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Tajabadi Farahani Z, Vaseghi S, Rajabbeigi E, Ghorbani Yekta B. The effect of olanzapine on spatial memory impairment, depressive-like behavior, pain perception, and BDNF and synaptophysin expression following childhood chronic unpredictable mild stress in adult male and female rats. Behav Brain Res 2024; 468:115039. [PMID: 38718877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) method has been introduced as a rodent model of depression. On the other hand, olanzapine, as an antipsychotic, can induce antidepressant and antipsychotic effects. Also, olanzapine may improve cognitive functions. Both CUMS and olanzapine can also affect the expression level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and synaptophysin, the molecular factors involved in synaptic function, and learning and memory. In this study, we investigated the effect of olanzapine on locomotor activity (using open field test), pain threshold (using hot plate), depressive-like behavior (using forced swim test), spatial learning and memory (using Morris water maze), and BDNF and synaptophysin hippocampal expression (using real-time PCR) in both male and female CUMS rats. CUMS was performed for three consecutive weeks. Olanzapine was also injected intraperitoneally at the dose of 5 mg/kg. Our data showed that olanzapine can reverse the effects of CUMS on behavioral functions and BDNF and synaptophysin expression levels in the hippocampus of both males and females. It was also shown that olanzapine effects on spatial memory, pain perception, and BDNF and synaptophysin level were stronger in females than males. In conclusion, we suggested that the therapeutic effects of olanzapine in CUMS rats may be closely related to the function of BDNF and synaptophysin. Also, the therapeutic effects of olanzapine may be stronger in females. Therefore, and for the first time, we showed that there may be a sex difference in the effects of olanzapine on behavioral and molecular changes following CUMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tajabadi Farahani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Vaseghi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran; Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, Iran
| | - Elham Rajabbeigi
- Department of Developmental Biology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Batool Ghorbani Yekta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Lockington MR, Hughes RN. Effects of olanzapine on anxiety-related behaviour in male and female rats assessed after 21-24 and 42-45 days of chronic treatment. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:194-211. [PMID: 33229894 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Olanzapine can decrease anxiety and impair memory, but there is limited information about length of treatment or sex differences in its effectiveness. Therefore, effects of 21-24 and 41-45 days of treatment and sex differences on anxiety-related behaviour and spatial memory were assessed in PVG/c (PVG/c is the internationally recognised way of referring to this rat strain) male and female rats. From 70 days after birth (PND70), all rats received no drug or 6, 11 or 15 mg/kg/day olanzapine via drinking water. From PND91, they were given four daily tests in an open field, light-dark box, zero maze and Y maze, and then again 21 days later from PND112. At PND91-94, all olanzapine doses decreased open-field ambulation and walking, and 6 and 15 mg/kg/day decreased rearing, increased immobility while 15 mg/kg/day decreased shuttles in the light/dark box (all suggesting higher anxiety). At PND112-115, 11 mg/kg/day increased open-field ambulation, walking, rearing, centre occupancy and light/dark-box shuttles and light-side entries while decreasing open-field immobility and corner occupancy (all suggesting lower anxiety). There were also several results in the open field and light/dark box suggesting olanzapine decreased anxiety for males but increased it for females. A significant olanzapine-related preference for the novel Y-maze arm either improved spatial memory, or decreased anxiety. Olanzapine thus appeared anxiogenic after 21 days' treatment, becoming anxiolytic after 42 days. This could depend on the sex of the rats (females more responsive to lower doses), and the dose (11 mg/kg/day being most effective). Therefore, while olanzapine was generally anxiolytic, it also had some treatment length- and sex-related anxiogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly R Lockington
- School of Psychology Speech and Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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3
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Firth J, Siddiqi N, Koyanagi A, Siskind D, Rosenbaum S, Galletly C, Allan S, Caneo C, Carney R, Carvalho AF, Chatterton ML, Correll CU, Curtis J, Gaughran F, Heald A, Hoare E, Jackson SE, Kisely S, Lovell K, Maj M, McGorry PD, Mihalopoulos C, Myles H, O'Donoghue B, Pillinger T, Sarris J, Schuch FB, Shiers D, Smith L, Solmi M, Suetani S, Taylor J, Teasdale SB, Thornicroft G, Torous J, Usherwood T, Vancampfort D, Veronese N, Ward PB, Yung AR, Killackey E, Stubbs B. The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness. Lancet Psychiatry 2019; 6:675-712. [PMID: 31324560 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30132-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 764] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Firth
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Najma Siddiqi
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Hull York Medical School, Bradford, UK; Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
| | - Ai Koyanagi
- Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dan Siskind
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon Rosenbaum
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cherrie Galletly
- Ramsay Health Care Mental Health, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Northern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA, Australia; Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephanie Allan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Constanza Caneo
- Departamento de Psiquiatría, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rebekah Carney
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mary Lou Chatterton
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christoph U Correll
- Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jackie Curtis
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Keeping the Body in Mind Program, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Fiona Gaughran
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Heald
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Salford Royal Hospital, Salford, UK
| | - Erin Hoare
- Food and Mood Centre, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sarah E Jackson
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Steve Kisely
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mario Maj
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cathrine Mihalopoulos
- Deakin Health Economics, Institute for Health Transformation, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hannah Myles
- Discipline of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Brian O'Donoghue
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Toby Pillinger
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jerome Sarris
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; The Melbourne Clinic, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Felipe B Schuch
- Department of Sports Methods and Techniques, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - David Shiers
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Smith
