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Anton A, Fallon M, Cots F, Sebastian MA, Morilla-Grasa A, Mojal S, Castells X. Cost and detection rate of glaucoma screening with imaging devices in a primary care center. Clin Ophthalmol 2017; 11:337-346. [PMID: 28243057 PMCID: PMC5317344 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the cost and detection rate of a screening program for detecting glaucoma with imaging devices. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, a glaucoma screening program was applied in a population-based sample randomly selected from a population of 23,527. Screening targeted the population at risk of glaucoma. Examinations included optic disk tomography (Heidelberg retina tomograph [HRT]), nerve fiber analysis, and tonometry. Subjects who met at least 2 of 3 endpoints (HRT outside normal limits, nerve fiber index ≥30, or tonometry ≥21 mmHg) were referred for glaucoma consultation. The currently established (“conventional”) detection method was evaluated by recording data from primary care and ophthalmic consultations in the same population. The direct costs of screening and conventional detection were calculated by adding the unit costs generated during the diagnostic process. The detection rate of new glaucoma cases was assessed. Results The screening program evaluated 414 subjects; 32 cases were referred for glaucoma consultation, 7 had glaucoma, and 10 had probable glaucoma. The current detection method assessed 677 glaucoma suspects in the population, of whom 29 were diagnosed with glaucoma or probable glaucoma. Glaucoma screening and the conventional detection method had detection rates of 4.1% and 3.1%, respectively, and the cost per case detected was 1,410 and 1,435€, respectively. The cost of screening 1 million inhabitants would be 5.1 million euros and would allow the detection of 4,715 new cases. Conclusion The proposed screening method directed at population at risk allows a detection rate of 4.1% and a cost of 1,410 per case detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Anton
- Medicine School, Universidad Internacional de Cataluña; Servei d'Estudies, Parc de Salut Mar; Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM); Glaucoma Department, Instituto Catalán de Retina (ICR)
| | - Monica Fallon
- Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM); Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
| | | | | | | | - Sergi Mojal
- Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM)
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Fallon M, Valero O, Pazos M, Antón A. Diagnostic accuracy of imaging devices in glaucoma: A meta-analysis. Surv Ophthalmol 2017; 62:446-461. [PMID: 28093287 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imaging devices such as the Heidelberg retinal tomograph-3 (HRT3), scanning laser polarimetry (GDx), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) play an important role in glaucoma diagnosis. A systematic search for evidence-based data was performed for prospective studies evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of HRT3, GDx, and OCT. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was calculated. To compare the accuracy among instruments and parameters, a meta-analysis considering the hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristic model was performed. The risk of bias was assessed using quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies, version 2. Studies in the context of screening programs were used for qualitative analysis. Eighty-six articles were included. The DOR values were 29.5 for OCT, 18.6 for GDx, and 13.9 for HRT. The heterogeneity analysis demonstrated statistically a significant influence of degree of damage and ethnicity. Studies analyzing patients with earlier glaucoma showed poorer results. The risk of bias was high for patient selection. Screening studies showed lower sensitivity values and similar specificity values when compared with those included in the meta-analysis. The classification capabilities of GDx, HRT, and OCT were high and similar across the 3 instruments. The highest estimated DOR was obtained with OCT. Diagnostic accuracy could be overestimated in studies including prediagnosed groups of subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Fallon
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology and Preventive Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de l'Esperança-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oliver Valero
- Servei d'Estadística (Statistics Department), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pazos
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de l'Esperança-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Antón
