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Zhao C, Guan X, Zhang Q, Meng L, Lin W, Yang R, Li Y, Jiang G. Parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in aluminum smelter workers: Serum levels, accumulation trends, and association with health indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169655. [PMID: 38159767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs) can be unintentionally formed and released during industrial thermal processes. However, information on internal exposure and health risks of PAHs and HPAHs for thermal industry workers is very limited. In this study, serum samples from 220 aluminum smelter workers in East China were analyzed, and the relationship between the levels of these pollutants and various health indicators was also assessed. The workers had markedly higher serum concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs than the controls. The serum concentrations of ∑13PAHs and ∑9HPAHs increased with increasing age and occupational exposure duration in male workers. A positive correlation was observed between the ∑13PAH and ∑9HPAH serum concentrations, and the concentration of ∑13PAHs was approximately 50 times higher than that of ∑9HPAHs. For benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq)-based risk assessment, the contribution of PAHs and HPAHs to the risk was 80 % and 20 % in the workers. PAHs and HPAHs showed a positive association with pulmonary hypofunction, hypertension and abnormal electrocardiogram. This study indicates occupational exposure to these toxic pollutants remains a significant issue and provides evidence that elevated serum levels of ∑13PAHs and ∑9HPAHs may be associated with an increased risk of lung and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Public Scientific Research Platform, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China; Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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McClure ES, Robinson WR, Vasudevan P, Cullen MR, Marshall SW, Noth E, Richardson D. Disparities in job characteristics by race and sex in a Southern aluminum smelting facility. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:307-319. [PMID: 36748848 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former workers at a Southern aluminum smelting facility raised concerns that the most hazardous jobs were assigned to Black workers, but the role of workplace segregation had not been quantified or examined in the company town. Prior studies discuss race and gender disparities in working conditions, but few have documented them in the aluminum industry. METHODS We obtained workers' company records for 1985-2007 and characterized four job metrics: prestige (sociologic rankings), worker-defined danger (worker assessments), annual wage (1985 dollars), and estimated total particulate matter (TPM) exposure (job exposure matrix). Characteristics of job at hire and trajectories were compared by race and sex using linear binomial models. RESULTS Non-White males had the highest percentage of workers in low prestige and high danger jobs at hire and up to 20 years after. After 20 years tenure, 100% of White workers were in higher prestige and lower danger jobs. Most female workers, regardless of race, entered and remained in low-wage jobs, while 50% of all male workers maintained their initial higher-wage jobs. Non-White females had the highest prevalence of workers in low-wage jobs at hire and after 20 years-increasing from 63% (95% CI: 59-67) to 100% (95% CI: 78-100). All female workers were less likely to be in high TPM exposure jobs. Non-White males were most likely to be hired into high TPM exposure jobs, and this exposure prevalence increased as time accrued, while staying constant for other race-sex groups. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of job segregation by race and sex in this cohort of aluminum smelting workers. Documentation of disparities in occupational hazards is important for informing health interventions and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S McClure
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Whitney R Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pavithra Vasudevan
- Department of African and African Diaspora Studies/Center for Women's and Gender Studies, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mark R Cullen
- Center for Population Health Sciences Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, Berkeley Public Health University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Del Monaco A, Dimitriadis C, Xie S, Benke G, Sim MR, Walker-Bone K. Workers in Australian prebake aluminium smelters: update on risk of mortality and cancer incidence in the Healthwise cohort. Occup Environ Med 2023; 80:160-169. [PMID: 36720634 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2022-108605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate mortality and the rates of incident cancer among a cohort of aluminium industry workers. METHODS Among 4507 male employees who worked in either of two Australian prebake smelters for at least 3 months, data linkage was undertaken with the Australian National Death Index and Australian Cancer Database. Standardised Mortality Ratios (SMRs) and Standardised Incidence Rates (SIRs) were estimated for the whole cohort and for: production; maintenance and office workers. SMRs and SIRs were calculated by time since first employment. RESULTS Among production workers, there was an excess risk of mortality from mesothelioma (SMR 2.8, 95% CI 1.3 to 5.2), lung (SMR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8), prostate (SMR 1.9, 95% CI 1.3 to 2.7) and liver cancer (SMR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1 to 3.4) and the SIR was also increased for overall respiratory cancers, specifically lung cancers. An excess risk of death from stomach cancer (SMR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2 to 6.1) and Alzheimer's disease (SMR 3.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 7.9) was seen among maintenance workers. The overall risk of death was similar to that of the Australian general population, as was mortality from cancers overall and non-malignant respiratory disease. CONCLUSIONS No excess risk of death from bladder cancer or non-malignant respiratory disease was found. Excess lung cancer mortality and incidence may be explained by smoking and excess mortality from mesothelioma may be explained by asbestos exposure. An excess risk of mortality from liver and prostate cancer has been shown in production workers and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Del Monaco