- Cambridge Centre for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marco Solmi
- Neurosciences Department and Padua Neuroscience Centre, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Shuichi Suetani
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Johanna Taylor
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, Hull York Medical School, Bradford, UK
| | - Scott B Teasdale
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Keeping the Body in Mind Program, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Graham Thornicroft
- Centre for Global Mental Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - John Torous
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim Usherwood
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of General Practice, Westmead Clinical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Davy Vancampfort
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; University Psychiatric Centre, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Kortenberg, Belgium
| | - Nicola Veronese
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padova, Italy
| | - Philip B Ward
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Schizophrenia Research Unit, Ingham Institute of Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison R Yung
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eoin Killackey
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Aubrun F, Baillard C, Beuscart JB, Billard V, Boddaert J, Boulanger É, Dufeu N, Friggeri A, Khiami F, Salmon PK, Merloz P, Minville V, Molliex S, Mouchoux C, Pain L, Piriou V, Raux M, Servin F. Recommandation sur l’anesthésie du sujet âgé : l’exemple de fracture de l’extrémité supérieure du fémur. ANESTHÉSIE & RÉANIMATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anrea.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Yep R, Soncin S, Brien DC, Coe BC, Marin A, Munoz DP. Using an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and bipolar disorder. Brain Cogn 2018; 124:1-13. [PMID: 29698907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite distinct diagnostic criteria, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and bipolar disorder (BD) share cognitive and emotion processing deficits that complicate diagnoses. The goal of this study was to use an emotional saccade task to characterize executive functioning and emotion processing in adult ADHD and BD. Participants (21 control, 20 ADHD, 20 BD) performed an interleaved pro/antisaccade task (look toward vs. look away from a visual target, respectively) in which the sex of emotional face stimuli acted as the cue to perform either the pro- or antisaccade. Both patient groups made more direction (erroneous prosaccades on antisaccade trials) and anticipatory (saccades made before cue processing) errors than controls. Controls exhibited lower microsaccade rates preceding correct anti- vs. prosaccade initiation, but this task-related modulation was absent in both patient groups. Regarding emotion processing, the ADHD group performed worse than controls on neutral face trials, while the BD group performed worse than controls on trials presenting faces of all valence. These findings support the role of fronto-striatal circuitry in mediating response inhibition deficits in both ADHD and BD, and suggest that such deficits are exacerbated in BD during emotion processing, presumably via dysregulated limbic system circuitry involving the anterior cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Yep
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
| | - Stephen Soncin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Brian C Coe
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Alina Marin
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu Hospital, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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6
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Steen NE, Aas M, Simonsen C, Dieset I, Tesli M, Nerhus M, Gardsjord E, Mørch R, Agartz I, Melle I, Ueland T, Spigset O, Andreassen OA. Serum levels of second-generation antipsychotics are associated with cognitive function in psychotic disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2017; 18:471-482. [PMID: 27712130 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2016.1245441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Antipsychotics are effective in treating psychosis and mood episodes; however, the effect on cognition is less known. We investigated the association between serum levels of second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) and cognitive performance in psychosis spectrum disorders in a naturalistic setting. METHODS A total of 495 patients with a DSM-IV Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders (SCZ, n = 373) or Bipolar Disorder (BD, n = 122) diagnosis treated with olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole or risperidone were tested neuropsychologically with concurrent measurement of the serum concentration of the drug. Linear regression was used for association analyses. RESULTS Attention was positively associated with the olanzapine concentration (standardised beta (β) coefficient = 0.19, P = .006), and short-term verbal memory and verbal fluency were negatively associated with the quetiapine (β = -0.24, P = .004) and risperidone (β = -0.37, P = .007) concentrations respectively. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that SGA serum concentration is associated with better attention (small effect size), and worse verbal memory (small effect size) and verbal fluency (medium effect size). These findings are in line with the notion that SGAs affect aspects of cognitive function, and suggest careful dosing in patients with severe memory and executive problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Eiel Steen
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,b Drammen District Psychiatric Center, Clinic of Mental Health and Addiction, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust , Drammen , Norway
| | - Monica Aas
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Carmen Simonsen
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Martin Tesli
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Mari Nerhus
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Erlend Gardsjord
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ragni Mørch
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,c Department of Psychiatric Research , Diakonhjemmet Hospital , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway.,d Department of Psychology , University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Olav Spigset