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital de l'Esperança-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institut Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Glaucoma Department, Institut Català de la Retina (ICR), Barcelona, Spain; Research Department, Institut Català de la Retina (ICR), Barcelona, Spain; Research Line on Epidemiology and Health Services, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Fidalgo BMR, Crabb DP, Lawrenson JG. Methodology and reporting of diagnostic accuracy studies of automated perimetry in glaucoma: evaluation using a standardised approach. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2016; 35:315-23. [PMID: 25913874 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate methodological and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies of perimetry in glaucoma and to determine whether there had been any improvement since the publication of the Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) guidelines. METHODS A systematic review of English language articles published between 1993 and 2013 reporting the diagnostic accuracy of perimetry in glaucoma. Articles were appraised for methodological quality using the 14-item Quality assessment tool for diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS) and evaluated for quality of reporting by applying the STARD checklist. RESULTS Fifty-eight articles were appraised. Overall methodological quality of these studies was moderate with a median number of QUADAS items rated as 'yes' equal to nine (out of a maximum of 14) (IQR 7-10). The studies were often poorly reported; median score of STARD items fully reported was 11 out of 25 (IQR 10-14). A comparison of the studies published in 10-year periods before and after the publication of the STARD checklist in 2003 found quality of reporting had not substantially improved. CONCLUSIONS Methodological and reporting quality of diagnostic accuracy studies of perimetry is sub-optimal and appears not to have improved substantially following the development of the STARD reporting guidance. This observation is consistent with previous studies in ophthalmology and in other medical specialities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno M R Fidalgo
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, London, UK
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Springelkamp H, Lee K, Wolfs RCW, Buitendijk GHS, Ramdas WD, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Klaver CCW, Abràmoff MD, Jansonius NM. Population-based evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer, retinal ganglion cell layer, and inner plexiform layer as a diagnostic tool for glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:8428-38. [PMID: 25414193 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-15506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the glaucoma screening performance of regional optical coherence tomography (OCT) layer thickness measurements in the peripapillary and macular region, in a population-based setting. METHODS Subjects (n = 1224) in the Rotterdam Study underwent visual field testing (Humphrey Field Analyzer) and OCT of the macula and optic nerve head (Topcon 3-D OCT-1000). We determined the mean thicknesses of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), retinal ganglion cell layer (RGCL), and inner plexiform layer for regions-of-interest; thus, defining a series of OCT parameters, using the Iowa Reference Algorithms. Reference standard was the presence of glaucomatous visual field loss (GVFL); controls were subjects without GVFL, an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 21 mm Hg or less, and no positive family history for glaucoma. We calculated the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUCs) and the sensitivity at 97.5% specificity for each parameter. RESULTS After excluding 23 subjects with an IOP > 21 mm Hg and 73 subjects with a positive family history for glaucoma, there were 1087 controls and 41 glaucoma cases. Mean RGCL thickness in the inferior half of the macular region showed the highest AUC (0.85; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77-0.92) and sensitivity (53.7%; 95% CI, 38.7-68.0%). The mean thickness of the peripapillary RNFL had an AUC of 0.77 (95% CI, 0.69-0.85) and a sensitivity of 24.4% (95% CI, 13.7-39.5%). CONCLUSIONS Macular RGCL loss is at least as common as peripapillary RNFL abnormalities in population-based glaucoma cases. Screening for glaucoma using OCT-derived regional thickness identifies approximately half of those cases of glaucoma as diagnosed by perimetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriët Springelkamp
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kyungmoo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Roger C W Wolfs
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wishal D Ramdas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael D Abràmoff