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christina Dimitriadis
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sophia Xie
- Peter Maccullum Cancer Centre, Peter Maccullum Cancer Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Chronic Disease and Ageing, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geza Benke
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Malcolm Ross Sim
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Walker-Bone
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Health and Work, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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4
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Zhu Y, Li Z, Wang W, Jing L, Yu Q, Li Z, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhang P, Feng F, Zhang Q. LncRNA-ENST00000556926 regulates the proliferation, apoptosis and mRNA transcriptome of malignant-transformed BEAS-2B cells induced by coal tar pitch. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1144-1152. [PMID: 34956617 PMCID: PMC8692750 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As a byproduct of coal tar distillation, coal tar pitch (CTP) has been proven to be carcinogenic to human. However, the mechanisms of lung cancer induced by CTP are still unclear. It has been shown that long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) play an important role in the development of human cancers. This study aims to investigate the effect of LncRNA-ENST00000556926 on malignant-transformed human bronchial epithelial (BAES-2B) cells induced by coal tar pitch extracts (CTPE). In this study, BEAS-2B cells were treated with 2.4 μg/ml of CTPE for 72 h and then passaged; and the cells were treated 4 times in the same procedure, then passaged until passage 30 (CTPE30). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect cell viability, then cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry, and transcriptome sequencing analysis was used to detect differentially expressed mRNAs after interference of ENST00000556926. The results indicated that the expression of ENST00000556926 in CTPE30 group was significantly higher compared with control group. Furthermore, after interfering the expression of ENST00000556926, cell viability was inhibited, and cell cycle was arrested while apoptosis of malignant-transformed BEAS-2B cells was promoted. Moreover, a total of 159 differentially expressed mRNAs were screened out after interference of ENST00000556926, including 62 up-regulated mRNAs and 97 down-regulated mRNAs. In addition, knockdown of ENST00000556926 decreased the expression of thioredoxin domain containing 5 (TXNDC5) and FOXD1. In conclusion, LncRNA-ENST00000556926 could regulate the proliferation, apoptosis and mRNA transcriptome of malignant-transformed BEAS-2B cells induced by CTP, which may provide a novel treatment strategy for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghang Zhu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Weiguang Wang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Rizhao Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Rizhao, Shandong Province 450001, China
| | - Linhao Jing
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 276800, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Zhenkai Li
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 276800, China
| | - Jiatong Zhang
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Bone and Soft Tissue Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450001, China
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Nordheim E, Arnold I, Armstrong V, Momoli F, Shilnikova NS, Yenugadhati N, Krewski D. The REACH registration process: A case study of metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide and aluminium hydroxide. Neurotoxicology 2020; 83:166-178. [PMID: 33290785 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The European Union's REACH Regulation requires determination of potential health and environmental effects of chemicals in commerce. The present case study examines the application of REACH guidance for health hazard assessments of three high production volume (HPV) aluminium (Al) substances: metallic aluminium, aluminium oxide, and aluminium hydroxide. Among the potential adverse health consequences of aluminium exposure, neurotoxicity is one of the most sensitive targets of Al toxicity and the most critical endpoint. This case study illustrates integration of data from multiple lines of evidence into REACH weight of evidence evaluations. This case study then explains how those results support regulatory decisions on classification and labelling. Challenges in the REACH appraisal of Al compounds include speciation, solubility and bioavailability, application of assessment factors, read-across rationale and differences with existing regulatory standards. Lessons learned from the present case study relate to identification and evaluation of toxicologic and epidemiologic data; assessing data relevance and reliability; development of derived no-effect levels (DNELs); addressing data gaps and preparation of chemical safety reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataliya A Karyakina
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.
