"She was truly an angel": Women with disabilities' satisfaction with hospital-based sexual assault and domestic violence services

Experiences of verbal violence among people with intellectual disabilities in Israel

BACKGROUND

This study examines the extent of exposure to verbal violence experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and whether it differs based on their housing situation: living in the community, with family, or in a residential facility.

METHOD

One hundred and eighty-nine people with intellectual disabilities were interviewed about their experience with verbal violence.

RESULTS

Eighty-six percent reported experiencing verbal violence in their lifetime and approximately 77% experienced it the past week. Participants were most likely to be yelled at, and friends were the most common perpetrators. While there were few differences by setting, people living with their families were more likely to be laughed at and marginally more likely to experience rude comments.

CONCLUSIONS

Verbal violence is prevalent in the lives of people with intellectual disabilities in Israel. Interventions are necessary to assist people with intellectual disabilities to deal with such incidents, with possible additional supports needed for those living with family.

Adult Sexual Assault Patients' Experience of the Physical Examination Component of the Medical Forensic Examination: A Scoping Review to Identify Gaps in the Research Literature

We undertook a scoping review of published research literature that reported on adult sexual assault patients' experience of the physical examination component of the medical forensic examination (MFE). Eligible papers were those reporting data about the physical examination component of the MFE from the adult patient's perspective, published in the period January 2000 to March 2022 in peer reviewed journals and reports containing original research data published from a tertiary institution. Twelve papers were identified. The review identified a gap in the literature regarding the patient's experience of the physical examination component of the MFE. The existing literature is limited but suggests that some patients find the examination empowering and reassuring, restoring a sense of bodily control; however, for others it is an intrusive, violating experience that they endure. A more patient-centered sexual assault service appears to have a therapeutic value in itself, but more research is warranted as existing research is very limited and often from a proxy. In particular, more research on patients' self-reported experience of the MFE, including specific aspects of the examination and the experience of male and gender nonconforming victim-survivors, is needed. A better understanding, from the point of view of the patient, of the benefits of attending, may encourage victim-survivors to seek a health response and, possibly, report to police. It may also be time to assess the impacts of certain aspects of the forensic examination, rethink standard evidence collection processes, and consider enabling more acceptable options for victim-survivors including self-collection of intimate samples.

Patient and Provider Emergency Care Experiences Related to Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of the Existing Evidence

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that has devastating physical, psychological, and economic consequences. The emergency department (ED) is an important point of contact for individuals experiencing IPV. However, there are few studies synthesizing interactions between patients experiencing IPV and providers. We aimed to summarize the existing evidence regarding (1) ED care experiences of patients with a history of IPV and (2) experiences of ED providers interacting with them. The secondary aim of this review was to evaluate high-quality care barriers and facilitators and to elucidate common causes of care avoidance. A literature search of peer-reviewed electronic databases was undertaken. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies detailing IPV-related patient or provider experiences surrounding ED visits. Articles published before 2000 or unavailable in English/French were excluded. A total of 772 studies were screened, yielding a final number of 41 studies. Negative patient experiences arose from individual-, institutional-, and system-level issues, commonly including adverse provider behavior. Negative provider experiences stemmed from individual-, institutional-, and system-level issues, such as a lack of knowledge and lack of infrastructure. Facilitators to positive patient experiences included interacting with empathetic providers, having privacy, and receiving timely specialized care. Facilitators to positive provider experiences included feeling well-equipped to manage IPV and having policies leading to appropriate care. Negative ED care experiences reveal inadequate care quality, ultimately leading to secondary victimization of individuals experiencing IPV. This review also uncovered important literature gaps regarding experiences of those who identify as equity-deserving.

The prevalence of intimate partner violence against women with disabilities: a systematic review of the literature

PURPOSE

Although systematic reviews have already been conducted on violence and disability, the evidence is not conclusive in Intimate Partner Violence (IPV). This study examined the prevalence of IPV in women with disabilities, taking account of the different types of violence and disability.

METHODS

We performed a search in five databases. We included observational studies that analysed the frequency of IPV in women with disabilities compared to women without. Two independent reviewers selected and assessed studies. We made a qualitative synthesis according to the type of IPV analysed in relation to disability.

RESULTS

We identified 26 articles. The frequency and risk of IPV were greater in women with disabilities than in those without. All of the articles that studied financial violence, 81.3% of those that studied physical violence, 78.5% of those that studied psychological violence, 75% of those that studied physical/sexual violence, 73.3% of those that studied sexual violence and 50% of those that studied any type of violence found a significant association whit disability.

CONCLUSIONS

Women with disabilities are at higher risk of IPV. Rehabilitation centers and its professionals must have a leading role in the identification of these situations and this should be considered in IPV prevention plans.Implications for rehabilitationPeople with disabilities are at higher risk of multiple types of violence.Violence against women with disabilities therefore involves two public health issues interacting simultaneously.Rehabilitation centers and its professionals should have a leading role in the identification of IPV in women with disabilities.IPV prevention plans should consider rehabilitation centers and its professionals as a main component of interventions in women with disabilities.