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Raza AS, Zhang X, De Moraes CGV, Reisman CA, Liebmann JM, Ritch R, Hood DC. Improving glaucoma detection using spatially correspondent clusters of damage and by combining standard automated perimetry and optical coherence tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2014; 55:612-24. [PMID: 24408977 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To improve the detection of glaucoma, techniques for assessing local patterns of damage and for combining structure and function were developed. METHODS Standard automated perimetry (SAP) and frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (fdOCT) data, consisting of macular retinal ganglion cell plus inner plexiform layer (mRGCPL) as well as macular and optic disc retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL and dRNFL) thicknesses, were collected from 52 eyes of 52 healthy controls and 156 eyes of 96 glaucoma suspects and patients. In addition to generating simple global metrics, SAP and fdOCT data were searched for contiguous clusters of abnormal points and converted to a continuous metric (pcc). The pcc metric, along with simpler methods, was used to combine the information from the SAP and fdOCT. The performance of different methods was assessed using the area under receiver operator characteristic curves (AROC scores). RESULTS The pcc metric performed better than simple global measures for both the fdOCT and SAP. The best combined structure-function metric (mRGCPL&SAP pcc, AROC = 0.868 ± 0.032) was better (statistically significant) than the best metrics for independent measures of structure and function. When SAP was used as part of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, AROC scores increased for all metrics, including the best combined structure-function metric (AROC = 0.975 ± 0.014). CONCLUSIONS A combined structure-function metric improved the detection of glaucomatous eyes. Overall, the primary sources of value-added for glaucoma detection stem from the continuous cluster search (the pcc), the mRGCPL data, and the combination of structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S Raza
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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Li G, Fansi AK, Harasymowycz P. Screening for glaucoma using GDx-VCC in a population with ≥1 risk factors. Can J Ophthalmol 2013; 48:279-85. [PMID: 23931467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the GDx-VCC for glaucoma screening in a population with ≥1 risk factors for glaucoma. DESIGN Cross-sectional evaluation of a diagnostic test for screening. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred forty-seven community-based volunteer participants with risk factors for glaucoma. METHODS The peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layers (RNFL) of participants' eyes were scanned using the GDx-VCC. Based on an ophthalmologic examination and frequency doubling perimetry, eyes were classified into 4 categories: normal, possible glaucoma, probable glaucoma, and definitive glaucoma. The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative predictive values, and positive and negative likelihood ratios of the RNFL parameters were calculated. RESULTS The right eyes were retained for analyses. After excluding 5 eyes because of missing data and 23 eyes because of poor scan quality, the data of 219 right eyes were analyzed. Four eyes had definitive glaucoma. The best performing parameter was the nerve fibre indicator using a cutoff of 35 with a sensitivity of 75% (95% CI 19.4-99.4) at a specificity of 95% (95% CI 91.3-97.3), a positive predictive value of 25 (95% CI 4.3-48.1), a negative predictive value of 99 (95% CI 97.5-100.0), a positive likelihood ratio of 16 (95% CI 6.69-32.5), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.20 (95% CI 0.05-1.44). CONCLUSIONS The GDx-VCC has inadequate sensitivity for screening of definitive glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisèle Li
- Ophthalmology Research Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Que., Canada.
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Abstract
UNLABELLED This thesis addresses several aspects of glaucoma diagnostics from both a clinical and a screening perspective. New instruments for diagnosing glaucoma have been developed over the past years, but little information is available regarding their performance as screening methods and their usefulness in ordinary clinical practice. PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH UNDERLYING THIS THESIS: The objectives of this research were as follows: to compare the accuracy of results of analysis of the optic nerve head (ONH) achieved by computerized imaging using the Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) and by subjective assessment performed by physicians with different degrees of experience of glaucoma (paper III); to evaluate the effect of a continuous medical education (CME) lecture on subjective assessment of the ONH for diagnosis of glaucoma (paper II); to investigate subjective assessment of perimetric test results by physicians with varying knowledge of glaucoma with a trained artificial neural network (ANN) and to compare the certainty of the classifications (paper IV); and to compare the diagnostic performance of time-domain Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) with that of spectral-domain Cirrus OCT (paper I), frequency doubling technology (FDT) screening perimetry and scanning laser polarimetry with the GDx variable corneal compensator (VCC) in a random population-based sample and in patients with glaucoma of varying disease severity. METHODS AND RESULTS In evaluation of the ONH, use of the HRT statistical tools, Moorfields regression analysis (MRA) and the Glaucoma Probability