1
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Kiraly P, De Silva SR, Stone N. Vitreous Haemorrhage and Retinal Neovascularization Secondary to Peripheral Retinal Ischemia as the Presenting Sign of a Disseminated Melanoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2024; 32:703-706. [PMID: 37071820 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2198003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We describe a case of vitreous haemorrhage and retinal neovascularization secondary to peripheral retinal ischemia associated with disseminated melanoma. METHODS A retrospective case report. RESULTS A 48-year-old man presented with vitreous haemorrhage in the right eye, peripheral retinal ischemia, and retinal neovascularization in both eyes. CT and MRI scans were suggestive of disseminated malignancy and an ultrasound-guided biopsy of the abdominal mass confirmed metastatic melanoma. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy with ipilimumab/nivolumab was initiated. Regarding his ocular status, the vitreous haemorrhage cleared spontaneously, visual acuity improved to 6/7.5 and the patient underwent bilateral peripheral scatter laser photocoagulation to stabilize the retinopathy. The patient passed away 1 year after the initial presentation. CONCLUSION Our patient presented with melanoma and peripheral retinal ischaemia, leading to retinal neovascularization and vitreous haemorrhage. Therefore, melanoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when investigating the aetiology of peripheral retinal ischaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kiraly
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha R De Silva
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh Stone
- Oxford Eye Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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2
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Fouad YA, Khanna S, Santina A, Sarraf D. Autoimmune retinopathy associated with systemic autoimmune disease: a case series. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024:S0008-4182(24)00102-9. [PMID: 38768650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe various presentations of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) associated with systemic autoimmune diseases. DESIGN Case series. PATIENTS AND METHODS Four patients with systemic autoimmune disorders and AIR are described in this report. The clinical and multimodal imaging characteristics, systemic work-up, genetic testing results, management, and course of disease are detailed. RESULTS The multimodal retinal features of 4 cases of AIR including the findings of fundus autofluorescence, optical coherence tomography, and electrophysiology necessary to document progressive photoreceptor loss are described. Each case of AIR was associated with a complicated autoimmune disorder. Case 1 was associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and showed marked improvement with systemic steroid and intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. Case 2 was associated with rheumatoid arthritis, and the AIR condition progressed despite systemic immune therapy. Case 3 was associated with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, and AIR developed 6 years later and stabilized with systemic immune therapy. Case 4 was associated with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma followed by AIR and was managed by systemic immune therapy. CONCLUSIONS AIR in association with these systemic conditions is rarely reported. Our cases highlight the gaps in our current understanding of the definition, systemic associations, pathogenesis, and management of AIR and the importance of multimodal imaging and a multidisciplinary approach in managing patients with suspected AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef A Fouad
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Ophthalmology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sheena Khanna
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Ahmad Santina
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David Sarraf
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA.