- e Department of Clinical Pharmacology , St. Olav University Hospital , Trondheim , Norway.,f Department of Laboratory Medicine, Children's and Women's Health , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , Trondheim , Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- a NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction , Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Spellmann I, Riedel M, Städtler J, Zill P, Obermeier M, Cerovecki A, Dehning S, Schennach R, Epple M, Opgen-Rhein M, Müller N, Bondy B, Möller HJ, Musil R. Associations of NEUROD2 polymorphisms and change of cognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder after eight weeks of antipsychotic treatment. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2017; 22:280-297. [PMID: 28470106 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2017.1322502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION NEUROD2 is a neurospecific helix-loop-helix transcription factor which has an impact on the regulation of glutamatergic and GABAergic genes. We investigated an association of NEUROD2 with neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients before and during treatment with different second-generation antipsychotics. METHODS Patients were genotyped for four different polymorphisms of the NEUROD2 gene ((rs9889354(A/G), rs1877032(C/T), rs12453682(C/T) and rs11078918(C/G)). Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and week 8. Results of individual neuropsychological tests were assigned to six cognitive domains (reaction time and quality; executive function; working, verbal and visual memory) and a general cognitive index. RESULTS 167 patients were included in the study. The NEUROD2 exonic polymorphism rs11078918 showed significant associations with verbal memory and executive functions, whereas the NEUROD2 polymorphism rs12453682 was significantly associated with working and verbal memory, executive functions and with a cognitive index. Significant associations were found at baseline and after eight weeks. Moreover, significant associations between the change in neuropsychological test results during antipsychotic treatment and the NEUROD2 polymorphisms rs11078918 and rs12453682 were observed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the NEUROD2 gene could play a role in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive dysfunctions as well as in the change of cognitive symptoms under antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Spellmann
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Riedel
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Julia Städtler
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Peter Zill
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Michael Obermeier
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Anja Cerovecki
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Sandra Dehning
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Rebecca Schennach
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Maria Epple
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Markus Opgen-Rhein
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Norbert Müller
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Brigitta Bondy
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Hans-Jürgen Möller
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
| | - Richard Musil
- a Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy , Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich , Munich , Germany
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Goozee R, O'Daly O, Handley R, Reis Marques T, Taylor H, McQueen G, Hubbard K, Pariante C, Mondelli V, Reinders AATS, Dazzan P. Effects of aripiprazole and haloperidol on neural activation during a simple motor task in healthy individuals: A functional MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:1833-1845. [PMID: 28009070 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic system plays a key role in motor function and motor abnormalities have been shown to be a specific feature of psychosis. Due to their dopaminergic action, antipsychotic drugs may be expected to modulate motor function, but the precise effects of these drugs on motor function remain unclear. We carried out a within-subject, double-blind, randomized study of the effects of aripiprazole, haloperidol and placebo on motor function in 20 healthy men. For each condition, motor performance on an auditory-paced task was investigated. We entered maps of neural activation into a random effects general linear regression model to investigate motor function main effects. Whole-brain imaging revealed a significant treatment effect in a distributed network encompassing posterior orbitofrontal/anterior insula cortices, and the inferior temporal and postcentral gyri. Post-hoc comparison of treatments showed neural activation after aripiprazole did not differ significantly from placebo in either voxel-wise or region of interest analyses, with the results above driven primarily by haloperidol. We also observed a simple main effect of haloperidol compared with placebo, with increased task-related recruitment of posterior cingulate and precentral gyri. Furthermore, region of interest analyses revealed greater activation following haloperidol compared with placebo in the precentral and post-central gyri, and the putamen. These diverse modifications in cortical motor activation may relate to the different pharmacological profiles of haloperidol and aripiprazole, although the specific mechanisms underlying these differences remain unclear. Evaluating healthy individuals can allow investigation of the effects of different antipsychotics on cortical activation, independently of either disease-related pathology or previous treatment. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1833-1845, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna Goozee
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Owen O'Daly
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences (CNS), King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Heather Taylor
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Grant McQueen
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Hubbard
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antje A T S Reinders
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paola Dazzan
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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Carvalho N, Laurent E, Noiret N, Chopard G, Haffen E, Bennabi D, Vandel P. Eye Movement in Unipolar and Bipolar Depression: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1809. [PMID: 26696915 PMCID: PMC4678228 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of eye movements (EM) by eye-tracking has been carried out for several decades to investigate mood regulation, emotional information processing, and psychomotor disturbances in depressive disorders. METHOD A systematic review of all English language PubMed articles using the terms "saccadic eye movements" OR "eye-tracking" AND "depression" OR "bipolar disorders" was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. The aim of this review was to characterize the specific alterations of EM in unipolar and bipolar depression. RESULTS Findings regarding psychomotor disturbance showed an increase in reaction time in prosaccade and antisaccade tasks in both unipolar and bipolar disorders. In both disorders, patients have been reported to have an attraction for negative emotions, especially for negative pictures in unipolar and threatening images in bipolar disorder. However, the pattern could change with aging, elderly unipolar patients disengaging key features of sad and neutral stimuli. METHODological limitations generally include small sample sizes with mixed unipolar and bipolar depressed patients. CONCLUSION Eye movement analysis can be used to discriminate patients with depressive disorders from controls, as well as patients with bipolar disorder from patients with unipolar depression. General knowledge concerning psychomotor alterations and affective regulation strategies associated with each disorder can also be gained thanks to the analysis. Future directions for research on eye movement and depression are proposed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Carvalho
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Eric Laurent
- E.A. 3188, Laboratory of Psychology, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; UMSR 3124/FED 4209 MSHE Ledoux, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Université de Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Nicolas Noiret
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 3188, Laboratory of Psychology, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Gilles Chopard
