"No one wants to look after the fibro patient". Understanding models, and patient perspectives, of care for fibromyalgia: reviews of current evidence

Mobile App Use among Persons with Fibromyalgia: A Cross-sectional Survey

Persons with fibromyalgia experience a diverse set of symptoms. Recommendations for management generally focus on multidisciplinary approaches involving multiple modalities. Mobile apps can be an essential component for self-management, yet little is known about how persons with fibromyalgia use mobile apps for health-related purposes. A cross-sectional survey (N = 663) was conducted to understand the real-world use of apps among persons with fibromyalgia. The survey included 2 main foci: 1) eHealth literacy and use of information sources, and 2) mobile app use patterns and preferences for health-related purposes, including the types of apps used and usage characteristics of apps currently in use, as well as those that had been discontinued. Respondents' average eHealth literacy as measured by eHealth Literacy Scale (eHEALS) was 31.4 (SD = 7.1), and they utilized diverse information sources. Approximately two-thirds of the sample used mobile apps; the remaining one-third did not. Diverse health management needs were represented in the apps reported, including scheduling/time management, notetaking, fitness, and wellness. Compared to apps that had been discontinued, participants rated apps that they still used higher in terms of ease of use and used them more frequently. Reasons for discontinuing app use included issues with privacy, the effort required, lack of interest, and lack of perceived quality. Other reasons for app nonuse were lack of awareness and how-to knowledge, indicating that disseminating information about apps and addressing other barriers, such as providing user support, are critical to increasing uptake. These study findings can inform both app design and dissemination. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents how persons with fibromyalgia use mobile apps to manage their health. The findings could inform the development of digital interventions or programs for this population.

Patient preferences for models of care for fibromyalgia: A discrete choice experiment

BACKGROUND

Fibromyalgia is a common reason for referral to a rheumatologist and is a centralised pain state with symptoms beginning in adolescence/early adulthood and manifests as pain throughout the body, fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Whilst there is considerable evidence on effective treatments, diagnosis and management are complex. There is almost no evidence on how to organise health services to deliver recommended therapies. The aim of the current study was to understand patient preferences for different features of healthcare services for fibromyalgia.

METHODOLOGY

We use the Discrete Choice Experiment Method (DCE), a choice-based survey that quantifies preferences for attributes of goods, services or policy interventions, to elicit preferences in relation to alternative models of care for people with fibromyalgia. In this study, attributes describe different models of care for fibromyalgia. We based attributes and levels on earlier phases of the PACFiND project and a literature review on fibromyalgia models of care. The final analysis sample consisted of 518 respondents who completed the survey in full.

RESULTS

The final analysis sample consisted of 518 respondents ((patients living in the UK, over 18 years old, with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia), who completed the survey in full. The model of care most preferred is one characterised by earlier diagnosis and ongoing management by a Rheumatologist, via Face-to-face or Phone/video call appointments, with a stronger preference for the latter mode of support. The most preferred treatment was Medication, followed by Physical Therapy, with the least preferred being Talking Therapy. Relative to a Waiting Time for treatment of 6 months, respondents would prefer a lower Waiting Time of 3 months and dislike waiting 12 months for treatment. Respondents showed willingness to receive Ongoing Help and Advice by a Nurse Practitioner or a GP, instead of a Specialist Rheumatologist, provided they were compensated by other changes in the model of care.

CONCLUSION

This study has found that, although respondents express a preference for specialist care, provided by a Rheumatologist, they may be willing to trade-off this preference against other features within a model of care. This willingness to accept a different skill-mix (e.g., appointments with a GP or a Nurse Practitioner) has important implications for practice and policy, as this is a more feasible option in settings where the availability of specialist care is highly constrained.

The lived experience of mothers living with fibromyalgia syndrome: A phenomenological inquiry

INTRODUCTION

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex chronic pain condition that negatively impacts women's daily lives, particularly their roles as mothers and wives. A phenomenological qualitative study was conducted to explore the lived experiences of motherhood and daily life among women diagnosed with fibromyalgia.

METHODS

A sample of 10 women affected by FMS was recruited between January and February 2020. Participants were interviewed in a face-to-face, in-depth interview using a semi-structured interview guide. Data were collected until saturation, and Colaizzi's method was used to analyse data.

RESULTS

This qualitative analysis identified five themes: A trauma preceding diagnosis, Pervasive feelings of misunderstanding, A struggle to maintain strength among limitations, Challenges in fulfilling maternal roles, and Persistent sexual discomfort. The latter two themes emerged as the most prominent.

CONCLUSION

These findings highlight the significant impact of fibromyalgia on women's family lives and suggest the need for a more comprehensive care programme.

Evaluating the Interaction Between Pain Intensity and Resilience on the Impact of Pain in the Lives of People With Fibromyalgia

OBJECTIVE

Recent theoretical models posit that resilience acts as a resource/mechanism opposing pain catastrophizing and other vulnerability sources against pain adaptation. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between resilience, pain, and functionality in people living with fibromyalgia (FM).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a cross-sectional online survey of people participating in Brazilian fibromyalgia virtual support groups on Facebook in May 2018. Resilience was evaluated by the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Average pain and the degree of interference of pain in the lives of participants (DIPLP) were assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory. The association between these 3 variables was evaluated through multivariable robust linear regression with adjustment for 21 potential confounders.

RESULTS

We included 2176 participants with FM. Resilience was associated with a decreased DIPLP (β: -0.38, 95% CI: -0.54 to -0.22, P <0.001) but not with average pain scores (β: -0.01, 95% CI: -0.18 to 0.16, P =0.93). A significant interaction between resilience and average levels of pain on the DIPLP was observed so that resilience showed a much stronger protective association among participants with average null-to-mild pain than among those with moderate and severe pain levels.

DISCUSSION

Our results provide evidence against beliefs that the pain of people with FM is related to low psychological resilience and shed light on the complex interrelationships between resilience, pain, and functionality. This research signals both the relevance and limits of resilience in the management of FM. Future studies evaluating behavioral interventions for FM should consider how those interventions interact with baseline pain levels and resilience.