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3
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Gougoulakis LS, Rothermundt C, Flynn MC, Jörger M, Todorova MG. Electrodiagnostic Biomarkers in Paraneoplastic Retinopathy. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2024; 241:510-524. [PMID: 38653300 DOI: 10.1055/a-2227-3970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paraneoplastic retinopathy (PNR) is a rapid-onset photoreceptor and post-photoreceptor dysfunction triggered by a cross-reaction between antigens expressed by the underlying tumour and retinal proteins. The present study aims to determine the electrodiagnostic biomarkers that support the diagnosis of PNR and evaluate the effect of treatment. METHODS A retrospective observational case-controlled study including 25 patients with suspected PNR, of which 11 patients were diagnosed with PNR. The presence of PNR was confirmed based on clinical examination, supported by colour fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence imaging, optical coherence tomography, fluorescein angiography, retinal vessel oximetry, colour test, full-field electroretinogram (ffERG), on-/off ERG, S-cone ERG, and multifocal ERG (mfERG). The relationships between the clinical symptomatology and the effect of therapy were evaluated. RESULTS All PNR patients (Nr: 11) presented with subjective symptoms of newly reported central vision or visual field deterioration. Posterior segment findings showed a severe patchy-like retinal atrophy, attenuation of the retinal vessels, and a waxy optic disc. Optical coherence tomography revealed a discontinued ISe line, and multiple hyperreflective foci. Retinal vessel oxygen saturation was increased. Multifocal ERG revealed reduced central and paracentral responses and ffERG severely attenuated scotopic-, photopic-, on-/off- and S-cone responses. The colour vision test revealed a tritan-tetartan-weakness. Two of the PNR patients underwent rituximab therapy with no further progression and even recovery of electrodiagnostic responses.In 1 nPNR (non-paraneoplastic retinopathy) patient (total Nr: 14) pseudoxanthoma elasticum-related retinopathy was the reason for impaired vision. In 3 of 13 patients with bronchopulmonary cancer a MEK- and FGFR-inhibitor- drug toxicity was the reason for the visual deterioration. CONCLUSION Careful investigation for signs of central and/or peripheral visual field deterioration must be performed in the presence of history of a co-existing malignancy. The possibility of PNR should be taken into account. The electrodiagnostic biomarkers, suggested in this study, may help to promptly recognise PNR and also to evaluate the effect of implemented therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Rothermundt
- Clinic of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Claire Flynn
- Clinic of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Markus Jörger
- Clinic of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Margarita G Todorova
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Zürich, Switzerland
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4
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Akhavanrezayat A, Khatri A, Onghanseng NGL, Halim MS, Or C, Sredar N, Razeen M, Hasanreisoglu M, Regenold J, Thng ZX, Mohammadi SS, Jain T, Yavari N, Bazojoo V, Gupta AS, Mobasserian A, Yasar C, Than NTT, Uludag Kirimli G, Karaca I, Shin YU, Yoo WS, Ghoraba H, Do DV, Dubra A, Nguyen QD. Structural and Functional Changes in Non-Paraneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3376. [PMID: 37958272 PMCID: PMC10649684 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13213376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To describe longitudinal changes in patients with non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR) by utilizing different diagnostic modalities/tests. METHODS The index study is a retrospective longitudinal review of sixteen eyes of eight patients from a tertiary care eye hospital diagnosed with npAIR. Multiple diagnostic modalities such as wide-angle fundus photography (WAFP), WA fundus autofluorescence (WAFAF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), Goldmann visual field (GVF) perimetry, microperimetry (MP), electrophysiologic testing, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) were reviewed and analyzed. RESULTS At the baseline visits, anomalies were detected by multimodal diagnostic tests on all patients. Subjects were followed up for a median duration of 11.5 [3.0-18.7] months. Structural changes at the baseline were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on WAFP and WAFAF and 13 of 16 (81.2%) eyes on SD-OCT. Eight of the ten (80%) eyes that underwent AOSLO imaging depicted structural changes. Functional changes were detected in 14 of 16 (87.5%) eyes on GVF, 15 of 16 (93.7%) eyes on MP, and 11 of 16 (68.7%) eyes on full-field electroretinogram (ff-ERG). Multifocal electroretinogram (mf-ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) tests were performed in 14 eyes, of which 12 (85.7%) and 14 (100%) of the eyes demonstrated functional abnormalities, respectively, at baseline. Compared to all the other structural diagnostic tools, AOSLO had a better ability to demonstrate deterioration in retinal microstructures occurring at follow-ups. Functional deterioration at follow-up was detected on GVF in 8 of 10 (80%) eyes, mf-ERG in 4 of 8 (50%) eyes, and MP in 7 of 16 (43.7%) eyes. The ff-ERG and VEP were stable in the majority of cases at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The utilization of multimodal imaging/tests in the diagnosing and monitoring of npAIR patients can aid in identifying anomalous changes over time. Analysis of both the anatomical and functional aspects by these devices can be supportive of detecting the changes early in such patients. AOSLO shows promise as it enables the capture of high-resolution images demonstrating quantifiable changes to retinal microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Akhavanrezayat