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; Fondation FondaMental, Albert Chenevier Hospital Créteil, France ; CIC-IT 808 Inserm, Besançon University Hospital Besançon, France
| | - Djamila Bennabi
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France
| | - Pierre Vandel
- Department of Clinical Psychiatry, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, University Hospital Besançon, France ; E.A. 481, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of Franche-Comté Besançon, France ; CIC-IT 808 Inserm, Besançon University Hospital Besançon, France
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Bolstad I, Andreassen OA, Groote IR, Haatveit B, Server A, Jensen J. No difference in frontal cortical activity during an executive functioning task after acute doses of aripiprazole and haloperidol. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:296. [PMID: 26074803 PMCID: PMC4443021 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Aripiprazole is an atypical antipsychotic drug that is characterized by partial dopamine D2 receptor agonism. Its pharmacodynamic profile is proposed to be beneficial in the treatment of cognitive impairment, which is prevalent in psychotic disorders. This study compared brain activation characteristics produced by aripiprazole with that of haloperidol, a typical D2 receptor antagonist, during a task targeting executive functioning. Methods: Healthy participants received an acute oral dose of haloperidol, aripiprazole or placebo before performing an executive functioning task while blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was carried out. Results: There was a tendency towards reduced performance in the aripiprazole group compared to the two other groups. The image analysis yielded a strong task-related BOLD-fMRI response within each group. An uncorrected between-group analysis showed that aripiprazole challenge resulted in stronger activation in the frontal and temporal gyri and the putamen compared with haloperidol challenge, but after correcting for multiple testing there was no significant group difference. Conclusion: No significant group differences between aripiprazole and haloperidol in frontal cortical activation were obtained when corrected for multiple comparisons. This study is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: 2009-016222-14).1
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingeborg Bolstad
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Inge R Groote
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Social Sciences, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Beathe Haatveit
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway ; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo Oslo, Norway
| | - Andres Server
- Department of Neuroradiology, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway
| | - Jimmy Jensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital Oslo, Norway ; Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University Kristianstad, Sweden
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Lambrecq V, Rotge JY, Jaafari N, Aouizerate B, Langbour N, Bioulac B, Liégeois-Chauvel C, Burbaud P, Guehl D. Differential role of visuospatial working memory in the propensity toward uncertainty in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder and in healthy subjects. Psychol Med 2014; 44:2113-2124. [PMID: 24176225 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713002730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is associated with visuospatial working memory deficits. Intolerance of uncertainty is thought to be a core component of OCD symptoms. Recent findings argue for a possible relationship between abilities in visuospatial memory and uncertainty. However, this relationship remains unclear in both OCD patients and healthy subjects. To address this issue, we measured performance in visuospatial working memory and the propensity to express uncertainty during decision making. We assessed their relationship and the temporal direction of this relationship in both OCD patients and healthy subjects. METHOD Baseline abilities in visuospatial working memory were measured with the Corsi block-tapping test. A delayed matching-to-sample task was used to identify explicit situations of certainty, uncertainty and ignorance and to assess continuous performance in visuospatial working memory. Behavioural variables were recorded over 360 consecutive trials in both groups. RESULTS Baseline scores of visuospatial working memory did not predict the number of uncertain situations in OCD patients whereas they did in healthy subjects. Uncertain trials led to reduced abilities in visuospatial working memory to 65% of usual performance in OCD patients whereas they remained stable in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present findings show an opposite temporal direction in the relationship between abilities in working memory and uncertainty in OCD patients and healthy subjects. Poor working memory performance contributes to the propensity to feel uncertainty in healthy subjects whereas uncertainty contributes to decreased continuous performance in working memory in OCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lambrecq
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin,Bordeaux,France
| | - J-Y Rotge
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives,CNRS UMR 5293, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux,France
| | - N Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie,Centre Hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers,France
| | - B Aouizerate
- Service de Psychiatrie,Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens,Bordeaux,France
| | - N Langbour
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives,CNRS UMR 5293, Université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux,France
| | - B Bioulac
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin,Bordeaux,France
| | | | - P Burbaud
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin,Bordeaux,France
| | - D Guehl
- Service de Neurophysiologie Clinique,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pellegrin,Bordeaux,France
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Cognitive effects of a single dose of atypical antipsychotics in healthy volunteers compared with placebo or haloperidol. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 32:778-86. [PMID: 23131890 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e318272d10c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia is a strong correlate of poor outcome than any other symptom domain. To have greater knowledge about the effects of antipsychotics on cognitive function, subjects of this study were healthy volunteers who had no confounding variables typically found in patients with schizophrenia. The cognitive function of healthy volunteers in response to single doses of haloperidol, risperidone, aripiprazole, and amisulpride in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial was investigated. Assessments for the computerized neurocognitive test, mental and physical sedation, and extrapyramidal symptoms were performed within 1 week before (baseline) and approximately 4 hours after drug administration. Compared to the placebo, single administration of amisulpride at 400 mg in healthy volunteers enhanced word fluency test performance and remained intact after controlling for sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms. Significant improvement in some measurements of the computerized neurocognitive test was also observed in each antipsychotic-treated group but may have been related to practice effect. These findings suggest that amisulpride may have cognitive-enhancing effects in healthy volunteers.