Health inequities and societal costs for patients with fibromyalgia and their spouses: a Danish cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To assess the burden of illness of people with fibromyalgia (FM) and their spouses compared with selected match populations in Denmark.

METHODS

Population-based, cohort case-control study using data from Danish registries from 1994 to 2021. Individuals with an FM diagnosis were identified from the National Patient Register (2008-2019) and randomly matched to a 1:4 general population comparator. Spouses or persons co-living with subjects with FM at the time of diagnosis were compared with matched comparator spouses. Healthcare and societal costs, socioeconomic status and occurrence of comorbidities were evaluated for subjects with FM, spouses and controls.

RESULTS

9712 subjects with FM (94.9% females, mean age 50 years) and 5946 spouses were included. At year of diagnosis, subjects with FM had significantly more comorbidities compared with controls, including significantly more comorbid rheumatic disorders. The highest risk at the time of FM diagnosis was a comorbid diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis (OR 7.0, 95% CI 4.9 to 10.0). Significantly more comorbidities were also observed in spouses. Subjects with FM and spouses had higher healthcare and public transfer costs and lower income from employment at all timepoints. Loss of income from employment in subjects with FM occurred years before establishment of the FM diagnosis. The employment rate after diagnosis was 22%. 10 years after the FM diagnosis, 50% received disability pension as compared with 11% of matched controls. The observed net average increased societal cost for subjects with FM amounted to €27 193 per patient-year after diagnosis.

CONCLUSION

FM has major health and socioeconomic consequences for patients, their partners and society and call for improved healthcare strategies matching patients' needs.

Patient-journey of fibromyalgia patients: A scoping review

BACKGROUND

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease characterized by widespread pain. Although much is known about this disease, research has focused on diagnosis and treatment, leaving aside factors related to patient's experience and the relationship with healthcare system.

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to analyze the available evidence on the experience of FM patients from the first symptoms to diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.

METHODS

A scoping review was carried out. Medline and the Cochrane Library were searched for original studies or reviews dealing with FM and focusing on "patient journey". Results were organized using a deductive classification of themes.

RESULTS

Fifty-four articles were included in the qualitative synthesis. Five themes were identified: the patient journey, the challenge for the health systems, a complex doctor-patient relationship, the importance of the diagnosis, and the difficulty of standardizing the treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

This scoping review confirms the negative impact of FM on the patient, their social environment, and health systems. It is necessary to minimize the difficulties encountered throughout the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with FM.

[Features of fibromyalgia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]

OBJECTIVE

To determine the features of fibromyalgia (FM) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Seventy-six patients participated in the study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: RA+FM (n=55), FM (n=21). Anamnesis of life and disease was carefully collected in all patients. The intensity (according to VAS) and phenotype (Pain DETECT, DN4) of pain syndrome (PS), the presence of symptoms of central sensitization (CSI), fatigue (FSS), signs of anxiety and depression (HADS), sleep quality (PSQI), cognitive functions (DSST) and quality of life (QoL) (EQ-5D, FIQR) were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The average age of patients in the FM group was significantly lower (42 [35; 53] vs. 50 [42.5; 59], p=0.042). Patients with «pure» FM without RA were more often divorced and had no children (p=0.045 and p=0.02, respectively). The duration of PS in the groups did not differ (11 [7; 17] vs. 8 [5; 13] years, p=0.429), however, patients with «pure» FM waited longer for diagnosis (115 [40; 198] vs. 20 [5.5; 59] months, p<0.001), and they also were less likely to be recognized as disabled (p=0.003). Patients of both groups had equally severe fatigue, anxiety, depression, sleep disorders and cognitive functions compared to the norms. Patients of the FM group noted a lower QoL (according to EQ-5D, p=0.041) then in RA+FM group, despite the comparable severity of FM and the intensity of the PS in both groups.

CONCLUSION

FM in patients with RA develops at a later age compared to «pure» FM. The clinical picture of FM with and without RA does not differ in the main manifestations, however, the QoL of patients with «pure» FM is lower. Accounting for fibromyalgia in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases can significantly improve the QoL of patients.

Healthcare experiences of fibromyalgia patients and their associations with satisfaction and pain relief. A patient survey

OBJECTIVES

The etiology of fibromyalgia (FM) is disputed, and there is no established cure. Quantitative data on how this may affect patients' healthcare experiences are scarce. The present study aims to investigate FM patients' pain-related healthcare experiences and explore factors associated with high satisfaction and pain relief.

METHODS

An anonymous, online, and patient-administered survey was developed and distributed to members of the Norwegian Fibromyalgia Association. It addressed their pain-related healthcare experiences from both primary and specialist care. Odds ratios for healthcare satisfaction and pain relief were estimated by binary logistic regression. Directed acyclic graphs guided the multivariable analyses.

RESULTS

The patients (n = 1,626, mean age: 51 years) were primarily women (95%) with a 21.8-year mean pain duration and 12.7 years in pain before diagnosis. One-third did not understand why they had pain, and 56.6% did not know how to get better. More than half had not received satisfactory information on their pain cause from a physician, and guidance on how to improve was reported below medium. Patients regretted a lack of medical specialized competence on muscle pain and reported many unmet needs, including regular follow-up and pain assessment. Physician-mediated pain relief was low, and guideline adherence was deficient. Only 14.8% were satisfied with non-physician health providers evaluating and treating their pain, and 21.5% were satisfied (46.9% dissatisfied) with their global pain-related healthcare. Patients' knowledge of their condition, physicians' pain competence and provision of information and guidance, agreement in explanations and advice, and the absence of unmet needs significantly increased the odds of both healthcare satisfaction and pain relief.

CONCLUSIONS

Our survey describes deficiencies in FM patients' pain-related healthcare and suggests areas for improvement to increase healthcare satisfaction and pain relief. (REC# 2019/845, 09.05.19).