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Anadi Khatri
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Birat Aankha Aspatal, Biratnagar 56613, Nepal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Birat Medical College and Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu University, Biratnagar 45200, Nepal
| | - Neil Gregory L. Onghanseng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Makati Medical Center, Manila 1229, Philippines
| | - Muhammad Sohail Halim
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Ocular Imaging Research and Reading Center, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, USA
| | - Christopher Or
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Nripun Sredar
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Moataz Razeen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Murat Hasanreisoglu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jonathan Regenold
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Zheng Xian Thng
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - S. Saeed Mohammadi
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Tanya Jain
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Dr. Shroff Charity Eye Hospital, New Delhi 110002, India
| | - Negin Yavari
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Vahid Bazojoo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Ankur Sudhir Gupta
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Azadeh Mobasserian
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Cigdem Yasar
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Ngoc Trong Tuong Than
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Gunay Uludag Kirimli
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Irmak Karaca
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Yong-Un Shin
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong-Sun Yoo
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, and Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hashem Ghoraba
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Diana V. Do
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Alfredo Dubra
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Quan Dong Nguyen
- Spencer Center for Vision Research, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 2370 Watson Court, Palo Alto, CA 94303, USA; (A.A.); (A.K.)
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5
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Ma JP, Sarici K, Iannaccone A, Hadziahmetovic M. Autoimmune-Related Retinopathy Presenting As Plaquenil Toxicity in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. JOURNAL OF VITREORETINAL DISEASES 2023; 7:521-527. [PMID: 37974912 PMCID: PMC10649445 DOI: 10.1177/24741264231201313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To report 3 cases of autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) to explore the association between these conditions and highlight additional clinical consideration of AIR in patients presenting with atypical retinopathy in the context of hydroxychloroquine use. Methods: The medical and clinical follow-up records of 3 clinical cases were reviewed. The eligibility criteria were the absence of other retinopathy or systemic autoimmune diseases. Results: All patients had a long-standing diagnosis of SLE and had been taking hydroxychloroquine at a dose exceeding the American Academy of Ophthalmology recommendations. All 3 patients had extensive retinal degeneration atypical in appearance for drug toxicity alone. Examination, imaging, electroretinograms, and autoantibody assays eventually led to the diagnosis of AIR. Conclusions: Further study of the AIR and SLE may reveal an association between these conditions. In patients with SLE presenting with retinal degeneration, AIR may be underdiagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P. Ma
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kubra Sarici
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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6
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Pawestri AR, Arjkongharn N, Suvannaboon R, Tuekprakhon A, Srimuninnimit V, Udompunthurak S, Atchaneeyasakul LO, Koolvisoot A, Trinavarat A. Autoantibody profiles and clinical association in Thai patients with autoimmune retinopathy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15047. [PMID: 34294798 PMCID: PMC8298708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94377-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare immune-mediated inflammation of the retina. The autoantibodies against retinal proteins and glycolytic enzymes were reported to be involved in the pathogenesis. This retrospective cohort study assessed the antiretinal autoantibody profiles and their association with clinical outcomes of AIR patients in Thailand. We included 44 patients, 75% were females, with the overall median age of onset of 48 (17-74, IQR 40-55.5) years. Common clinical presentations were nyctalopia (65.9%), blurred vision (52.3%), constricted visual field (43.2%), and nonrecordable electroretinography (65.9%). Underlying malignancy and autoimmune diseases were found in 2 and 12 female patients, respectively. We found 41 autoantibodies, with anti-α-enolase (65.9%) showing the highest prevalence, followed by anti-CAII (43.2%), anti-aldolase (40.9%), and anti-GAPDH (36.4%). Anti-aldolase was associated with male gender (P = 0.012, OR 7.11, 95% CI 1.54-32.91). Anti-CAII showed significant association with age of onset (P = 0.025, 95% CI - 17.28 to - 1.24), while anti-α-enolase (P = 0.002, OR 4.37, 95% CI 1.83-10.37) and anti-GAPDH (P = 0.001, OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.32-2.64) were significantly associated with nonrecordable electroretinography. Association between the antibody profiles and clinical outcomes may be used to direct and adjust the treatment plans and provide insights in the pathogenesis of AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niracha Arjkongharn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ragkit Suvannaboon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Research Division, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Welcome Center for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vichien Srimuninnimit