| | | | - Ian Arnold
- International Aluminium Institute, London, United Kingdom; Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Franco Momoli
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Natalia S Shilnikova
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Nagarajkumar Yenugadhati
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Canada; McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
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6
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Krstev S, Knutsson A. Occupational Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis. J Cancer Prev 2019; 24:91-111. [PMID: 31360689 PMCID: PMC6619854 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2019.24.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer in men worldwide. There are many occupational factors that have been suggested to cause prostate cancer. Our aim was to evaluate the evidence for causality by a literature review of occupational factors. We searched literature in Medline and SCOPUS from 1966 to June 30, 2015 to identify occupational risk factors for prostate cancer. The following risk factors were selected: farmers/agricultural workers, pesticides - whole group, and separately organophosphate and organochlorine pesticides, carbamates and triazines, cadmium, chromium, cutting fluids, acrylonitrile, rubber manufacturing, whole body vibration, shift work, flight personnel, ionizing radiation, and occupational physical activity. For each factor a literature search was performed and presented as meta-analysis of relative risk and heterogeneity (Q and I2 index). A total of 168 original studies met the inclusion criteria with 90,688 prostate cancer cases. Significantly increased risks were observed for the following occupational exposures: pesticides (metaRR = 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01-1.32; I2 = 84%), and specifically group of organochlorine pesticides (meta relative risk [metaRR] = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.14; I2 = 0%), chromium (metaRR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07-1.34; I2 = 31%), shift work (metaRR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.05-1.49; I2 = 78%) and pilots (metaRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.02-1.94; I2 = 63%) and occupational physical activity in cohort studies (metaRR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.94; I2 = 0%). The literature review supports a causal association for a few of the previously suggested factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srmena Krstev
- Serbian Institute of Occupational Health, Belgrade,
Serbia
| | - Anders Knutsson
- Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall,
Sweden
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Xu F, Ji Q, Zhang J, Huang W, Cao Z, Li Y. AlCl 3 inhibits LPS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β production through suppressing NF-κB signaling pathway in murine peritoneal macrophages. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 209:972-980. [PMID: 30114748 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al), a common environmental pollutant, has been reported to inhibit the immune functions of macrophage. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In this study, murine peritoneal macrophages were exposed to 0, 0.27, 0.54, and 1.08 mg/mL of aluminium chloride (AlCl3) for 24 h, and then treated with 1 μg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for another 6 h. No addition of both AlCl3 and LPS serviced as control group. We observed that AlCl3 has cytotoxicity in murine peritoneal macrophages, showing a decrease in cell viability and an increase in lactate dehydrogenase release. Besides, AlCl3 exposure restrained the LPS-induced NLR pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation presented as NLRP3 expressions reduction, caspase-1 cleavage inhibition and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) maturation lessened. Meanwhile, AlCl3 exposure decreased LPS-induced IKKβ activity, IκBα phosphorylation, the phosphorylation and mRNA expression of NF-κB p65, as well the genes expression and concentration in medium supernatant of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). The results suggested that AlCl3 inhibited the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway induced by LPS, which maybe one of the upstream signals involved in the inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation by AlCl3. This research can provide theoretical basis for understanding the immune toxicity of Al, and deepening the cognition of Al exposure hazards to immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feibo Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qiang Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wanyue Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yanfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
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8
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Yu S, Yan Z, Feng F, Ni J, Wang W, Nabie K, Zhang Y, Qu L, Wu Y. NF-E2-related factor 2 serves a key function in resistance to malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells induced by coal tar pitch. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:5143-5148. [PMID: 29552149 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal tar pitch (CTP) is a key factor in the development of occupational lung cancer. In order to investigate the function of the anti-oxidative signaling pathway regulated by NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) during cancer development, BEAS-2B cells were cultured with CTP extract for 30 passages. It was revealed that malignant transformation occurred in cells between the 20 and 30th passage. The expression levels of Nrf2 and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) were promoted throughout the CTP exposure culture, and there was a positive linear correlation between the expression levels of Nrf2 and NQO1. Following knockdown of Nrf2 expression, the level of NQO1 decreased markedly and malignant transformation was more likely to occur. It was hypothesized that CTP may be toxic to BEAS-2B cells, which may lead to malignant transformation. Nrf2 was a quick response factor: Counteracting cytotoxicity by promoting the expression of anti-oxidative genes. Thus, Nrf2 was associated with the malignant transformation of BEAS-2B cells exposed to CTP and may be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songcheng Yu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Yan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Ni