Multi-disciplinary community-based group intervention for fibromyalgia: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Fibromyalgia is characterized by widespread pain, fatigue, sleep disturbances, mood disturbances, and cognitive impairment. Most individuals with fibromyalgia experience poorly managed symptoms and increased healthcare service use. Multicomponent therapies, with a focus on nonpharmacological modalities, are increasingly supported in the literature. However, given the limited resources available, implementation in smaller communities remains a challenge. This research tested a community-based multidisciplinary group intervention for individuals diagnosed with FM living in a small urban centre. The primary outcome was perceptions of quality of care and secondary outcomes included disease-related functioning, anxious and depressive symptoms, pain beliefs, and health service utilization. A pilot randomized control trial was conducted in which 60 patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia were randomized into a 10-week community-based multidisciplinary group intervention program or usual care. Treatment components included twice-weekly exercise sessions and weekly education sessions (e.g., pain education, cognitive behavioral strategies for stress, nutrition, peer support). The trial (NCT03270449) was registered September 1 2017. Statistically significant post-intervention improvements were found in the primary outcome, perceived quality of care (Cohen's d = 0.61, 0.66 for follow up care and goal setting, respectively). Secondary outcomes showing statistically significant improvements were disease-related daily functioning (Cohen's d = 0.70), depressive symptoms (Cohen's d = 0.87), and pain beliefs (Cohen's d = 0.61, 0.67, 0.82 for harm, disability and control, respectively). No adverse events were reported. Community-based multidisciplinary group interventions for fibromyalgia show promise for improving satisfaction with quality of care, disease-related functioning, and depression, and fostering more adaptive pain beliefs.

Body reprogramming for fibromyalgia and central sensitivity syndrome: A preliminary evaluation

Objectives

Central sensitivity syndrome disorders such as fibromyalgia, provoke continued debate, highlighting diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty. The Hyland model provides a way of understanding and treating the medically unexplained symptoms of central sensitivity syndromes using complexity theory and principles of adaption in network systems. The body reprogramming is a multi-modal intervention based on the Hyland model designed for patients living with medically unexplained symptoms. This preliminary, naturalistic and single-arm service evaluation set out to evaluate outcome after attending a body reprogramming course in patients living with fibromyalgia or central sensitivity syndrome.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia or central sensitivity syndrome were recruited. The body reprogramming courses consisting of eight sessions, each 2.5 h in length, were run at two study sites in England. Data were collected at baseline, post course and 3-months post course using questionnaires assessing symptomatology (FIQR/SIQR), Depression (PHQ9), Anxiety (GAD7) and quality of life (GQoL). Repeated measures t-tests were used, and all comparisons were conducted on an intention to treat basis.

Results

In total, 198 patients with a mean age of 47.73 years were enrolled on the body reprogramming courses. Statistically and clinically significant improvement were observed in the FIQR from baseline to post course (mean change: 11.28) and baseline to follow-up (mean change: 15.09). PHQ9 scores also improved significantly from baseline to post course (mean reduction 3.72) and baseline to follow-up (mean reduction 5.59).

Conclusions

Our study provides first evidence that the body reprogramming intervention is an effective approach for patients living with fibromyalgia or central sensitivity syndromes on a variety of clinical measures. Besides these promising results, important limitations of the study are discussed, and larger randomized controlled trials are clearly warranted.

Analysis of Japanese nationwide health datasets: association between lifestyle habits and prevalence of neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia with reference to dementia-related diseases and Parkinson's disease

OBJECTIVES

Chronic pain is defined as pain that persists or recurs for more than 3 months. This study focuses on neuropathic pain (NP) and fibromyalgia (FM) which are chronic pain states, and aims to identify lifestyle habits associated with their prevalence. Other neurological disorders are also analyzed as references.

METHODS

Association between the variable referring to disease prevalence (number of claims for reimbursement of marker drugs) and the variable for lifestyle habits/health examination results (collected from insured individuals aged 40-74 years) was determined by analyzing Japanese nationwide datasets, which were collected in 2018 and aggregated by prefecture. Pregabalin, donepezil, and levodopa were used as marker drugs for the chronic pain states, dementia-related diseases (Alzheimer's disease and Lewy body dementia) and Parkinson's disease (PD), respectively. Pearson's correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted.

RESULTS

Variables showing correlation coefficient (|r|)>0.5 were put into the multiple linear regression. Exercise habits (ꞵ=-0.3182), smoking habits (0.3218), daily drinking (0.2683), and alanine aminotransferase>51 U/L (0.2309) were finally incorporated in the equation for pregabalin (R 2=0.7268). Walking speed (-0.4543) and daily drinking (0.5077) were incorporated in the equation for donepezil (R 2=0.5718).

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence of chronic pain states is associated with lifestyle habits, just like the dementia-related diseases. Exercise in daily life is negatively associated with the prevalence of the chronic pain states, although excessive alcohol drinking, smoking, and high serum ALT are positively associated with it. The prevalence of PD seems less associated with lifestyle habits.

Patient and primary care practitioners' perspectives on consultations for fibromyalgia: a qualitative evidence synthesis

BACKGROUND

Fibromyalgia presents a challenge to both the patients experiencing symptoms and the staff aiming to treat them. This qualitative review aimed to synthesise how patients and practitioners experience primary care consultations, develop a rounded picture of how they perceive each other, the challenges to primary care consultation and how they might be tackled.

METHODS

CINAHL, Embase, CENTRAL and Medline were searched from inception to November 2021. Qualitative studies were included if they explored the perspectives and experiences of either fibromyalgia patients or primary care practitioners. Quantitative data, studies not published in English, not set in primary care or that did not distinguish the type of patient or clinician were excluded. Included studies were analysed using thematic synthesis and their quality assessed.

RESULTS

In total, 30 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thematic synthesis identified three overarching themes: (1) life turned upside down - exploring the chaos experienced by patients as they seek help; (2) negative cycle - highlighting how patient and practitioner factors can create a detrimental cycle; and (3) breaking the cycle - validating patient-doctor relationships underpinned by clear communication can help break the negative cycle.