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suthipol Udompunthurak
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Siriraj Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - La-Ongsri Atchaneeyasakul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Ajchara Koolvisoot
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
| | - Adisak Trinavarat
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, 2 Wanglang Road, Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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7
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Chen JJ, McKeon A, Greenwood TM, Flanagan EP, Bhatti MT, Dubey D, Pulido JS, Iezzi R, Smith WM, Sen HN, Gordon LK, Pittock SJ. Clinical Utility of Antiretinal Antibody Testing. JAMA Ophthalmol 2021; 139:658-662. [PMID: 33885761 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.0651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance The clinical utility of most antiretinal antibodies (retina antibodies) currently available for testing remains unclear and unproven. Despite this, the presence of retinal antibodies is included in current diagnostic autoimmune retinopathy criteria. Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of comprehensive retinal antibody evaluations currently offered in North America. Design, Setting, and Participants In this cross-sectional study, 14 patients without autoimmune retinopathy were recruited into the Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology Biorepository for this study between January 1, 2019, and October 1, 2019. These serum samples without autoimmune retinopathy were sent in masked fashion to a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory. Using similar methods, the Mayo Clinic Neuroimmunology Research Laboratory independently assessed the same sample to ascertain reproducibility of the findings. Main Outcomes and Measures Results of the autoimmune retinopathy and cancer-associated retinopathy panels. Results Thirteen of 14 (93%; 95% CI, 66%-100%) serum samples tested positive for retinal antibodies, with a median of 5 retinal antibodies (range, 0-8) per patient at the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-certified laboratory, which provides a specificity of 7% (95% CI, 0%-34%). Confirmatory immunohistochemistry staining in human retina was present in 12 of 14 samples (86%). α-Enolase was found in 9 (64%). The only retinal antibody not present was recoverin. These nonspecific retinal antibody results were replicated at the Mayo Clinic Laboratory on Western blot using pig retina proteins as substrate. Conclusions and Relevance The presence of retinal antibodies in 93% of the patients without autoimmune retinopathy indicates a lack of specificity and that most detectable retinal antibodies have limited clinical relevance in the evaluation of patients for suspected autoimmune retinopathy. Current retinal antibody testing, other than recoverin, should be interpreted with caution, especially for cases of low clinical suspicion. The poor specificity is important to recognize to prevent the potentially unnecessary commencement of systemic immunosuppressants that may result in significant extraocular adverse effects. Identification of biomarkers that have a high predictive value for inflammatory or autoimmune retinal diseases is needed to move the field forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andrew McKeon
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Tammy M Greenwood
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Eoin P Flanagan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - M Tariq Bhatti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Divyanshu Dubey
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jose S Pulido
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Ophthalmology, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Wendy M Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - H Nida Sen
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lynn K Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jules Stein Eye Institute, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Sean J Pittock
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.,Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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8
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Dutta Majumder P, Marchese A, Pichi F, Garg I, Agarwal A. An update on autoimmune retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2021; 68:1829-1837. [PMID: 32823399 PMCID: PMC7690499 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_786_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) refers to a group of rare autoimmune retinal degenerative diseases presumably caused by cross-reactivity of serum autoantibodies against retinal antigens. The pathogenesis of AIR remains largely presumptive and there are a significant number of antiretinal antibodies that have been detected in association with AIR. The diagnosis of AIR is largely based on the demonstration of antiretinal antibodies in the serum along with suggestive clinical features and ancillary investigations. A high index of suspicion along with early diagnosis and treatment may play a critical role to lower the risk of irreversible immunological damage to the retinal cells in these patients. A multi-disciplinary approach for complete management and evaluation is helpful in such conditions. Various therapeutic options have been described for the treatment of AIR, though there is no consensus on standard treatment protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandro Marchese