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Kadijatu Nabie
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yiguo Zhang
- College of Medical Bioengineering and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Chongqing, Chongqing 400044, P.R. China
| | - Lingbo Qu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, P.R. China
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9
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McElvenny DM, van Tongeren M, Turner MC, Benke G, Figuerola J, Fleming S, Hours M, Kincl L, Krewski D, McLean D, Parent MÉ, Richardson L, Schlehofer B, Schlaefer K, Sadetzki S, Schüz J, Siemiatycki J, Cardis E. The INTEROCC case-control study: risk of meningioma and occupational exposure to selected combustion products, dusts and other chemical agents. Occup Environ Med 2018; 75:12-22. [PMID: 28947494 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-104280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about occupational risk factors for meningioma. OBJECTIVES To study whether risk of meningioma is associated with several occupational exposures, including selected combustion products, dusts and other chemical agents. METHODS The INTEROCC study was an international case-control study of brain cancer conducted in seven countries. Data collection by interview included lifetime occupational histories. A job exposure matrix was used to derive estimates of exposure for the 12 agents. ORs for ever versus never exposed and for exposure-response using duration of exposure and cumulative exposure were derived using conditional logistic regression stratified by sex, age group, country/region, adjusted for education. RESULTS These analyses included 1906 cases and 5565 controls. For 11 of the 12 agents, no excess risk was found for ever exposed. For ever exposure to oil mists, an elevated OR of 1.57 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.22, 51 exposed cases) was found. Statistically significant exposure-response relationships were observed with cumulative exposure (p=0.01) and duration of exposure (p=0.04). Among women, there were also significant trends for cumulative and duration of exposure to asbestos and excesses in the highest exposure categories for formaldehyde. CONCLUSIONS Most agents examined did not provoke excess risks of meningioma. The main finding from this study is that it is the first study to identify a statistical association between exposure to oil mists and meningioma. This may be a chance finding or could be due to confounding with iron exposure and further research is required to understand whether the relationship is causal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martie van Tongeren
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Centre for Epidemiology, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Biology and Health, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Michelle C Turner
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | | | - Jordi Figuerola
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sarah Fleming
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Martine Hours
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Epidémiologique Transport Travail Environnement Université Lyon 1/IFSTTAR, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Laurel Kincl
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Dave McLean
- Centre for Public Health Research, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Brigitte Schlehofer
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Schlaefer
- Unit of Environmental Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Siegal Sadetzki
- The Cancer & Radiation Epidemiology Unit, The Gertner Institute, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), Section of Environment and Radiation, Lyon, France
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- University of Montreal Hospital Research Centre, Montreal, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Cardis
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Zhang P, Li Z, Wang N, Duan G, Wang W, Feng Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhu H, Zhang Q, Liu X, Wu W, Wu Y, Yao W, Wang J, Wu Y, Feng F. Coal tar pitch extract could induce chromosomal instability of human bronchial epithelial cells mediated by spindle checkpoint-related proteins. Oncotarget 2017; 8:56506-56517. [PMID: 28915607 PMCID: PMC5593578 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal tar pitch (CTP) is a byproduct of coal tar distillation. The workers working with coal tar or in aluminum smelters, potrooms and carbon plants have the opportunities of exposing to coal tar pitch volatiles. Coal tar pitches from which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) originate have been shown to exhibit lung carcinogenicity in humans. Chromosomal instability (CIN) is a mechanism in carcinogenesis, however, whether CIN is involved in coal tar pitch-induced lung cancer remains elusive. In this present study, human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were first exposed to coal tar pitch extracts (CTPE) to induce a malignant transformation model. Then, the occurrence of severe chromosomal changes detected using G band, R band and multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH) staining were examined. It was shown that more clones of transformed BEAS-2B cells at passage 30 following stimulation with CTPE were formed in the soft agar compared with the vehicle control. Moreover, the expression of the spindle checkpoint-related proteins, mitotic arrest defective 2 (Mad2), budding uninhibited in benzimidazole 1 (Bub1), and anaphase-promoting complex (APC), indicators of abnormal chromosomes and carcinogenesis, reduced in CTPE-treated BEAS-2B cells at Passage 30 compared with the vehicle control using real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. In summary, exposure of BEAS-2B cells to CTPE may induce chromosomal instability through spindle checkpoint-related proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University (Henan Cancer Hospital), Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanming Feng