CONCLUSIONS

Fibromyalgia patients experience uncertainty and chaos that can clash with the attitudes of GPs and the help they can feasibly provide. Difficult consultations in which neither the GP nor patient are satisfied can easily occur. Promoting supportive, reciprocal and open patient-doctor relationships is essential. Future research is required to further explore GP attitudes and to develop an intervention that could improve consultations, patient outcomes and GP satisfaction.

Is Fibromyalgia a Fashionable Diagnosis or a Medical Mystery?

Despite its prevalence, there is no clear-cut diagnostic path or treatment paradigm for fibromyalgia; this can lead to a multiplicity of symptoms and comorbid conditions that complicate care. "Overlapping symptoms" describe conditions that can occur concomitantly with fibromyalgia and include migraine, irritable bowel syndrome, obesity, and pelvic pain syndromes. A variety of pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments are available for fibromyalgia, but treatment is best personalized for an individual and recognizes potential comorbidities. Opioids are not the recommended front-line treatment, cannabinoids hold promise but with limitations and nonpharmacologic options, such as aerobic or resistance exercise and cognitive behavior therapy, can play a very important but often underestimated role. Amitriptyline appears to be safe and effective in treating six of the main fibromyalgia domains: pain, disturbed sleep, fatigue, affective symptoms, functional limitations, and impaired cognition ("fibro fog"). Very low-dose naltrexone (2.5-4.5 mg) may offer analgesic and anti-inflammatory benefits to fibromyalgia patients, but further studies are needed. Fibromyalgia can be a devastating and debilitating condition for patients, and clinicians are challenged with its diagnosis and treatment as well. Further research as well as compassionate approaches to offering personalized care to those with fibromyalgia are required.

Characteristics of collaborative care networks in functional disorders: A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

Functional disorders (FD) are complex conditions, for which multidisciplinary involvement is often recommended. Collaborative care networks (CCN) may unlock the potential of the multidisciplinary team (MDT) in FD care. To understand what characteristics should be part of CCNs in FD, we studied the composition and characteristics of existing CCNs in FD.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines. A search of PubMed, WebofScience, PsycInfo, SocINDEX, AMED and CINAHL was undertaken to select studies describing CCNs in FD. Two reviewers extracted characteristics of the different CCNs. Characteristics were classified as relating to structure and processes of networks.

RESULTS

A total of 62 studies were identified representing 39 CCNs across 11 countries. Regarding structural characteristics, we found that most networks are outpatient, secondary-care based, with teams of between two and 19 members. Medical specialists were most commonly involved and the typical team leads as well as main patient contacts were general practitioners (GPs) or nurses. Regarding processes, collaboration was demonstrated mostly during assessment, management and patient education, less often during rehabilitation and follow-up, mostly using MDT meetings. CCNs provided a wide range of treatment modalities, reflecting a biopsychosocial approach, including psychological therapies, physiotherapy and social and occupational therapy.

CONCLUSION

CCNs for FD are heterogeneous, showing a wide variety of structures as well as processes. The heterogeneity of results provides a broad framework, demonstrating considerable variation in how this framework is applied in different contexts. Better development of network evaluation, as well as professional collaboration and education processes is needed.

Physical activity and quality of life of patients with fibromyalgia

Background

Fibromyalgia Syndrome (FMS) has been linked to decreased social functioning, poor mental health, and quality of life (QOL). Increased physical functioning and activity can result in improvements in social, mental and overall health, as well as lowered depression and anxiety levels.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine physical activity levels and QOL amongst patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia in the Johannesburg region of South Africa.

Methods

The research design was cross-sectional. Descriptive and quantitative data were collected. FMS patients (n=38) completed an online questionnaire on the Google Forms platform. The questionnaire was comprised of four components, namely Demographics, the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR), and the Short Form-36 (SF-36). During data analysis, descriptive characteristics and correlations were computed. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05.

Results

Results revealed high FIQR scores (67%) accompanied with low QOL scores (<50% in all domains). There was no correlation between physical activity and FIQR, and physical activity and QOL.

Conclusion

High scores on the impact of FMS were associated with lower overall QOL scores. However, the relationship between physical activity, and the impact of FMS and QOL remain inconclusive.

A long, winding trajectory of suffering with no definite start and uncertain future prospects - narratives of individuals recently diagnosed with fibromyalgia

Purpose

Fibromyalgia is a contested illness with unknown aetiology and poorly understood development. The present aim is to explore the pre-diagnostic illness trajectory narrated by individuals recently diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

Individual interviews about the course of the illness were conducted with seven women and three men (age from early 20s to 50s) who had recently been diagnosed with FM. A narrative analysis of what the interviewees told and how the stories were narrated was conducted.

Results

The findings are expressed by three storylines. “Strenuous life and alerted body preluding illness” displays a difficult, unsupported life and bodily sensitivity to stimuli. “Recurrent pains unfolding to become a lasting and complex illness” describes individuals pushing themselves to meet social obligations until they come to a full stop. “Diagnosed but still uncertain presence and future” portrays satisfaction with finally being diagnosed with FM and being supported by others, but still there are no solutions as to do about it.

Conclusions

The three storylines portray a long, winding trajectory of suffering starting before the onset of illness, and unfolding illness gradually becoming persistent and overwhelming. Finally, a diagnosis of FM is arrived at, but how the situation will evolve is uncertain.

Pelvic organ prolapse: The lived experience

BACKGROUND

Up to 50% of women will develop pelvic organ prolapse (POP) over their lifetime. Symptoms include pain, bulge, urinary, bowel and sexual symptoms affecting all aspects of a woman's life. This study explores the lived experience of women with POP.

METHODOLOGY

A qualitative study was undertaken. Following institutional ethical approval women from an online peer support group (n = 930 members) were recruited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Inclusion criteria stipulated women (> 18years), pre-menopausal, at least one-year post-partum, diagnosed with POP and aware of their diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with a clinician specialising in pelvic health. A battery of questions was designed to elicit discussion on their experience of being diagnosed with POP and its impact on daily life and relationships. Interviews were carried out via Zoom, recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was undertaken.