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scientific Institute San Raffaele, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Pichi
- Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Itika Garg
- Retinal Imaging Lab, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aniruddha Agarwal
- Advanced Eye Center, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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9
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IMMUNE RETINOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH NIVOLUMAB ADMINISTRATION FOR METASTATIC NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2021; 14:120-126. [PMID: 29176534 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present a novel case of immune retinopathy associated with nivolumab therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS Retrospective chart review. RESULTS A 64-year-old woman presented with photoreceptor injury evidenced by hypoautofluorescent and hyperautofluorescent patches on fundus autofluorescence, loss of the ellipsoid zone on optical coherence tomography, and dysfunction of the rods and cones on electroretinogram. She had a history of Stage IV lung adenocarcinoma, treated with nivolumab, a checkpoint inhibitor. Serology testing was negative for paraneoplastic antibody panel, antirecoverin and antienolase antibodies, but positive for antiretinal antibodies against 30-kDa (carbonic anhydrase II), 35-kDa (GADPH), 38-kDA, 58-kDa (PKM2), and 112-kDa proteins. Cessation of the medication and high-dose oral steroids resulted in resolution of her symptoms and stability of ocular findings. CONCLUSION The checkpoint inhibitors, including nivolumab, have significant ocular side effects. All patients receiving nivolumab should undergo a baseline comprehensive eye examination and should be counseled to seek medical attention immediately if visual changes occur.
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10
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Grohmann SM, Berman A, Grassi MA. Linezolid-induced photoreceptor dysfunction masquerading as autoimmune retinopathy. Doc Ophthalmol 2019; 140:77-82. [PMID: 31587118 DOI: 10.1007/s10633-019-09725-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a case of linezolid-induced reversible retinopathy. METHODS Case report with literature review. RESULTS Clinical examination and imaging are presented over a 7-month interval, from initial presentation to subsequent follow-up (6 months after discontinuation of linezolid). The subject was found to have not only an optic neuropathy but also severe reversible photoreceptor dysfunction as demonstrated by electrophysiologic testing. Upon discontinuation of linezolid, not only did the patient's visual acuity, visual fields, and visual evoked potential significantly improve, but the electroretinogram did as well. CONCLUSIONS Linezolid has previously been reported to cause a toxic optic neuropathy. Reversible photoreceptor dysfunction on full-field electroretinography has never been reported in conjunction with linezolid toxicity. This novel case suggests that linezolid toxicity should be considered in cases of photoreceptor dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Berman
- Northwestern Lake Forest Hospital, Lake Forest, IL, USA
| | - Michael A Grassi
- Grassi Retina, Naperville, IL, USA. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1855, W Taylor St., Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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11
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Takiuti JT, Takahashi VKL, Xu CL, Jauregui R, Tsang SH. Non-paraneoplastic related retinopathy: clinical challenges and review. Ophthalmic Genet 2019; 40:293-297. [PMID: 31394964 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2019.1650072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare inflammatory condition characterized by progressive visual loss, abnormalities in visual fields and electroretinographic exams, along with presence of circulating anti-retinal antibodies. There are two main forms of AIR: paraneoplastic AIR (pAIR) and presumed non-paraneoplastic AIR (npAIR). NpAIR is considered a diagnosis of exclusion, since it is typically made after other causes of retinopathy have been investigated and the absence of malignancy is confirmed. Work-up of a npAIR case is challenging since there are no standartizaded protocols for diagnosis and treatment. The treatment regimen may vary from case to case, and it can be best guided by a set of parameters including electrophysiological responses, visual outcomes, and presence of anti-retinal antibodies. The purpose of this review is to summarize the principal clinical features, investigation, and management of npAIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia T Takiuti
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Medical School , São Paulo , Brazil.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory , New York , NY , USA
| | - Vitor K L Takahashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory , New York , NY , USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Christine L Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory , New York , NY , USA
| | - Ruben Jauregui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory , New York , NY , USA.,Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , NY , USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA.,Jonas Children's Vision Care and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory , New York , NY , USA.,Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University , New York , NY , USA