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Kleinloog D, Liem-Moolenaar M, Jacobs G, Klaassen E, de Kam M, Hijman R, van Gerven J. Does olanzapine inhibit the psychomimetic effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol? J Psychopharmacol 2012; 26:1307-16. [PMID: 22596206 DOI: 10.1177/0269881112446534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produces transient psychomimetic effects in healthy volunteers, constituting a pharmacological model for psychosis. The dopaminergic antagonist haloperidol has previously been shown to reduce these effects. This placebo-controlled, cross-over study in 49 healthy, male, mild cannabis users aimed to further explore this model by examining the effect of a single oral dose of olanzapine (with dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic, muscarinergic and histaminergic properties) or two oral doses of diphenhydramine (histamine antagonist) on the effects of intrapulmonarily administered THC. Transient psychomimetic symptoms were seen after THC administration, as measured on the positive and negative syndrome scale (20.6% increase on positive subscale, p<0.001) and the visual analogue scale for psychedelic effects (increase of 10.7 mm on feeling high). Following the combination of THC and olanzapine, the positive subscale increased by only 13.7% and feeling high by only 8.7 mm. This reduction of THC effects on the positive subscale failed to reach statistical significance (p=0.066). However, one-third of the subjects did not show an increase in psychomimetic symptoms after THC alone. Within responders, olanzapine reduced the effects of THC on the positive subscale (p=0.005). Other outcome measures included pharmacokinetics, eye movements, postural stability, pupil/iris ratio, and serum concentrations of cortisol and prolactin.
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Giménez S, Romero S, Mañanas MA, Barbanoj MJ. Waking and sleep electroencephalogram variables as human sleep homeostatic process biomarkers after drug administration. Neuropsychobiology 2011; 63:252-60. [PMID: 21494053 DOI: 10.1159/000321806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The correlation between theta activity during wakefulness and slow-wave activity (SWA) during sleep observed after sleep deprivation suggests such patterns can be used as electroencephalogram (EEG) biomarkers of the sleep homeostasis process. Since these EEG components would be very useful objective measures to assess CNS drug effects, we investigated whether the relationship between sleep homeostatic EEG biomarkers could be reproduced after an experimental pharmacological intervention. METHODS Seventeen healthy volunteers took part in a phase I randomized, double-blind, crossover design study. To increase sleep propensity, all participants received a single morning oral dose of olanzapine (5 mg) and placebo. Quantitative EEG analysis was done by power spectra calculations: theta activity (3.5-7.5 Hz) during wakefulness and SWA (0.5-4.0 Hz) during sleep. The relationship between the 2 EEG parameters was assessed by correlating the rise rate (percent/hour) of theta activity in wakefulness and the increase (percent) of SWA in the first non-REM sleep episode. RESULTS Following olanzapine administration we observed increases in theta activity during wakefulness, and increases in total sleep time, sleep efficiency and slow-wave sleep time during sleep. However, a weak and unreliable correlation was observed between the increases in theta activity and changes in sleep SWA. CONCLUSIONS From these results, we cannot affirm that these waking and sleep EEG variables behave as biomarkers of human sleep homeostasis after drug administration. It is possible that these EEG biomarkers reflect different physiological mechanisms if they are assessed during drug CNS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Giménez
- Centre d'Investigació de Medicaments, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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15
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Abstract
Minimally effective doses of antipsychotics are likely influenced by several clinical and demographic characteristics of patients, with age being one of the most important elements. In light of age-related physiologic changes as well as interindividual differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic systems, individualized dosing with regard to age will be critically important for safer drug treatment for older patients with schizophrenia. In the present review, we propose the following cautious psychopharmacologic interventions for this population: 1) simple regimen (avoid polypharmacy), 2) be aware of the presence of patients who are very sensitive to drugs, 3) gradual dose titration, and 4) timely and thorough assessments of therapeutic and side effects. The age-related antipsychotic sensitivity highlights the importance of finding the lowest possible effective dose of antipsychotic drugs as patients with schizophrenia age to maximize therapeutic effects and minimize side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Tsuboi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Abstract
There are indications that atypical antipsychotics differ in the probability of causing motor retardation. Whereas olanzapine seems to exert sedation, risperidone might slow patients because of parkinsonism or increased negative symptoms. Objective data on gross motor activity are not available. We present actigraphic data of 16 schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine (mean dose, 21.1 mg/d) and 23 with risperidone (mean dose, 4.7 mg/d) to investigate possible differences in their effects on motor activity. Participants wore actigraphs continuously for 24 hours at the nondominant arm. Groups did not differ in age, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores, duration of illness, and number of episodes. Patients treated with olanzapine had higher activity levels than those treated with risperidone (P = 0.024); this effect was robust and also present after covarying for chlorpromazine equivalents and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale scores. Movement index (proportion of active episodes) and the average duration of immobility, however, failed to show any difference between groups. The results indicate that patients on olanzapine are more active during the day than patients on risperidone. It remains unclear whether this difference is due to subthreshold parkinsonism with risperidone or stronger beneficial effects of olanzapine on psychomotor slowing. Because the average duration of immobility remained unaffected, sedation is not likely to be the cause for the observed differences.