FINDINGS

Fourteen women (32-41 years), para 1-3 participated. All had at least one vaginal birth; three had vacuum, four had forceps operative births. All had Grade 1-3 POP. Interviews lasted 40-100 minutes. Three core themes with subthemes were identified; biological/physical, psychological and social. Women were particularly affected in terms of sport and exercise participation, their own perceptions of their ability as mothers and fear of their condition worsening. They described societal attitudes, reporting stigma around POP and women's pelvic health in general, expectations placed on women to put up with their symptoms and an idealised perception of new motherhood.

CONCLUSIONS

The impact of POP from a biopsychosocial perspective reflects other chronic conditions. Prevention, early education and supports for developing strong self-management approaches would be beneficial for long term management of this condition.

Comparing the Impact of Symptoms and Health Care Experiences of People Who Have and Have Not Received a Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia: A Cross-Sectional Survey Within the PACFiND Study

OBJECTIVE

To compare the impact of symptoms and health care utilization of people diagnosed with fibromyalgia, people who fulfill the criteria but are not diagnosed, and people with chronic pain.

METHODS

We recruited people who had participated in a previous population survey across Scotland and who reported some typical fibromyalgia symptoms or had received a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. Responses to a postal questionnaire were used to define mutually exclusive groups: people who had a fibromyalgia diagnosis, who met criteria for fibromyalgia, and who had chronic pain.

RESULTS

Participants included 85 people with a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, 110 who met criteria for fibromyalgia, and 133 with chronic pain. The mean age across groups ranged 57-59 years, but the percentage female varied markedly: 86%, 64%, and 67%, respectively. Compared to those with chronic pain, participants with a fibromyalgia diagnosis were more likely to be out of employment due to health. An average of 3 years was needed to receive a fibromyalgia diagnosis, and more than half were diagnosed in secondary care (most commonly rheumatology). The fibromyalgia diagnosis and criteria groups were similar in terms of symptom impact, quality of life, and life satisfaction but were worse than the chronic pain group. Participants who had received a diagnosis of fibromyalgia reported the poorest health care experiences.

CONCLUSION

An urgent need exists for a model of care for fibromyalgia to ensure prompt diagnosis, access to evidence-based care, and long-term support, with the aim of improving function. The data suggest that diagnosis in men may be overlooked, and this finding warrants further study.

Comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions in fibromyalgia: Protocol for a network meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Although several non-pharmacological interventions have been tested in the management of Fibromyalgia (FM), there is little consensus regarding the best options for the treatment of this health condition. The purpose of this network meta-analysis (NMA) is to investigate the comparative efficacy and acceptability of non-pharmacological interventions for FM, in order to assist clinical decision making through a ranking of interventions in relation to the most important clinical outcomes in these patients.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

We will perform a systematic search to identify randomised controlled trials of non-pharmacological interventions endorsed in guidelines and systematic reviews. Information sources searched will include major bibliographic databases without language or date restrictions (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, AMED, PsycINFO and PEDro). Our primary outcomes will be pain intensity, patient-reported quality of life (QoL), and acceptability of treatment will be our secondary outcome. Risk of bias of the included trials will be assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (RoB2). For each pairwise comparison between the different interventions, we will present mean differences (MDs) for pain intensity and QoL outcomes and Relative Risks (RRs) for acceptability, both with respective 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Initially, standard pairwise meta-analyses will be performed using a DerSimonian-Laird random effects model for all comparisons with at least two trials and then we will perform a frequentist NMA using the methodology of multivariate meta-analysis assuming a common heterogeneity parameter, using the mvmeta command and network suite in STATA. In the NMA, two different types of control group, such as placebo/sham and no intervention/waiting list will be combined as one node called "Control". The competing interventions will be ranked using the P-score, which is the frequentist analogue of surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) for the outcomes of interest at immediate- (intervention duration of up to 2 weeks), short- (over 2 weeks up to 12 weeks) and long-terms (over 12 weeks). The confidence in the results from NMA will be assessed using the Confidence in Network Meta-analysis (CINeMA) framework.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This work synthesises evidence from previously published studies and does not require ethics review or approval. A manuscript describing the findings will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.

REGISTRATION

OSF (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/7MS25) and registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42020216374).

"No One Truly Understands What We Go through and How to Treat It": Lived Experiences with Medical Providers among Patients with Orofacial Pain

Orofacial pain affects 10-15% of adults, yet treatments are limited. The gaps in care are frustrating for both patients and providers and can negatively impact patient-provider interactions. These interactions are key because they impact patient-reported outcomes and satisfaction with care.

PURPOSE

Our study aims to understand the nuanced experiences with medical providers among patients with orofacial pain.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional survey, 260 patients provided written responses describing their experiences with medical providers. Using an inductive-deductive approach to thematic analysis, we identified themes and subthemes and organized them into four domains based on the Patient-Centered Model of Communication.

RESULTS

Patients reported feeling hopeless about treatment options, frustrated with lack of provider knowledge, disappointed in ineffective care, and stigmatized and dismissed by providers. Patients also said they learned to advocate for their health, were grateful for effective care, and felt lucky when providers listened and showed compassion. Patients identified key barriers that interfere with care (e.g., insurance, transportation, limited providers, lack of team coordination).

CONCLUSIONS

Findings can help inform training programs and psychoeducation that target patient-provider communication to improve patient-reported outcomes, the quality of care delivered, and health care utilization and costs.

The role of physiotherapy in fibromyalgia: Current and future perspectives

Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain condition characterized by generalized musculoskeletal pain, hyperalgesia and allodynia, commonly associated with other symptoms such as fatigue, poor sleep quality, anxiety and depression. The clinical manifestations of this rheumatic disease have significant psychosocial and economic repercussions, with a substantial impact on health status, quality of life and social activities. Currently, recommendations for the management of fibromyalgia include patient education and non-pharmacological interventions, and among the indicated treatments, clinical guidelines include several physiotherapeutic resources, essential for individuals affected by this syndrome. Research in the physiotherapy field has demonstrated its effectiveness, but there is a need to update the literature. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of physiotherapy in the treatment of individuals with fibromyalgia. We performed a literature review looking for articles dated from March 2012 to March 2022 using the terms “fibromyalgia”, “physiotherapy”, “physical therapy”, “rehabilitation” in different languages in various databases and their main information was read and collected and presented in a descriptive way. The effects of physiotherapy interventions are summarized in order to provide a reference for future research and clinical application. Research on non-pharmacological physiotherapy-oriented treatments has grown in recent years as an alternative for fibromyalgia treatment. This review allows fibromyalgia patients to receive appropriate physical therapy interventions to promote their health.

