their effect on host immune function. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2023; 34:181-188. [PMID: 36728960 PMCID: PMC9908829 DOI: 10.1097/icu.0000000000000931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current literature describing the ocular surface microbiome and host immunity are reviewed alongside experiments studying perturbations of the microbiome to explore the hypothesis that disruption of a healthy microbiome may predispose the ocular surface to inflammation and infection. RECENT FINDINGS The ocular surface of healthy subjects is colonized by stable, pauci-microbial communities that are tolerant to the host immune response and are dominated by the genera Corynebacterium , Propionibacterium , and Staphylococcus . In animal studies, commensal microbes on the ocular surface interact with toll-like receptors to regulate the immune system through immune cell and inflammatory cytokine production, promoting homeostasis and protecting against infection. Contact lens wear, lens wash solutions, and preserved topical medications can disrupt the native microbiome and alter the relative diversity and composition of microbes on the ocular surface. SUMMARY The ocular surface microbiome confers protection against pathogenic colonization and immune dysregulation. Disruption of this microbiome by exogenous factors may alter the resistance of the ocular surface to infection. Further study of the relationships between human ocular surface microbiome and the local immune response are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiun Jamie Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary – Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Bryan J. Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA
- Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA
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Wang Y, Li X, Gu S, Fu J. Characterization of dysbiosis of the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome associated with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis and allergic rhinitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1079154. [PMID: 37020561 PMCID: PMC10068870 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1079154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (ARC) and allergic rhinitis (AR) are prevalent allergic diseases. People are becoming increasingly aware of the impact of microbial disorders on host immunity and allergic diseases. Studies have demonstrated an association between allergic diseases and the microbiome, but much remains unknown. We assessed changes in the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome in patients with ARC or AR. Methods Conjunctival swabs and nasal swabs were collected from each participant for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Bacterial communities were analyzed. Results Forty patients with ARC, 20 patients suffering from AR, and 34 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. This study found the abundance of conjunctival microbiome in patients with ARC or AR was significantly lower than that in HCs. The diversity of conjunctival microbiome in patients with AR was significantly lower than those in the other two groups. There is no significant difference in abundance of nasal microbiome between the three groups. The diversities of nasal microbiome in patients with ARC or AR were significantly lower than that in HCs. We found significant differences in microbiota compositions in patients with ARC or AR compared with those in HCs. However, no significant difference in microbiota compositions was found between patients with ARC and patients with AR. Microbiome functions in the ARC group and AR group were also altered compared with HCs. Conclusions We revealed changes in the composition and function of the conjunctival microbiome and nasal microbiome of patients with ARC or AR, which suggests that there is a relationship between allergic conditions and the local microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Clinical College of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Eye Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tianjin Eye Institute, Tianjin, China
- Nankai University Affiliated Eye Hospital, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Xuan Li,
| | - Shuntong Gu
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Fifth Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Junhong Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin TEDA Hospital, Tianjin, China
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Delbeke H, Casteels I, Joossens M. DNA extraction protocol impacts ocular surface microbiome profile. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128917. [PMID: 37152736 PMCID: PMC10157640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study is to provide a reference frame to allow the comparison and interpretation of currently published studies on 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid amplicon sequencing of ocular microbiome samples using different DNA extraction protocols. Alongside, the quantitative and qualitative yield and the reproducibility of different protocols has been assessed. Methods Both eyes of 7 eligible volunteers were sampled. Five commercially available DNA extraction protocols were selected based on previous publications in the field of the ocular surface microbiome and 2 host DNA depletion protocols were added based on their reported effective host DNA depletion without significant reduction in bacterial DNA concentration. The V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was targeted using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. The DADA2 pipeline in R was used to perform the bio-informatic processing and taxonomical assignment was done using the SILVA v132 database. The Vegdist function was used to calculate Bray-Curtis distances and the Galaxy web application was used to identify potential metagenomic biomarkers via linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LEfSe). The R package Decontam was applied to control for potential contaminants. Results Samples analysed with PowerSoil, RNeasy and NucleoSpin had the highest DNA yield. The host DNA depletion kits showed a very low microbial DNA yield; and these samples were pooled per kit before sequencing. Despite pooling, 1 of both failed to construct a library.Looking at the beta-diversity, clear microbial compositional differences - dependent on the extraction protocol used - were observed and remained present after decontamination. Eighteen genera were consistently retrieved from the ocular surface of every volunteer by all non-pooled extraction kits and a comprehensive list of differentially abundant bacteria per extraction method was generated using LefSe analysis. Conclusion High-quality papers have been published in the field of the ocular surface microbiome but consensus on the importance of the extraction protocol used are lacking. Potential contaminants and discriminative genera per extraction protocol used, were introduced and a reference frame was built to facilitate both the interpretation of currently published papers and to ease future choice - making based on the research question at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Delbeke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Heleen Delbeke,