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lixia Wang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Hansong Zhu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaozhuan Liu
- Medical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yongjun Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wu Yao
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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11
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Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and lymphatic and hematopoietic neoplasms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2643-2656. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Shrestha D, Liu S, Hammond SK, LaValley MP, Weiner DE, Eisen EA, Applebaum KM. Risk of renal cell carcinoma following exposure to metalworking fluids among autoworkers. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:656-62. [PMID: 27484955 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2016-103769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Metalworking fluids (MWF), used to cool and lubricate metal in occupational settings, are linked to several cancers but data on kidney cancer are limited. We examine how MWF influence the rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in a large prospective study. METHODS A cohort of Michigan autoworkers consisting of 33 421 individuals was followed from 1985 to 2009. The cohort was linked to the Michigan Cancer Registry to identify new cases of RCC. We analysed RCC in relation to cumulative exposure to each specific type of MWF (straight, soluble and synthetic) and all 3 types pooled into a single MWF variable, with a 15-year lag. Cox proportional hazards regression with splines were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), controlling for age, gender, race, calendar year, year hired, time since hire, plant and other MWF types. RESULTS There were 135 incident cases. A linear increase in the log-HR was observed for RCC with increasing cumulative exposure to each MWF type and total MWF exposure. At the mean of total MWF exposure (18.80 mg/m(3)-year), the estimated HR was 1.11 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.19). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide evidence for a dose-dependent association between MWF exposure and RCC. The influence of components of oil-based and water-based MWF needs further examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Shrestha
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sa Liu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Michael P LaValley
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel E Weiner
- Division of Nephrology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen A Eisen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Katie M Applebaum
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Milken Institute School of Public Health, Washington, DC, USA
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13
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Respiratory hazards: clinical and functional assessment in aluminum industry workers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES AND TUBERCULOSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcdt.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Sikkeland L, Alexis NE, Fry RC, Martin E, Danielsen TE, Søstrand P, Kongerud J. Inflammation in induced sputum after aluminium oxide exposure: an experimental chamber study. Occup Environ Med 2016; 73:199-205. [PMID: 26786756 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-103254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Workers in aluminium production are exposed to a complex mixture of particles and gases potentially harmful to the airways, among them aluminium oxide (Al2O3). With the use of an exposure chamber, we aimed to examine the effects of short-term controlled exposure to Al2O3 on lung function and inflammatory markers in healthy volunteers. METHODS 15 men (age 19-31) were exposed in random order to clean air or Al2O3 particles (3.8-4.0 mg/m(3)) for 2 h including 30 min exercise (stationary bike, 75 W). The permissible exposure level (PEL) for Al2O3 by Occupational Safety and Health Administration, USA, is 5 mg/m(3) time weighted average (TWA). Sham and particle exposures were separated by at least 2 weeks. Spirometry was carried out, and induced sputum and blood samples were collected 48 h before and 4 and 24 h after exposure. RESULTS Levels of sputum neutrophils (mean (±SEM)) was increased 24 h post-Al2O3 vs pre-Al2O3 exposure (43% (4) vs 31% (4), p=0.01) and the protein level of interleukin (IL)-8 had a 4.8 (0.9)-fold change increase 24 h after exposure (p<0.01). Following Al2O3 exposure, gene signatures in sputum were significantly increased related to several pathways. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that controlled exposure to Al2O3 particles at levels below PEL (TWA) induces airway inflammation in healthy humans marked by elevated neutrophils and elevated IL-8. In addition, increased expression of genes associated with several biological processes was observed in sputum. Interestingly, inhaled Al2O3-induced effects were localised to the airways and not systemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lib Sikkeland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - N E Alexis