UK healthcare services for people with fibromyalgia: results from two web-based national surveys (the PACFiND study)

Background

The UK’s “Getting It Right First Time” programme recommends that management of people with fibromyalgia should centre on primary care. However, it remains unclear as to how best to organise health systems to deliver services to optimise patient outcomes.

Aim

To profile UK healthcare services for people with fibromyalgia: provision of National Health Services (NHS) and use of non-NHS services by people with fibromyalgia.

Methods

Two online open surveys (A and B) incorporating questions about diagnosis, treatment and management of fibromyalgia and gaps in healthcare services were conducted between 11th September 2019 and 3rd February 2020. These were targeted to NHS healthcare professionals consulting with people with fibromyalgia (Survey A) and people ≥16 years diagnosed with fibromyalgia using non-NHS services to manage their condition (Survey B). Descriptive statistics were used to report quantitative data. Thematic analysis was undertaken for qualitative data.

Results

Survey A received 1701 responses from NHS healthcare professionals across the UK. Survey B received 549 responses from people with fibromyalgia. The results show that NHS services for people with fibromyalgia are highly disparate, with few professionals reporting care pathways in their localities. Diagnosing fibromyalgia is variable among NHS healthcare professionals and education and pharmacotherapy are mainstays of NHS treatment and management. The greatest perceived unmet need in healthcare for people with fibromyalgia is a lack of available services. From the pooled qualitative data, three themes were developed: ‘a troublesome label’, ‘a heavy burden’ and ‘a low priority’. Through the concept of candidacy, these themes provide insight into limited access to healthcare for people with fibromyalgia in the UK.

Conclusion

This study highlights problems across the NHS in service provision and access for people with fibromyalgia, including several issues less commonly discussed; potential bias towards people with self-diagnosed fibromyalgia, challenges facing general practitioners seeking involvement of secondary care services for people with fibromyalgia, and a lack of mental health and multidisciplinary holistic services to support those affected. The need for new models of primary and community care that offer timely diagnosis, interventions to support self-management with access to specialist services if needed, is paramount.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12913-022-08324-4.

A feasibility randomised controlled trial of a Fibromyalgia Self-management Programme for adults in a community setting with a nested qualitative study (FALCON)

Background

Fibromyalgia is a condition associated with widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and sleep problems. Fibromyalgia treatment guidelines recommend non-pharmacological interventions and the development of self-management skills. An example of a programme that fits these guidelines is the Fibromyalgia Self-management Programme (FSMP) which consists of one 2.5-hour weekly session over six successive weeks and includes education about fibromyalgia, goal setting, pacing, sleep hygiene and nutritional advice. The FSMP is currently provided in a secondary care hospital setting and co-delivered by a multidisciplinary team. Delivery in a primary care setting has the potential to improve the accessibility of the programme to people with fibromyalgia. Therefore, this feasibility study aimed to determine the practicality and acceptability of conducting a future definitive randomised controlled trial of the FSMP in a community setting.

Method

An exploratory, parallel-arm, one-to-one, randomised controlled trial. Participants were recruited from general practices across South West England, and the FSMP was co-delivered by physiotherapists and occupational therapists across two community sites. To determine the outcome measures for a future definitive trial several were tested. The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire, Arthritis Self-Efficacy Scale-8, Chalder Fatigue Scale, Short form 36, 5-Level EQ-5D version and Jenkins Sleep Scale were collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 6 months. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with patient participants, occupational therapists and physiotherapists to explore the acceptability and feasibility of delivering the FSMP in a community setting.

Results

A total of 74 participants were randomised to the FSMP intervention (n = 38) or control arm (n = 36). Attrition from the trial was 42% (31/74) at 6 months. A large proportion of those randomised to the intervention arm (34%, 13/38) failed to attend any sessions with six of the 13 withdrawing before the intervention commenced. The proportion of missing values was small for each of the outcome measures. Three overarching themes were derived from the interview data; (1) barriers and facilitators to attending the FSMP; (2) FSMP content, delivery and supporting documentation; and (3) trial processes.

Conclusion

It is feasible to recruit people with fibromyalgia from Primary Care to participate in a randomised controlled trial testing the FSMP in a community setting. However, improvement in trial attrition and engagement with the intervention is needed.

Trial registration

The trial is registered with ISRCTN registry and was assigned on 29/04/2019. The registration number is ISRCTN10824225.

Low-energy Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy Reduces Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Single-blind Controlled Pilot Study

OBJECTIVES

Fibromyalgia symptoms have a significant impact on the quality of life and respond poorly to medications. It has been hypothesized that the use of low-energy pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) induces neuroprotective effects that may interfere with pain perception. We explored the efficacy of PEMF in patients affected by fibromyalgia.

METHODS

Twenty-one females (median age 59 years, interquartile range [IQR] 16.5) affected by fibromyalgia were randomized to receive pulsed electromagnetic field-triple energy pain treatment (PEMF-TEPT) or placebo at T0 and at 4 weeks and 8 weeks. Fibromyalgia impact questionnaire (FIQ), widespread pain index (WPI), visual analog score (VAS) pain, symptom severity (SS) scale, and short form 36 (SF-36) health survey questionnaire have been evaluated.