| | - Ingele Casteels
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Research Group Ophthalmology, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology (WE10), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Cavuoto KM, Zhu AY. The Role of the Ocular Surface Microbiome (OSM) in Diseases of the Anterior Segment and Ocular Surface. CURRENT OPHTHALMOLOGY REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40135-022-00294-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Chang CCJ, Somohano K, Zemsky C, Uhlemann AC, Liebmann J, Cioffi GA, Al-Aswad LA, Lynch SV, Winn BJ. Topical Glaucoma Therapy Is Associated With Alterations of the Ocular Surface Microbiome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2022; 63:32. [PMID: 36036910 PMCID: PMC9434984 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.63.9.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the ocular surface microbiome of patients with unilateral or asymmetric glaucoma being treated with topical ophthalmic medications in one eye and to determine whether microbial community changes were related to measures of ocular surface disease. Methods V3-V4 16S rRNA sequencing was conducted on ocular surface swabs collected from both eyes of 17 subjects: 10 patients with asymmetric/unilateral glaucoma using topical glaucoma therapy on only one eye and seven age-matched, healthy controls with no history of ocular disease or eyedrop use. Samples were categorized into three groups: patients’ glaucomatous eye treated with eyedrops, patients’ contralateral eye without eyedrops, and healthy control eyes. Comparisons were made for microbial diversity and composition, with differences in composition tested for association with ocular surface disease measures including tear meniscus height, tear break-up time, and Dry Eye Questionnaire. Results Samples obtained from the patients’ treated and untreated eyes both had significantly greater alpha-diversity and relative abundance of gram-negative organisms compared to healthy controls. The microbial composition of patient eyes was associated with decreased tear meniscus height and tear break-up time, whereas metagenomic predictions, based on 16S rRNA data, suggested increased synthesis of lipopolysaccharide. Conclusions The ocular surface microbiome of patients taking unilateral preserved glaucoma drops is characterized by a highly diverse array of gram-negative bacteria that is significantly different from the predominantly gram-positive microbes detected on healthy control eyes. These compositional differences were associated with decreased tear film measures and distinct inferred protein synthesis pathways, suggesting a potential link between microbial alterations and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chiun J Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Karina Somohano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Christine Zemsky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Anne-Catrin Uhlemann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jeffrey Liebmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - George A Cioffi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States
| | - Lama A Al-Aswad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, United States
| | - Susan V Lynch
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States
| | - Bryan J Winn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States.,Ophthalmology Section, Surgical Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, California, United States
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Lee J, Lim S, Shin JH, Lee Y, Seo JH. Differences in the eyelid and buccal microbiome between open-angle glaucoma and uveitic glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:e770-e778. [PMID: 34233092 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Microbiomes have immunoregulatory functions and may be involved in the pathophysiology of eye diseases. However, the effects of microbiomes on uveitic glaucoma (UG) and open-angle glaucoma (OAG) have not been sufficiently investigated. This study analysed differences in eyelid and buccal microbiomes between UG and OAG using metagenomic technology. METHODS Eyelid and buccal specimens were collected from 34 UG and 62 OAG patients. The taxonomic composition of the microbiome was determined via 16S rRNA gene sequencing, operational taxonomic unit analysis and diversity analysis. Differential gene expression analysis (DEG) and principal component analyses (PCoA) determined taxon differences between the microbiomes of the UG and OAG patients. Subgroup analysis according to age and baseline IOP was performed. RESULTS There was no significant difference in alpha-diversity between the microbiomes of UG and OAG patients. Further, PCoA revealed no differences in eyelid microbiome between the UG and OAG groups, but significant differences were found in buccal microbiome between the groups, especially in a subgroup of OAG patients with normal IOP. DEG analysis of the eyelid microbiome revealed various taxa differences, including the enrichment of Rhodococcus in UG samples over OAG samples. Taxa such as Lactobacillus and Proteus were significantly depleted (q-value = 9.98e-6 and q-value = 1.38 × 10-4 , respectively) in the buccal microbiome of UG patients, whereas Enterococcus was enriched (q-value = 5.26e-5 ). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that the buccal microbiome in UG differs from that in OAG; reduced Lactobacillus was observed in UG. These results suggest that apart than OAG, microbiome composition may be a factor in the pathogenesis of UG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji‐Woong Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology Pusan National University Hospital Busan Korea
| | - Su‐Ho Lim