Score (GPS) was compared with subjective assessment performed by 45 physicians. Optic nerve head images and photographs from 138 healthy and 97 glaucoma subjects were included. The sensitivity of MRA was higher (87-94%) than that of the average physician (62-82%), considerably greater than that of ophthalmologists with subspecialties other than glaucoma (53-77%) and non-significantly better than that of glaucoma experts (72-88%). Sensitivity achieved by GPS (79-93%) was also greater than that of the average physician. MRA correctly classified all eyes with advanced glaucomatous visual field defects, a result that was not achieved by GPS or even by the glaucoma experts. In eyes with small discs, MRA sensitivity (88%) was comparable with that of glaucoma experts (85%) and much better than that of GPS (50%). Also, the group comprising all physicians provided specificity (75-92%) similar to that of both MRA (69 - 86%) and GPS (72-94%) (Andersson et al. 2011a). A 1-hr CME lecture on ONH assessment led to a significant improvement in sensitivity (from 70% to 80%) and a significant decrease in uncertain assessments (from 22% to 13%), whereas specificity remained unchanged (68%) (Andersson et al. 2011b). A rise in sensitivity was seen in all subgroups of physicians, including glaucoma experts. Thirty physicians assessing standard automated perimetry (SAP) test results as Humphrey Field Analyzer single-field analysis printouts with full StatPac information from 99 patients with glaucoma and 66 healthy subjects were compared with a trained ANN regarding diagnostic performance. ANN reached significantly higher sensitivity (93%) than the average physician (83%), whereas specificity was similar for these two groups (91% and 90%, respectively). Diagnostic accuracy was similar among the different groups of physicians and seemingly rather independent of experience. Sensitivity ranged from 82% in the subgroup of other subspecialists to 87% in the glaucoma expert group, and specificity ranged from 88% among general ophthalmologists to 91% for glaucoma experts. The ANN attained certainty of classification that was in parity with that provided by the glaucoma experts and did not make any completely incorrect classifications of the visual fields (i.e. erroneous classifications were in the borderline zone) (Andersson et al. 2012). From a population-based randomly selected sample (n=308) of older subjects (aged ≥ 50 years) living in southern Sweden, 170 subjects underwent a comprehensive examination that included Stratus OCT, Cirrus OCT, an FDT screening programme and the GDx VCC. The same test protocol was applied to 138 randomized clinical patients with different stages of glaucoma. In the population-based sample, both Stratus and Cirrus OCT showed high diagnostic accuracy with area under the receiver-operating curve (aROC) values close to 1.0 (Bengtsson et al. 2012). Both OCT instruments correctly classified all of the clinical glaucoma patients with advanced disease. FDT screening showed high sensitivity (91%) but erroneously gave normal test results for some eyes with advanced disease. GDx VCC had lower sensitivity (73-92%) and also led to a large proportion of examinations with an atypical retardation pattern that is known to affect the diagnostic efficiency of this instrument. CONCLUSIONS The HRT MRA performed better than most physicians and was consistent with the glaucoma experts. These results suggest that MRA can be a valuable tool for diagnosing glaucoma in ordinary practice, particularly when only a few glaucoma experts are available. Even though MRA provided 100% sensitivity in eyes with advanced glaucoma, it probably does not offer sufficient specificity to make it suitable as a screening method. Continuing medical education on ONH analysis had a small, but positive effect on diagnostic accuracy for glaucoma. An ANN trained to classify visual fields seemed to perform at least as well as most of the participating physicians, whose performances were remarkably similar regardless of their level of experience. This indicates that available tools for interpreting SAP findings are helpful in assessments of visual field test results. However, SAP is associated with learning effects (Heijl et al. 1989) that may entail low specificity for untrained subjects, and hence, it is not an ideal screening method for glaucoma. By comparison, the screening test of FDT is rapid and easy, but it is probably less suitable for screening purpose, because some eyes with advanced glaucoma were missed in this investigation. GDx VCC images for a relatively large number of eyes could not be analysed and is thus not appropriate for screening. The OCT instruments offer both high sensitivity and high specificity, and all eyes with advanced disease were correctly classified as glaucomatous in this evaluation. However, these instruments are still expensive and require special operator skills. Additional development to obtain OCT instrument that is more compact, easier to use and less expensive might render such tomography suitable as a screening tool for glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Andersson Geimer