RESULTS

Patients in the PEMF-TEPT group had a significantly higher reduction of WPI compared to placebo (mean difference -12.90 ± standard deviation [SD] 5.32 vs. -1.91 ± 4.55, difference in difference [DD] of -10.99; P < 0.001), of SS score (-4.10 ± 4.85 vs. -2.00 ± 2.32; DD = -2.1; P < 0.05), of VAS pain (-48 ± 30.75 vs. -16.82 ± 23.69; DD = -31.18; P < 0.01). They also reported a higher improvement of FIQ and SF-36, albeit not reaching statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

In our pilot controlled study, PEMF-TEPT appeared to be safe and improved fibromyalgia symptoms.

Multiple symptoms and health anxiety in primary care: a qualitative study of tensions and collaboration between patients and family physicians

BACKGROUND

Patients with multiple, persistent symptoms and health anxiety often report poor health outcomes. Patients who are difficult to reassure are challenging for family physicians. The therapeutic alliance between a physician and a patient can influence the prognosis of these patients. Optimising the quality of the physician-patient alliance may depend on a better understanding of the interpersonal processes that influence this relationship.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study is to understand the experiences of patients who experience multiple persistent symptoms or high health anxiety and their physicians when they interact.

DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING

A qualitative study was conducted using grounded theory of 18 patients, purposively sampled to select patients who reported high physical symptom severity, high health anxiety or both, and 7 family physicians in the same clinic. This study was conducted at a family medicine clinic in a teaching hospital.

RESULTS

A model of interpersonal tension and collaboration for patients and physicians in primary care was developed. Helpful attitudes and actions as well as troublesome topics influence crucial dilemmas between patients and physicians. These dilemmas include if patients feel heard and validated and the alignment of goals and mutual respect of expertise and experience between patients and physicians. These experiences contribute to a constructive collaboration and in turn positive outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

This model of patient-physician interaction may facilitate providers to turn their attention away from the contentious topics and towards actions and attitudes that promote beneficial outcomes.

Performance of the 2016 diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia in a tertiary care pain rehabilitation setting: a diagnostic accuracy study

OBJECTIVES

With the International Classification of Diseases 11th revision (classifying fibromyalgia as a primary pain disorder) soon to be implemented, the importance of pain physicians being able to identify patients with fibromyalgia is emphasized. The diagnostic criteria proposed in 2016 are based on self-reported pain distribution and symptom severity. The study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of the 2016 diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia applied in a population of patients with high impact chronic pain referred for pain rehabilitation.

METHODS

The study was performed as a diagnostic accuracy study at two Danish interdisciplinary pain rehabilitation centers, including 215 participants. All participants were evaluated clinically to identify patients with fibromyalgia. The diagnosis was based on expert opinion, but the minimum requirements were: (1) pain in all four body quadrants and axially for at least three months and (2) minimum 8 of 18 positive tender points. Participants filled in the fibromyalgia survey questionnaire, the patient version of the 2016 diagnostic criteria. Sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios, and positive and negative post-test probabilities were calculated using a clinical diagnosis of fibromyalgia as the reference standard.

RESULTS

Based on clinical diagnosis 45% of the participants were diagnosed with fibromyalgia; of these, only 19% had been diagnosed previously. The 2016 diagnostic criteria demonstrated a sensitivity of 88.5%, a specificity of 81.5%, a positive likelihood ratio of 4.79, a negative likelihood ratio of 0.14, a positive post-test probability of 79.4%, and a negative post-test probability of 10.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Fibromyalgia was severely under-diagnosed among patients with high impact chronic pain referred to tertiary care in two pain rehabilitation centers in Denmark. The 2016 diagnostic criteria showed sufficient discriminatory properties suggesting that the fibromyalgia survey questionnaire can be used as a screening tool assisting the identification of fibromyalgia in this patient population.

Measurement properties of the Brazilian online version of the Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (FiRST)

OBJECTIVE

The Fibromyalgia Rapid Screening Tool (FiRST) was developed to screen people with chronic pain for Fibromyalgia (FM), especially in primary health care settings. This study aimed to translate the FiRST into Brazilian Portuguese and evaluate its measurement properties for an online application.

METHODS

After the process of translation and backtranslation, the FiRST was applied online in 483 adults with chronic pain (FM group n = 395; Chronic pain group n = 88), along with the Numerical Rating Scale for pain and fatigue, the Brief Pain Inventory, and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire-Revised. A Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve was computed and the area under the curve (AUC) was used to determine the sensibility, specificity, and cut-off score for the FiRST. The Mann-Whitney test was used for quantitative variables and the Chi-square and the Fisher's exact test, for the categorical variables with level of significance of 5%. Fleiss' Kappa, Gwet's AC1 and percentage of agreement were also calculated between test and retest.

RESULTS

For all the questionnaires, the FM group presented higher scores, which mean a worst condition. The FiRST presented a sensitivity of 92.3%, and a specificity of 61.6% with 5 as the cut-off score. AUC, Fleiss' Kappa, Gwet's AC1 and percentage of agreement were, respectively, 0.82, 0.38, 0.63 and 71.8%.

CONCLUSION

The FiRST was translated into Brazilian Portuguese and the online version presented a good content validity and adequate measurement errors that allow FM patients to be screened among people with chronic pain.

Fibromyalgia: Evidence for Deficits in Positive Psychology Resources. A Case-Control Study from the Al-Ándalus Project

Positive psychology is the study of positive subjective experience and individual traits. Identifying deficits in positive psychology regarding fibromyalgia may inform targets for management. Therefore, the aim of the present case–control study was to compare the levels of positive affect, negative affect, satisfaction with life, optimism and emotional repair in a large sample of women with fibromyalgia (cases) and age-matched peers without fibromyalgia (controls). This case–control study included 437 women with fibromyalgia (51.6 ± 7.1 years old) and 206 age-matched women without fibromyalgia (50.6 ± 7.2 years old). Participants self-reported their levels of (i) subjective well-being on the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule and the Satisfaction with Life Scale, (ii) dispositional optimism on the Life Orientation Test-Revised and (iii) emotional repair on the Trait Meta-Mood Scale. Women with fibromyalgia showed lower levels of positive affect, satisfaction with life, optimism and emotional repair and higher levels of negative affect. Large effect sizes were found for positive affect, negative affect and satisfaction with life (all, Cohen’s d ≥ 0.80) and small-to-moderate for emotional repair and optimism (both, Cohen’s d ≥ 0.50). Women with fibromyalgia experience deficits of positive psychology resources. Thus, developing tailored therapies for fibromyalgia focusing on reducing deficits in positive psychology resources may be of clinical interest, though this remains to be corroborated in future research.