- Department of Ophthalmology Daegu Veterans Health Service Medical Center Daegu Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Shin
- Department of Ophthalmology Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital Yangsan Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Veterans Medical Research Institute Veterans Health Service Medical Center Seoul Korea
| | - Je Hyun Seo
- Veterans Medical Research Institute Veterans Health Service Medical Center Seoul Korea
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CLEAR - Contact lens wettability, cleaning, disinfection and interactions with tears. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2021; 44:157-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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The porcine corneal surface bacterial microbiome: A distinctive niche within the ocular surface. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247392. [PMID: 33606829 PMCID: PMC7895408 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The ocular surface microbiome has been described as paucibacterial. Until now, studies investigating the bacterial community associated with the ocular surface through high-throughput sequencing have focused on the conjunctiva. Conjunctival samples are thought to reflect and be representative of the microbiome residing on the ocular surface, including the cornea. Here, we hypothesized that the bacterial community associated with the corneal surface was different from those of the inferonasal and superotemporal conjunctival fornices, and from the tear film. Methods Both eyes from 15 healthy piglets were sampled using swabs (inferonasal fornix, superotemporal fornix, and corneal surface, n = 30 each) and Schirmer tear test strips (STT, n = 30). Negative sampling controls (swabs and STT, n = 2 each) and extraction controls (n = 4) were included. Total DNA was extracted and high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed. Bioinformatic analyses included multiple contamination-controlling steps. Results Corneal surface samples had a significantly lower number of taxa detected (P<0.01) and were compositionally different from all other sample types (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, P<0.04). It also harbored higher levels of Proteobacteria (P<0.05), specifically Brevundimonas spp. (4.1-fold) and Paracoccus spp. (3.4-fold) than other sample types. Negative control STT strip samples yielded the highest amount of 16S rRNA gene copies across all sample types (P<0.05). Conclusions Our data suggests that the corneal surface provides a distinct environmental niche within the ocular surface, leading to a bacterial community compositionally different from all other sample types.
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Delbeke H, Younas S, Casteels I, Joossens M. Current knowledge on the human eye microbiome: a systematic review of available amplicon and metagenomic sequencing data. Acta Ophthalmol 2021; 99:16-25. [PMID: 32602257 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Insights in the ocular surface microbiome are still at an early stage and many more questions remain unanswered compared with other human-associated microbial communities. The current knowledge on the human microbiome changed our viewpoint on bacteria and human health and significantly enhanced our understanding of human pathophysiology. Also in ocular medicine, microbiome research might impact treatment. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on ocular microbiome research with a particular focus on potential confounding factors and their effects on microbiome composition. Moreover, we present the ocular surface core microbiome based on current available data and defined it as genera present in almost half of the published control cohorts with a relative abundance of at least 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen Delbeke
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Saif Younas
- Department of Internal Medicine University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Ingele Casteels
- Department of Ophthalmology University Hospitals Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Marie Joossens
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology REGA institute Catholic University Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Gomes JÁP, Frizon L, Demeda VF. Ocular Surface Microbiome in Health and Disease. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2020; 9:505-511. [PMID: 33323705 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface is exposed continuously to the environment and, as a consequence, to a variety of different microbes. After the results of the Human Microbiome Project became publicly available, international research groups started to focus interest on exploring the ocular surface microbiome and its physiopathological relationship to the eye. For example, numerous research studies the existence of the ocular surface's bacterial flora, typically gathering cultures from healthy patients and finding few variations in the bacterial species. More recently, culture-independent methods, including 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) gene sequencing, are being used to define the ocular microbiome. These newer methods suggest that the microbial communities have a greater diversity than previously reported. These communities seem to serve an immune-modulating function and maintain relationships with other microbes and organs, even distant ones. This review summarizes the literature exploring the ocular microbiome, both in health and in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Álvaro P Gomes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo, UNIFESP, Brazil
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16