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12
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Kasongole D, Raval V, Mruthyunjaya P, Narayanan R. Multimodal imaging in non-paraneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy. Indian J Ophthalmol 2019; 67:1171-1173. [PMID: 31238443 PMCID: PMC6611240 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_1416_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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13
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Canamary AM, Takahashi WY, Sallum JMF. Autoimmune retinopathy: A Review. Int J Retina Vitreous 2018; 4:1. [PMID: 29340169 PMCID: PMC5759752 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-017-0104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) is a rare and still poorly understood immune-mediated disease that may cause inflammation from circulating autoantibodies against the retina. It may be related to history of autoimmune disease in the patient or in a family member or the presence of neoplastic disease in the individual. The disease may be subdivided into paraneoplastic and non-paraneoplastic AIR. When related to melanoma, it is referred to as MAR, and when related to other cancers, it is called CAR. The exact prevalence of AIR is unknown. It mainly affects older adults. Patients present with bilateral and asymmetric scotomas, photopsias, visual field defects, with rapidly progressive visual loss in late onset. In the initial stage, fundus examination is unremarkable, and in late stages, there is limited retinal epitheliopathy and vascular attenuation, with or without optic disc pallor, associated or not with intraocular inflammation and with no evidence of degenerative retinal disease. A clinical investigation with detailed anamnesis and laboratory tests should be performed to search for an associated neoplasm. Ophthalmologic and complementary examinations such as full-field electroretinogram, optical coherence tomography, visual field and fundus autofluorescence, help the diagnosis. Blood tests to search for autoantibodies should be requested. Management consists of prolonged immunosuppression, which may be combined with antioxidant vitamins. In general, the prognosis is uncertain, so the disease still needs to be better understood. More studies should be performed to improve diagnostic measures and define specific management that could preserve or even restore vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Yukihiko Takahashi
- Medical School of University of São Paulo, Avenida São Gualter 99, Alto Pinheiros, São Paulo, SP CEP:05455-000 Brazil
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14
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Gibbs E, Matsubara J, Cao S, Cui J, Forooghian F. Antigen-specificity of antiretinal antibodies in patients with noninfectious uveitis. Can J Ophthalmol 2017; 52:463-467. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Rituximab for the Treatment of Autoimmune Retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 180:xv-xvi. [PMID: 28662767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Davoudi S, Ebrahimiadib N, Yasa C, Sevgi DD, Roohipoor R, Papavasilieou E, Comander J, Sobrin L. Outcomes in Autoimmune Retinopathy Patients Treated With Rituximab. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 180:124-132. [PMID: 28483493 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate clinical and ancillary testing, including adaptive optics, outcomes in autoimmune retinopathy (AIR) patients treated with rituximab. DESIGN Retrospective, interventional case series. METHODS patients: Sixteen AIR patients treated with rituximab. OBSERVATION PROCEDURES All patients were treated with a loading and maintenance dose schedule of intravenous rituximab. Visual acuity (VA), electroretinography (ERG), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) and visual field (VF) results were recorded. A subset of patients was also imaged using adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AO-SLO). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Rates of VA change before vs after rituximab initiation were compared with mixed-model linear regression. RESULTS The rate of visual decline was significantly less after rituximab initiation compared with the rate of visual decline prior to rituximab initiation (P = .005). Seventy-seven percent of eyes had stable or improved VA 6 months after rituximab initiation. Amplitudes and implicit times on ERG, mean deviation on VF, central subfield mean thickness, and total macular volume did not decrease to a significant degree over the rituximab treatment period. Six eyes had serial AO-SLO imaging. Cone densities did not change significantly over the treatment period. CONCLUSION VA was stable or improved in a majority of AIR patients while they were being treated with rituximab. OCT and ERG parameters, as well as AO-SLO cone densities, were stable during treatment. Studies with additional patients and longer follow-up periods are needed to further explore the utility of rituximab in the management of AIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Davoudi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nazanin Ebrahimiadib
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cagla Yasa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Damla D Sevgi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ramak Roohipoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Ophthalmology, Farabi Eye Hospital, Eye Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Evangelia Papavasilieou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jason Comander
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lucia Sobrin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, Massachusetts.