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Abstract
Antipsychotic medications are widely used to manage psychotic and behavioral disorders in older adults, including primary psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia, and psychosis and behavioral disturbances associated with dementia. These two broad diagnostic indications are associated with contrasting recommended treatment durations, with the former requiring indefinite treatment across the life span. Antipsychotic drug dosing for schizophrenia is based primarily on studies of younger patients and thus may not apply to older adults. It is critically important to address the effects of aging on antipsychotic dosing given the recent emergence of data that suggest a critical role for age-related sensitivity to these drugs. Antipsychotic drugs are not only associated with somatic and neurological adverse effects but also increased all-cause mortality and sudden cardiac death in this vulnerable population. This review focuses on the sensitivity of older adults to adverse effects from antipsychotic medications and the current pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic explanatory models of susceptibility. Implications of recent research findings for individualized pharmacotherapy are discussed.
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D2 receptor blockade by risperidone correlates with attention deficits in late-life schizophrenia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 29:571-5. [PMID: 19910723 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181bf4ea3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The negative impact of antipsychotic drugs on attention is expected to be greater in late-life schizophrenia because of the age-related changes in the dopamine receptor reserve. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor blockade by risperidone and the cognitive function in late-life schizophrenia. Subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder aged 50 or older who were receiving risperidone completed a [C]raclopride positron emission tomography scan to measure D2-binding potential in the striatum. The D2 receptor blockade by risperidone was calculated using age-corrected measures from healthy individuals and region of interest analysis of dynamic positron emission tomography data coregistered to the subjects' magnetic resonance imaging scans. Cognitive function was assessed using a battery of neuropsychological tests that included the Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS). Eleven subjects (mean +/- SD age, 64 +/- 8 years) participated in this study. The mean +/- SD D2 receptor blockade was 69% +/- 14% (range, 34%-80%). The age-corrected score on the attention subscale in the DRS was negatively correlated with the D2 receptor blockade. The DRS attention subscale score was lower in the subjects who experienced 74.9% or higher D2 blockade (median value, corresponding to a daily risperidone dose of >3.0 mg) than in those who did not. Although a causal attribution cannot be made in light of the cross-sectional nature of this study, the results suggest the critical importance of identifying the lowest effective dose of antipsychotic drugs in older patients with schizophrenia.
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Delaloye C, Moy G, Baudois S, de Bilbao F, Remund CD, Hofer F, Ragno Paquier C, Campos L, Weber K, Gold G, Moussa A, Meiler CC, Giannakopoulos P. Cognitive features in euthymic bipolar patients in old age. Bipolar Disord 2009; 11:735-43. [PMID: 19719786 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies of cognition in bipolar disorder (BD) have reported impairments in processing speed, working memory, episodic memory, and executive function, but they have primarily focused on young and middle-aged adults. In such studies, the severity of cognitive deficits increases with the duration of illness. Therefore, one would expect more pronounced deficits in patients with longstanding BD. The first aim of the present study was to determine the pattern and the magnitude of cognitive impairment in older euthymic BD patients. The second aim was to explore the interrelationship between these cognitive deficits and determine whether they reflect a single core impairment or the co-occurrence of independent cognitive deficits. METHODS Twenty-two euthymic elderly BD patients and 22 controls, matched for gender, age, and education, underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS Compared to controls, BD patients had significantly reduced performance in processing speed, working memory, verbal fluency, and episodic memory, but not in executive function. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that verbal fluency and working memory impairments were fully mediated by changes in processing speed. This was not the case for the episodic memory dysfunction. CONCLUSION The cognitive profile in older euthymic BD cases is similar to the one described in younger BD cohorts. Our results further suggest that impaired processing speed plays a major role in the cognitive changes observed in BD patients except for deficits in episodic memory, thus providing strong evidence that processing speed and episodic memory are two core deficits in elderly BD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Delaloye
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, University Hospitals of Geneva, Chêne-Bourg, Switzerland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare cognitive impairment of medications used in social anxiety disorder (SAD). METHODS Data from peer-reviewed publications (1975-2007) of controlled, crossover design, pharmacodynamic studies on SAD medications in healthy volunteers were analysed. The number of objective psychometrics for each drug/dose level at all time points after dosing, and of instances of statistically significant impairment of cognitive function, enabled calculation of drug-induced cognitive impairment. The magnitude of impairment between drugs was compared using proportional impairment ratios (PIRs). RESULTS Olanzapine, oxazepam, lorazepam and mianserin had twice the average cognitive toxicity of other treatments. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) impaired cognition to a lesser extent than other pharmacological groupings. There was extensive intra-class variation: fluvoxamine (PIR = 0.08) possessed little detrimental cognitive activity, whereas sertraline (PIR = 5.33) caused impairment over five times the SSRI group average. Benzodiazepines caused noticeable cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS Substantial differences exist, both between and within therapeutic classes, in the behavioural toxicity of medications used for SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hindmarch
- University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