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Sunaga T, Mimura T, Matsuoka H, Horikawa H, Kitsu K, Mizota A. Is Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfection Effective for Cleaning Pollen Particles Attached to Contact Lenses? CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2020; 12:123-128. [PMID: 32904467 PMCID: PMC7455597 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s267871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE It has been proven that wearing soft contact lenses (SCLs) can make pollen-induced allergic conjunctivitis worse. We investigated the cleaning effect of disinfectants and rinsing solution on cedar pollen attached to SCLs. METHODS Two-week replacement disposable SCLs, to which pollen particles were experimentally attached, were washed and cleaned with either saline of rinsing solution (n = 10) or 3% hydrogen peroxide (n = 10). We observed, under a microscope, the cedar pollen adhered to the SCLs after washing. RESULTS The number of residual pollens attached to SCLs was 23.7 ± 25.7 with rinsing solution and 0.2 ± 0.6 with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution per single area (100 µm × 100 µm). The percentage of adhesion area of pollen to the SCLs was 0.9 ± 1.1% with rinsing solution and 0.0 ± 0.0% with 3% hydrogen peroxide solution. There were significant differences in the number of pollen and adhesion areas of pollen between the two groups (p < 0.05 and p < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSION These results suggest that hydrogen peroxide solution is superior in cleaning effect of cedar pollen attached to SCLs compared to saline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Sunaga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Teikyo University of Science & Technology, Senju Campus 7, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Mimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Matsuoka
- Teikyo University of Science & Technology, Senju Campus 7, Adachi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Horikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kitsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mizota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Rickert CA, Wittmann B, Fromme R, Lieleg O. Highly Transparent Covalent Mucin Coatings Improve the Wettability and Tribology of Hydrophobic Contact Lenses. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:28024-28033. [PMID: 32464050 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c06847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A stable, good coverage of the corneal tissue by the tear film is essential for protecting the eye. Contact lenses, however, constitute a foreign body that separates the tear film into two thinner layers, which are then more vulnerable toward disruption. This effect is even more pronounced if the contact lenses possess an insufficient surface wettability, which, in addition to friction, is suggested to be linked to discomfort and damage to the ocular surface. In this study, we establish covalent surface coatings with mucin macromolecules to overcome this issue for pure silicone contact lenses. This material class, which outperforms state-of-the-art silicone hydrogels in terms of oxygen permeability, is not yet used for commercial contact lens applications, which is due to its strongly hydrophobic surface characteristics. The applied process stably attaches a transparent mucin layer onto the contact lenses and thereby establishes hydrophilic surfaces that not only prevent lipid adsorption but also interact very well with liquid environments. Most importantly, however, we show that those mucin coatings are indeed able to prevent wear formation on corneal tissue that is subjected to the tribological stress applied by a contact lens. Our results open up great possibilities for a variety of hydrophobic materials that are, to date, not suitable for a contact lens application. Furthermore, the ability of mucin coatings to reduce wear in a tissue/synthetic material contact might be also beneficial for other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin A Rickert
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Barbara Wittmann
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland Fromme
- Woehlk Contactlinsen GmbH, 24232 Schönkirchen, Germany
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Munich School of Bioengineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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Fleiszig SMJ, Kroken AR, Nieto V, Grosser MR, Wan SJ, Metruccio MME, Evans DJ. Contact lens-related corneal infection: Intrinsic resistance and its compromise. Prog Retin Eye Res 2019; 76:100804. [PMID: 31756497 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Contact lenses represent a widely utilized form of vision correction with more than 140 million wearers worldwide. Although generally well-tolerated, contact lenses can cause corneal infection (microbial keratitis), with an approximate annualized incidence ranging from ~2 to ~20 cases per 10,000 wearers, and sometimes resulting in permanent vision loss. Research suggests that the pathogenesis of contact lens-associated microbial keratitis is complex and multifactorial, likely requiring multiple conspiring factors that compromise the intrinsic resistance of a healthy cornea to infection. Here, we outline our perspective of the mechanisms by which contact lens wear sometimes renders the cornea susceptible to infection, focusing primarily on our own research efforts during the past three decades. This has included studies of host factors underlying the constitutive barrier function of the healthy cornea, its response to bacterial challenge when intrinsic resistance is not compromised, pathogen virulence mechanisms, and the effects of contact lens wear that alter the outcome of host-microbe interactions. For almost all of this work, we have utilized the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa because it is the leading cause of lens-related microbial keratitis. While not yet common among corneal isolates, clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa have emerged that are resistant to virtually all currently available antibiotics, leading the United States CDC (Centers for Disease Control) to add P. aeruginosa to its list of most serious threats. Compounding this concern, the development of advanced contact lenses for biosensing and augmented reality, together with the escalating incidence of myopia, could portent an epidemic of vision-threatening corneal infections in the future. Thankfully, technological advances in genomics, proteomics, metabolomics and imaging combined with emerging models of contact lens-associated P. aeruginosa infection hold promise for solving the problem - and possibly life-threatening infections impacting other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M J Fleiszig
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Graduate Groups in Microbiology and Infectious Diseases & Immunity, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Abby R Kroken
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vincent Nieto
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Stephanie J Wan
- Graduate Group in Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - David J Evans
- School of Optometry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA, USA
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