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17
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Forooghian F. Prevalence of Antiretinal Antibodies in Acute Zonal Occult Outer Retinopathy: A Comprehensive Review of 25 Cases. Am J Ophthalmol 2017; 179:210-211. [PMID: 28522028 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2017.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Bhat P, Huo S. Antibodies in autoimmune retinopathy. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1246247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Fox AR, Gordon LK, Heckenlively JR, Davis JL, Goldstein DA, Lowder CY, Nussenblatt RB, Butler NJ, Dalal M, Jayasundera T, Smith WM, Lee RW, Adamus G, Chan CC, Hooks JJ, Morgans CW, Detrick B, Sen HN. Reply. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 170:242-243. [PMID: 27566926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Forooghian F. Consensus on the Diagnosis and Management of Nonparaneoplastic Autoimmune Retinopathy Using a Modified Delphi Approach. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 170:241-242. [PMID: 27544042 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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21
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Uludag G, Onal S, Arf S, Sayman Muslubas I, Selcukbiricik F, Koc Akbay A, Molinas Mandel N. Electroretinographic improvement after rituximab therapy in a patient with autoimmune retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2016; 2:4-7. [PMID: 29503888 PMCID: PMC5757362 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the effect of rituximab on full-field electroretinography (ERG) in a patient with nonparaneoplastic autoimmune retinopathy (npAIR). Observations A 58-year-old male patient with visual complaints, positive anti-retinal antibodies and negative work-up for cancer was diagnosed with npAIR. Visual acuity and ancillary tests were normal except abnormal ERG in both eyes. The patient was given one course of rituximab 375 mg/m2/week for 4 weeks and cyclophosphamide 1 gr/m2/month for 6 months. A second course of rituximab was necessary as autoantibody titers showed no change and as new antibodies were noted after treatment with rituximab and cyclophosphamide. Electroretinography was repeated after the first course of rituximab, after cyclophosphamide, and the second course of rituximab therapy. Conclusions and importance Rituximab therapy led to marked improvement in full-field ERG readings and regression of symptoms was reported by the patient after rituximab infusions. The effect of rituximab in npAIR was objectively demonstrated with ERG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunay Uludag
- Koc University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sumru Onal
- Koc University School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
- V.K.V. American Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
- Corresponding author. Koc Universitesi Tip Fakultesi Hastanesi, Goz Hastaliklari Anabilim Dali, Davutpasa Cad. No: 4, Topkapi, 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.Koc Universitesi Tip Fakultesi HastanesiGoz Hastaliklari Anabilim DaliDavutpasa Cad. No: 4TopkapiIstanbul34010Turkey
| | - Serra Arf
- Istanbul Retina Institute, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Fatih Selcukbiricik
- Koc University School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Koc Akbay
- Koc University Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nil Molinas Mandel
- Koc University School of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- V.K.V. American Hospital, Division of Medical Oncology, Istanbul, Turkey
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