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Jamrozinski K, Gruber O, Kemmer C, Falkai P, Scherk H. Neurocognitive functions in euthymic bipolar patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2009; 119:365-74. [PMID: 19076115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Meta-analytic findings support the hypothesis of specific neurocognitive deficits for bipolar patients in the domains of attention, processing speed, memory and executive functions. This study aims to show neurocognitive impairment in euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder compared with healthy controls while detailing the impact of medication side-effects or illness characteristics on neuropsychological test performance. METHOD Forty euthymic patients with bipolar I disorder were compared with 40 healthy controls in a cross-sectional design. Clinical features and neuropsychological measures of IQ, psychomotor speed, verbal fluency, learning and memory, executive functions and attention were assessed. RESULTS Patients without antipsychotic drug use did not differ significantly from healthy controls in any neuropsychological measure. Yet patients treated with antipsychotics showed significant underperformance in the domains of semantic fluency, verbal learning and recognition memory as well as executive functions related to planning abilities, even when clinical features were controlled for. CONCLUSION The impact of antipsychotic medication needs to be further clarified for euthymic bipolar patients and should be considered when neuropsychological test performance is interpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jamrozinski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Bora E, Yucel M, Pantelis C. Cognitive endophenotypes of bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis of neuropsychological deficits in euthymic patients and their first-degree relatives. J Affect Disord 2009; 113:1-20. [PMID: 18684514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Revised: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our aim was to delineate neuropsychological deficits related to genetic susceptibility, illness process and iatrogenic factors in bipolar disorder (BD). METHODS Following an extensive publication search on several databases, meta-analyses were conducted for 18 cognitive variables in studies that compared performances of euthymic BD patients (45 studies; 1423 subjects) or first-degree relatives of BD patients (17 studies; 443 subjects) with healthy controls. The effect of demographic variables and confounding factors like age of onset, duration of illness and medication status were analysed using the method of meta-regression. RESULTS While response inhibition, set shifting, executive function, verbal memory and sustained attention deficits were common features for both patient (medium to large effect sizes) and relative groups (small to medium effect sizes), processing speed, visual memory and verbal fluency deficits were only observed in patients. Medication effects contributed to psychomotor slowing in BD patients. Earlier age of onset was associated with verbal memory impairment and psychomotor slowing. LIMITATION Data related to some confounding variables was not reported in a substantial number of extracted studies. CONCLUSIONS Response inhibition deficit, a potential marker of ventral prefrontal dysfunction, seems to be the most prominent endophenotype of BD. The cognitive endophenotype of BD also appears to involve fronto-temporal and fronto-limbic related cognitive impairments. Processing speed impairment is related, at least partly, to medication effects indicating the influence of confounding factors rather than genetic susceptibility. Patterns of sustained attention and processing speed impairments differ from schizophrenia. Future work in this area should differentiate cognitive deficits associated with disease genotype from impairments related to other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bora
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Reilly JL, Lencer R, Bishop JR, Keedy S, Sweeney JA. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn 2008; 68:415-35. [PMID: 19028266 PMCID: PMC3159189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing use of eye movement paradigms to assess the functional integrity of brain systems involved in sensorimotor and cognitive processing in clinical disorders requires greater attention to effects of pharmacological treatments on these systems. This is needed to better differentiate disease and medication effects in clinical samples, to learn about neurochemical systems relevant for identified disturbances, and to facilitate identification of oculomotor biomarkers of pharmacological effects. In this review, studies of pharmacologic treatment effects on eye movements in healthy individuals are summarized and the sensitivity of eye movements to a variety of pharmacological manipulations is established. Primary findings from these studies of healthy individuals involving mainly acute effects indicate that: (i) the most consistent finding across several classes of drugs, including benzodiazepines, first- and second- generation antipsychotics, anticholinergic agents, and anticonvulsant/mood stabilizing medications is a decrease in saccade and smooth pursuit velocity (or increase in saccades during pursuit); (ii) these oculomotor effects largely reflect the general sedating effects of these medications on central nervous system functioning and are often dose-dependent; (iii) in many cases changes in oculomotor functioning are more sensitive indicators of pharmacological effects than other measures; and (iv) other agents, including the antidepressant class of serotonergic reuptake inhibitors, direct serotonergic agonists, and stimulants including amphetamine and nicotine, do not appear to adversely impact oculomotor functions in healthy individuals and may well enhance aspects of saccade and pursuit performance. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movements across several clinical disorders including schizophrenia, affective disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease are also reviewed. While greater recognition and investigation into pharmacological treatment effects in these disorders is needed, both beneficial and adverse drug effects are identified. This raises the important caveat for oculomotor studies of neuropsychiatric disorders that performance differences from healthy individuals cannot be attributed to illness effects alone. In final sections of this review, studies are presented that illustrate the utility of eye movements for use as potential biomarkers in pharmacodynamic and pharmacogenetic studies. While more systematic studies are needed, we conclude that eye movement measurements hold significant promise as tools to investigate treatment effects on cognitive and sensorimotor processes in clinical populations and that their use may be helpful in speeding the drug development pathway for drugs targeting specific neural systems and in individualizing pharmacological treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Reilly
- Center for Cognitive Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Abstract
Neurobehavioural sequelae of traumatic brain injuries require an appropriate/effective pharmacological response in that they represent an important cause of disability. In this field, there is no evidence that reaches the level of a standard: there are guidelines on the use of methylphenidate, donepezil and bromocriptine for the treatment of cognitive disturbances, for the non-use of phenytoin and for the use of beta-blockers for controlling aggressiveness. Resolving a single symptom is not relevant in a rehabilitation project if it is not in the context of a more complex picture of neurobehavioural recovery, in which the positive and negative effects of every therapeutic choice are considered. For example, phenytoin could be used for the positive control of epileptic crises but is not advised since it impedes the recovery of cognitive functions in general. Analogous effects not yet identified may concern benzodiazepine, neuroleptics and other sedatives usually prescribed in cases of cranial trauma. Psychotropic drugs are considered to be able to influence the neuronal plasticity processes. Studies on animals have shown that the administration of D-amphetamine combined with sensorial-motor exercise produces the steady acceleration of motor recovery, which acts as a catalyst to the neurological recovery process. On the other hand, alpha1-NA receptor antagonist drugs produce negative effects; these include clonidine (antihypertension) and haloperidol (neuroleptic). Studies need to be carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of particular drugs. These studies need to focus not only on the disappearance of symptoms but also on the positive and negative effects on overall rehabilitation and on the neurobiological recovery of the patient.