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
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Campbell SE, Azuara-Blanco A, Campbell MK, Francis JJ, Greene AC, Ramsay CR, Burr JM. Developing the specifications of an open angle glaucoma screening intervention in the United Kingdom: a Delphi approach. BMC Health Serv Res 2012; 12:447. [PMID: 23216983 PMCID: PMC3563574 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6963-12-447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glaucoma is a leading cause of blindness. Early detection is advocated but there is insufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to inform health policy on population screening. Primarily, there is no agreed screening intervention. For a screening programme, agreement is required on the screening tests to be used, either individually or in combination, the person to deliver the test and the location where testing should take place. This study aimed to use ophthalmologists (who were experienced glaucoma subspecialists), optometrists, ophthalmic nurses and patients to develop a reduced set of potential screening tests and testing arrangements that could then be explored in depth in a further study of their feasibility for evaluation in a glaucoma screening RCT. Methods A two-round Delphi survey involving 38 participants was conducted. Materials were developed from a prior evidence synthesis. For round one, after some initial priming questions in four domains, specialists were asked to nominate three screening interventions, the intervention being a combination of the four domains; target population, (age and higher risk groups), site, screening test and test operator (provider). More than 250 screening interventions were identified. For round two, responses were condensed into 72 interventions and each was rated by participants on a 0-10 scale in terms of feasibility. Results Using a cut-off of a median rating of feasibility of ≥5.5 as evidence of agreement of intervention feasibility, six interventions were identified from round 2. These were initiating screening at age 50, with a combination of two or three screening tests (varying combinations of tonometry/measures of visual function/optic nerve damage) organized in a community setting with an ophthalmic trained technical assistant delivering the tests. An alternative intervention was a ‘glaucoma risk score’ ascertained by questionnaire. The advisory panel recommended that further exploration of the feasibility of screening higher risk populations and detailed specification of the screening tests was required. Conclusions With systematic use of expert opinions, a shortlist of potential screening interventions was identified. Views of users, service providers and cost-effectiveness modeling are now required to identify a feasible intervention to evaluate in a future glaucoma screening trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Campbell
- School of Nursing Sciences, Edith Cavell Building, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK.
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Nonpopulation-Based Glaucoma Screening Exercise in an Osteoporosis Patient Organization. J Glaucoma 2012; 21:510-5. [DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e3182208a48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Comparison of Diagnostic Accuracy of the RTVue Fourier-Domain OCT and the GDx-VCC/ECC Polarimeter to Detect Glaucoma. Eur J Ophthalmol 2011; 22:45-54. [DOI: 10.5301/ejo.5000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare sensitivity and specificity of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements made using RTVue-100 Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography (RTVue-OCT) and scanning laser polarimetry with variable (GDx-VCC) or enhanced compensation (GDx-ECC). Methods One eye of each of 177 consecutive patients was imaged. Healthy (n=50) and ocular hypertensive (n=28) eyes were defined as structurally undamaged, preperimetric (n=33) and perimetric (n=66) glaucoma eyes as diseased. Results For average RNFLT, sensitivity was higher (χ2 test, p=0.002) with RTVue-OCT (65.7%) than with GDx-VCC (49.5%). For superior and inferior RNFLT, sensitivity was similar with all methods. For the different nerve fiber bundle parameters, sensitivity of RTVue-OCT (64.6% to 84.8%) was consistently up to 35% higher (p<0.001) than that of GDx-VCC/ECC (28.3% to 72.7%). Specificity ranged from 84.6% to 98.7% with RTVue-OCT, 92.3% to 100% with GDx-VCC, and 94.9% to 100% with GDx-ECC, with no significant difference between the methods except for one nerve fiber bundle parameter, for which RTVue-OCT was less specific than either GDx method (p≤0.004). Diagnostic accuracy of the GDx-VCC/ECC nerve fiber indicator (NFI) and RTVue-OCT average RNFLT were similar. Of the detected glaucoma cases, 87.7% were identified both by GDx-VCC/ECC NFI and average RNFLT of RTVue-OCT. Conclusions In this clinical setting, all methods were similarly highly specific, but for localized RNFLT damage RTVue-OCT was statistically and clinically significantly more sensitive than GDx-VCC and GDx-ECC. Most detected glaucoma cases were identified with all 3 methods.