Spa Therapy for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia: An Open, Randomized Multicenter Trial

Fibromyalgia is a common chronic pain pathology with an incidence of 4.3 per 1,000 person-years. An open, randomized clinical trial of patients with fibromyalgia comparing an immediate vs. delayed 18-day spa therapy in five spa therapy care facilities in France enrolled 220 patients. Randomization was in blocks of four, stratified by center, severity of fibromyalgia and previous spa therapy. Patients continued usual treatment. The main endpoint was the number of patients achieving minimal clinically important difference at 6 months, defined as 14% change in their baseline fibromyalgia impact questionnaire score. The intention-to-treat analysis included 100 and 106 patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively. At 6 months, 45/100 (45.0%) and 30/106 (28.3%) patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively, achieved a minimal clinically important difference (P= .013). There was also a significant improvement in pain, fatigue, and symptom severity (secondary outcomes) in the intervention group but not for generic quality of life (QOL), sleep or physical activity. None of the 33 serious adverse events reported by 25 patients were related to the spa therapy. Our results demonstrate the benefit of spa treatment in patients with fibromyalgia. PERSPECTIVE: A 12-month, open, randomized clinical trial of 220 patients with fibromyalgia compared an immediate versus delayed (ie, after 6 months) 18-day spa therapy. The results showed a clinically significant improvement at 6 months for those who received immediate therapy which was maintained up to 12 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02265029.

Self-management for chronic widespread pain including fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Chronic widespread pain (CWP) including fibromyalgia has a prevalence of up to 15% and is associated with substantial morbidity. Supporting psychosocial and behavioural self-management is increasingly important for CWP, as pharmacological interventions show limited benefit. We systematically reviewed the effectiveness of interventions applying self-management principles for CWP including fibromyalgia.

METHODS

MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry were searched for studies reporting randomised controlled trials of interventions adhering to self-management principles for CWP including fibromyalgia. Primary outcomes included physical function and pain intensity. Where data were sufficient, meta-analysis was conducted using a random effects model. Studies were narratively reviewed where meta-analysis could not be conducted Evidence quality was rated using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) (PROSPERO-CRD42018099212).

RESULTS

Thirty-nine completed studies were included. Despite some variability in studies narratively reviewed, in studies meta-analysed self-management interventions improved physical function in the short-term, post-treatment to 3 months (SMD 0.42, 95% CI 0.20, 0.64) and long-term, post 6 months (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.20, 0.53), compared to no treatment/usual care controls. Studies reporting on pain narratively had greater variability, however, those studies meta-analysed showed self-management interventions reduced pain in the short-term (SMD -0.49, 95% CI -0.70, -0.27) and long-term (SMD -0.38, 95% CI -0.58, -0.19) compared to no treatment/usual care. There were few differences in physical function and pain when self-management interventions were compared to active interventions. The quality of the evidence was rated as low.

CONCLUSION

Reviewed studies suggest self-management interventions can be effective in improving physical function and reducing pain in the short and long-term for CWP including fibromyalgia. However, the quality of evidence was low. Future research should address quality issues whilst making greater use of theory and patient involvement to understand reported variability.

"Can Someone as Young as You Really Feel That Much Pain?" - A Survey on How People With Fibromyalgia Experience Healthcare in Sweden

Research show that fibromyalgia has low credibility in healthcare, leading to poor treatment, lack of knowledge and disinterest. Therefore, people with fibromyalgia feel frustration, fear, anxiety and disappointment.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the experiences of people with fibromyalgia in their encounters with healthcare personnel in Sweden.

Method: A cross-sectional design, where 409 people with fibromyalgia answered an anonymous online patient-reported experience measure, developed specific for the study, with six closed questions and one open-ended question. Descriptive statistics were analysed by response frequencies. Correlation analysis were performed between demographic and clinical variables with the answers from the closed questions. Free-text answers were analysed with content analysis.

Results: A third experienced the treatment as bad (34%) and that they were not being taken seriously (30.5%). Almost half (47%) always or mostly felt fear of seeking healthcare related to fibromyalgia and that the health care personnel did not understand their diagnosis (46%). The majority (54%) experienced that the health care personnel did not understand how fibromyalgia affected them or how they could help them. The findings were confirmed in the free-text answers that were categorized into: Scepticism and disregard, Ignorance and disinterest and Professionalism and empathy. There were positive significant correlations between age and five of the questions (ρ = .105–.181, p < .05–p < .01), indicating that lower age is correlated with a worse experience. Furthermore, the duration of fibromyalgia showed a significant correlation with feeling afraid of seeking healthcare because of fibromyalgia (ρ = .144, p < .01), the shorter duration, the greater was the fear of seeking healthcare.

Conclusion: As a third of patients with fibromyalgia had bad experiences with healthcare, especially younger patients, knowledge about fibromyalgia needs to be increased and the patients should be taken seriously and treated respectfully, as well as given adequate support.

Efficacy of cannabinoids in fibromyalgia: a literature review

Fibromyalgia is a chronic disease of unclear etiology, involving a neural oversensitization and impaired pain modulation, in addition to a clinical deficiency of the endocannabinoid system. Fibromyalgia is associated with a number of somatic and psychological disorders and hence multiple pharmacological approaches have been used, including   opioids, antidepressants, antiepileptics, and more recently medical cannabis. This narrative review comprises a review of the current literature on the efficacy of   cannabinoids in fibromyalgia. The studies describe a possible influence of cannabis on pain control in patients with fibromyalgia, with positive effects on quality of life and sleep. The use of cannabis seems to be beneficial in patients with fibromyalgia; however, more robust studies are still needed to establish is actual efficacy in pain management, quality of life and improvement of associated symptoms.