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Associations of SNAP-25 polymorphisms with cognitive dysfunctions in Caucasian patients with schizophrenia during a brief trail of treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2008; 258:335-44. [PMID: 18347838 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-007-0800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) is part of the soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein (NSF) attachment receptor (SNARE), which mediates synaptic neurotransmission. In earlier studies a possible involvement of this protein in schizophrenia has been shown. As neurocognitive impairment is a core feature in the pathology of schizophrenia and considered to be a putative endophenotype according to genetic studies we investigated the influences of different SNAP-25 polymorphisms on neuropsychological test results before and during treatment with atypical antipsychotics. A total of 104 schizophrenic patients treated with atypical antipsychotics were genotyped for three different polymorphisms of the SNAP-25 gene (MnlI, TaiI and DdeI in the 3'-UTR). Cognitive function was assessed at baseline, week 4 or 6 and week 8 or 12. Results of individual neuropsychological tests were assigned to six cognitive domains (reaction time and quality; executive function; working, verbal and visual memory) and a general cognitive index. The MnlI and TaiI polymorphisms showed no associations to deficits on neuropsychological test results. In contrast, we observed a significant relation between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions. Homozygote T/T allele carriers of the DdeI polymorphism showed significant better neuropsychological test results in cognitive domains verbal memory and executive functions than those with the combined T/C and C/C genotypes (P < 0.01) at all three time points, but no differences in response to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Additionally, TT carriers exhibited significantly better results in a general cognitive index (P < 0.05). As we observed an association between the DdeI polymorphism of the SNAP-25 gene and cognitive dysfunctions of schizophrenic patients our finding suggests that the SNAP-25 gene could play a role in the pathophysiology of neurocognitive dysfunctions in schizophrenia but is not predictive for treatment response with atypical antipsychotics.
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The effects of atypical and conventional antipsychotics on reduced processing speed and psychomotor slowing in schizophrenia: A cross-sectional exploratory study. Clin Ther 2008; 30:684-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Vernaleken I, Kumakura Y, Buchholz HG, Siessmeier T, Hilgers RD, Bartenstein P, Cumming P, Gründer G. Baseline [18F]-FDOPA kinetics are predictive of haloperidol-induced changes in dopamine turnover and cognitive performance: A positron emission tomography study in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2008; 40:1222-31. [PMID: 18262797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 12/23/2007] [Accepted: 12/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The telencephalic dopamine innervations contribute to the modulation of cognitive processing. However, the relationship between cognitive effects of D(2/3)-receptor antagonism and dopamine transmission is not described in healthy subjects. We therefore tested effects of acute haloperidol (5 mg/d over 3 days) on continuous performance task (CPT) performance and 6-[(18)F]-fluoro-l-DOPA (FDOPA) PET parameters. Nine physically and mentally healthy male men performed two FDOPA-PET scans including arterial plasma withdrawal. Over 3 days before the second scan, all subjects were treated with 5 mg/d haloperidol orally. Using our novel steady-state analysis, we calculated the intrinsic rate of the cerebral FDOPA utilization (K), the turnover of [(18)F]fluorodopamine formed in brain (k(loss)) and the storage for FDOPA and its brain metabolites (V(d)). Furthermore, a ds-CPT and EPS-screening was performed before every PET scan. We found that FDOPA kinetics in those normal subjects with relatively high baseline K showed a more pronounced sensitivity to haloperidol treatment, manifesting in reduced storage capacity and elevated turnover of [(18)F]fluorodopamine, whereas subjects with lower K showed the opposite pattern of responses. Furthermore, low baseline K predicted improvements in the CPT task after haloperidol, whereas participants with higher baseline K showed a decline in cognitive performance. We conclude that the initial increase of [(18)F]fluorodopamine turnover after acute haloperidol challenge is associated with an over-stimulation in individuals with initially more pharmacologically responsive dopamine systems, but optimizes cognitive performance in those with lower normal FDOPA utilization at baseline. We hypothesize that these effects may be driven by D(1)-receptor mediated transmission during D(2) blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Vernaleken
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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