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Garas A, Kóthy P, Holló G. Accuracy of the RTVue-100 Fourier-domain optical coherence tomograph in an optic neuropathy screening trial. Int Ophthalmol 2011; 31:175-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-011-9433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Li G, Fansi AK, Boivin JF, Joseph L, Harasymowycz P. Screening for glaucoma in high-risk populations using optical coherence tomography. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:453-61. [PMID: 20031231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the diagnostic accuracy of Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) for glaucoma screening in high-risk populations. DESIGN Cross-sectional evaluation of a diagnostic test for screening. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred thirty-three community-based volunteer participants with risk factors for glaucoma. METHODS The optic nerve and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) of participants' eyes were scanned using the Stratus OCT. Based on an ophthalmologic examination and frequency doubling perimetry, eyes were classified into 4 categories: normal, possible glaucoma, probable glaucoma, and definitive glaucoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The sensitivities, specificities, positive and negative likelihood ratios of the RNFL, optic disc parameters, and their combinations were calculated. RESULTS The right eyes were retained for analyses. After excluding eyes with missing data or with poor quality scans, the data of 210 right eyes were analyzed. Six eyes had definitive glaucoma. Combining the best performing optic nerve head parameters (cup diameter or cup/disc vertical ratio or cup/disc area ratio) and RNFL parameters (superior average or inferior average or overall average) using AND-logic resulted in a sensitivity of 67% (95% confidence interval [CI], 24%-94%), specificity of 96% (95% CI, 92%-98%), a positive likelihood ratio of 17.08 (95% CI, 7.06-41.4), and a negative likelihood ratio of 0.35 (95% CI, 0.11-1.08). CONCLUSIONS When adequate quality scans may be obtained, the Stratus has moderate sensitivity and high specificity for definitive glaucoma. Specificity is increased when parameters from both the optic nerve head and RNFL scans are combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisèle Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Health anxiety in a non-population-based, pre-publicised glaucoma screening exercise. Eye (Lond) 2009; 24:699-705. [DOI: 10.1038/eye.2009.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Accuracy of Scanning Laser Polarimetry, Scanning Laser Tomography, and Their Combination in a Glaucoma Screening Trial. J Glaucoma 2008; 17:639-46. [PMID: 19092459 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e318168f01a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Increased Long-term Measurement Variability With Scanning Laser Polarimetry Employing Enhanced Corneal Compensation. J Glaucoma 2008; 17:571-7. [PMID: 18854736 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0b013e3181650fa1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Optimizing the Use of Frequency Doubling Technology Perimetry in Community Vision Screenings. Optom Vis Sci 2008; 85:559-65. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e31817dad8b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Fogagnolo P, Rossetti L, Ranno S, Ferreras A, Orzalesi N. Short-wavelength automated perimetry and frequency-doubling technology perimetry in glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2008; 173:101-24. [PMID: 18929104 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)01108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Standard automated perimetry (SAP) is today still the clinical standard for the management of glaucoma and its progression, though it has been shown that it may detect the disease only after the death of a high number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). A number of "unconventional" perimetries have recently been evaluated by several clinical studies which showed their ability to identify the earliest glaucoma changes; the most promising of these techniques are short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) and frequency-doubling technology perimetry (FDT). The applicability of these techniques is still limited by a number of factors: the limited economic resources allocated to perimetry; the paucity of well-conducted, prospective longitudinal studies showing the superiority of SWAP and FDT over SAP; and the lack of a consensus on the criteria to define test abnormality with these techniques. The aim of this article is to review the rationale, the limits, and the potentiality of SWAP and FDT for glaucoma management and to summarize the tasks required to improve the clinical usefulness of these two instruments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fogagnolo
- G.B. Bietti Foundation-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy.
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