Prevalence and risk factors of violence among persons with disabilities in Burkina Faso

This study aimed to analyse factors associated with violence against people with disabilities in Burkina Faso. This is a secondary analysis of data from cross-sectional study among people with disability with Grade 3-4 between 15 and 65 years of age. The prevalence of violence was 13.9%. Persons with physical or multiple disabilities were more likely to suffer violence, while people with physical, intellectual, or multiple disabilities were less likely to suffer violence than those with visual disabilities. Additionally, those between 34 and 55 years were less likely to suffer violence than those over 55. Monogamous and polygamous people with disabilities were 1.9 and 4.3 times, respectively, more likely to be victims of violence than single people. People without formal education were 1.47 times more likely to experience violence than those with education; those living in a family or alone in a housing unit were 2.79 and 12.61 times, respectively, more likely to experience violence than those living with others in a housing unit. Findings suggest that violence is common against all persons with disabilities, but that some factors make violence more likely. There is a need for a policy against violence among people with disability.

A scoping review of measurement of violence against women and disability

INTRODUCTION

Existing evidence indicates that prevalence of violence against women with disability is elevated compared to women without disability. We conducted a scoping review with a focus on measurement to assess the forms of measurement and study design utilized to explore the intersection of violence against women with disabilities, and to identify strengths and limitations in current approaches to measuring violence against women with disabilities. This scoping review is designed to inform current debates and discussions regarding how to generate evidence concerning violence against women with disabilities.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We conducted systematic searches of the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL, PILOTS, ERIC, Social Work Abstracts, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, Social Services Abstracts, ProQuest Criminal Justice, and Dissertations & Theses Global, and conducted structured searches of national statistics and surveys and grey literature available on-line. We identified 174 manuscripts or reports for inclusion. n = 113 manuscripts or reports utilized acts-specific measurement of violence. In terms of measurement of disability, we found that amongst the included manuscripts and reports, n = 75 utilized measures of functioning limitations (n = 20 of these were Washington Group questions), n = 15 utilized a single question approach and n = 67 defined participants in the research as having a disability based on a diagnosis or self-report of a health condition or impairment.

DISCUSSION

This scoping review provides a comprehensive overview of measurement of violence against women with disabilities and measurement of violence within disability-focused research. We identified several important gaps in the evidence, including lack of sex and disability disaggregation, limited evidence concerning adaptation of data collection methods to ensure accessibility of research activities for women with disabilities, and limited evidence concerning differential relationships between types of disability and violence exposure. This scoping review provides directions for sub-analyses of the included studies and further research to address gaps in evidence.

A comparison of Indigenous and non-Indigenous survivors of sexual assault and their receipt of and satisfaction with specialized health care services

In Canada, Indigenous women are more likely than non-Indigenous women to be survivors of sexual assault and experience sexual assaults that are more serious in terms of physical injury and other health-related consequences. Despite their related needs for care and support, there is a paucity of research to date that has examined their uptake of specialized acute health services post sexual assault. To address this gap, we explored the presentation, sociodemographic, assailant, assault, and service use characteristics of Indigenous women, as compared to non-Indigenous adult and adolescent women aged 12 and older presenting to 30 of 35 hospital-based sexual assault treatment centres in Ontario from 2009 to 2011, using bivariate analyses. Of the 948 women in our sample, 116 (12%) identified as being Indigenous. Indigenous survivors differed significantly from non-Indigenous survivors on many presentation, sociodemographic, and assault characteristics. For example, they were more likely to present to a hospital within 24 hours of being assaulted and a treatment centre serving a primarily rural population. They tended to be younger, were more likely to be living in an institutional setting, report community or group affiliations and government or community services as sources of social support, and be assaulted by a parent, guardian, or other relative. In terms of receipt of services, they were more likely to have undergone safety planning and to be referred to child protection or community agencies. They reported high levels of satisfaction with the services received, however, were less likely than non-Indigenous survivors to rate the overall care provided as excellent or good. On the whole, the results of our study suggest that Indigenous women value acute hospital-based sexual assault services. However, they experience sexual assaults in contexts different from non-Indigenous survivors. It is important for health care providers to be attuned to this so that they can appropriately respond to their unique needs.

A comparison of intimate partner and other sexual assault survivors' use of different types of specialized hospital-based violence services

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the health service utilization of women sexually assaulted by their intimate partners, as compared with those sexually assaulted by other perpetrators. To address this gap, we describe the use of acute care services post-victimization, as well as a broad range of survivor and assault characteristics, across women assaulted by current or former intimate partners, other known assailants, and strangers.

METHODS

Information was gathered from individuals presenting to 30 hospital-based sexual assault and domestic violence treatment centres using a standardized data collection form. We examined the data from 619 women 16 years of age or older who were sexually assaulted by one assailant.

RESULTS

Women sexually assaulted by a current or former intimate partner were less likely than those assaulted by another known assailant or a stranger to have been administered emergency contraception (p < 0.001) or prophylaxis for sexually transmitted infections (p < 0.001), and counselled for potential use of HIV post-exposure prophylaxis (p < 0.001). However, these women were more likely than those in the other two groups to have had their injuries documented with photographs (p < 0.001), have undergone a risk assessment (p = 0.008), and/or have engaged in safety planning (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Women sexually assaulted by current or former intimate partners utilized services offered by sexual assault and domestic violence treatment centres differently than those assaulted by other known assailants and strangers. This may reflect their different health, forensic, and social needs, as well as the importance of offering care tailored to their particular circumstances.