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - R C Fry
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - E Martin
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - T E Danielsen
- Section for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - P Søstrand
- Section for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - J Kongerud
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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DellaValle CT, Deziel NC, Jones RR, Colt JS, De Roos AJ, Cerhan JR, Cozen W, Severson RK, Flory AR, Morton LM, Ward MH. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: determinants of residential carpet dust levels and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer Causes Control 2016; 27:1-13. [PMID: 26573845 PMCID: PMC5358542 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0660-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) associated with residential carpet dust measurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). METHODS We evaluated the relationship between residential carpet dust PAH concentrations (benz(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenz(a,h)anthracene, and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, and their sum) and risk of NHL (676 cases, 511 controls) in the National Cancer Institute Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results multicenter case-control study. As a secondary aim, we investigated determinants of dust PAH concentrations. We computed odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) for associations between NHL and concentrations of individual and summed PAHs using unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, gender, and study center. Determinants of natural log-transformed PAHs were investigated using multivariate least-squares regression. RESULTS We observed some elevated risks for NHL overall and B cell lymphoma subtypes in association with quartiles or tertiles of PAH concentrations, but without a monotonic trend, and there was no association comparing the highest quartile or tertile to the lowest. In contrast, risk of T cell lymphoma was significantly increased among participants with the highest tertile of summed PAHs (OR = 3.04; 95 % CI, 1.09-8.47) and benzo(k)fluoranthene (OR = 3.20; 95 % CI, 1.13-9.11) compared with the lowest tertile. Predictors of PAH dust concentrations in homes included ambient air PAH concentrations and the proportion of developed land within 2 km of a residence. Older age, more years of education, and white race were also predictive of higher levels in homes. CONCLUSION Our results suggest a potential link between PAH exposure and risk of T cell lymphoma and demonstrate the importance of analyzing risk by NHL histologic type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt T DellaValle
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | | | - Rena R Jones
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joanne S Colt
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Anneclaire J De Roos
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Drexel University School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James R Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Wendy Cozen
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Richard K Severson
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Lindsay M Morton
- Radiation Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mary H Ward
- Occupational and Environmental Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 9609 Medical Center Dr, Room 6E138 MSC 9771, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Søyseth V, Henneberger P, Virji MA, Bakke B, Kongerud J. Construction of a Job Exposure Matrix to Dust, Fluoride, and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Norwegian Aluminum Industry using Prediction Models. ANNALS OF OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE 2015; 59:1106-21. [PMID: 26409268 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/mev069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Norwegian aluminum industry developed and implemented a protocol for prospective monitoring of employees' exposure using personal samplers. We analyzed these data to develop prediction lines to construct a job exposure matrix (JEM) for the period 1986-1995. METHODS The protocol for personal monitoring of exposure was implemented in all seven Norwegian aluminum plants in 1986 and continued until 1995. Personal samplers were used to collect total dust, fluorides, and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). In addition, exposure could be categorized according to process, i.e. prebake, Søderberg, and 'other'. We constructed four-dimensional JEMs characterized by: Plant, Job descriptor, Process, and Year. Totally 8074, 6734, and 3524 measurements were available for dust, fluorides, and PAH, respectively. The data were analyzed using linear mixed models with two-way interactions. The models were assessed using the Akaike criterion (AIC) and unadjusted R (2). The significance level was set to 10% (two-sided) for retaining variables in the model. RESULTS In 1986, the geometric mean (95% confidence interval in parentheses) for total dust, total fluorides, and PAH were 3.18 (0.46-22.2) mg m(-3), 0.58 (0.085-4.00) mg m(-3), and 33.9 (2.3-504) µg m(-3), respectively. During 10 years of follow-up, the exposure to total dust, fluorides, and PAH decreased by 9.2, 11.7, and 14.9% per year, respectively. Each model encompassed from 49 to 72 significant components of the interaction terms. The interaction components were at least as important as the main effects, and 65 to 91% of the significant components of the interaction terms were time-dependent. CONCLUSION Our prediction models indicated that exposures were highly time-dependent. We expect that the time-dependent changes in exposure are of major importance for longitudinal studies of health effects in the aluminum industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidar Søyseth
- 1.Medical Division, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog 1478, Norway; 2.Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway; 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA;
| | - Paul Henneberger
- 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Mohammed Abbas Virji
- 3.Division of Respiratory Disease Studies, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, MS 2800, 1095 Willowdale Road, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Berit Bakke
- 4.Department of Chemical and Biological Work Environment, National Institute of Occupational Health, Oslo 0363, Norway
| | - Johny Kongerud
- 2.Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0318, Norway; 5.Department of Respiratory Medicine, Rikshospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0372, Norway
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Wesdock JC, Arnold IMF. Occupational and environmental health in the aluminum industry: key points for health practitioners. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 56:S5-11. [PMID: 24806726 PMCID: PMC4131940 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James C Wesdock
- From Alcoa, Inc (Dr Wesdock), Richmond, Va; and International Aluminium Institute (Dr Arnold), London, England
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18
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Feng F, Yang Y, Li Z, Song J, Zhu H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Xu D, Wu Y, Wu Y, Wang W. Changes in telomere length and telomerase activity in human bronchial epithelial cells induced by coal tar pitch extract. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00121h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Coal tar pitch is a confirmed human carcinogen and is composed mainly of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Willhite CC, Karyakina NA, Yokel RA, Yenugadhati N, Wisniewski TM, Arnold IMF, Momoli F, Krewski D. Systematic review of potential health risks posed by pharmaceutical, occupational and consumer exposures to metallic and nanoscale aluminum, aluminum oxides, aluminum hydroxide and its soluble salts. Crit Rev Toxicol 2014; 44 Suppl 4:1-80. [PMID: 25233067 PMCID: PMC4997813 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.934439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Aluminum (Al) is a ubiquitous substance encountered both naturally (as the third most abundant element) and intentionally (used in water, foods, pharmaceuticals, and vaccines); it is also present in ambient and occupational airborne particulates. Existing data underscore the importance of Al physical and chemical forms in relation to its uptake, accumulation, and systemic bioavailability. The present review represents a systematic examination of the peer-reviewed literature on the adverse health effects of Al materials published since a previous critical evaluation compiled by Krewski et al. (2007) . Challenges encountered in carrying out the present review reflected the experimental use of different physical and chemical Al forms, different routes of administration, and different target organs in relation to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of exposure. Wide variations in diet can result in Al intakes that are often higher than the World Health Organization provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI), which is based on studies with Al citrate. Comparing daily dietary Al exposures on the basis of "total Al"assumes that gastrointestinal bioavailability for all dietary Al forms is equivalent to that for Al citrate, an approach that requires validation. Current occupational exposure limits (OELs) for identical Al substances vary as much as 15-fold. The toxicity of different Al forms depends in large measure on their physical behavior and relative solubility in water. The toxicity of soluble Al forms depends upon the delivered dose of Al(+3) to target tissues. Trivalent Al reacts with water to produce bidentate superoxide coordination spheres [Al(O2)(H2O4)(+2) and Al(H2O)6 (+3)] that after complexation with O2(•-), generate Al superoxides [Al(O2(•))](H2O5)](+2). Semireduced AlO2(•) radicals deplete mitochondrial Fe and promote generation of H2O2, O2 (•-) and OH(•). Thus, it is the Al(+3)-induced formation of oxygen radicals that accounts for the oxidative damage that leads to intrinsic apoptosis. In contrast, the toxicity of the insoluble Al oxides depends primarily on their behavior as particulates. Aluminum has been held responsible for human morbidity and mortality, but there is no consistent and convincing evidence to associate the Al found in food and drinking water at the doses and chemical forms presently consumed by people living in North America and Western Europe with increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Neither is there clear evidence to show use of Al-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of AD or breast cancer. Metallic Al, its oxides, and common Al salts have not been shown to be either genotoxic or carcinogenic. Aluminum exposures during neonatal and pediatric parenteral nutrition (PN) can impair bone mineralization and delay neurological development. Adverse effects to vaccines with Al adjuvants have occurred; however, recent controlled trials found that the immunologic response to certain vaccines with Al adjuvants was no greater, and in some cases less than, that after identical vaccination without Al adjuvants. The scientific literature on the adverse health effects of Al is extensive. Health risk assessments for Al must take into account individual co-factors (e.g., age, renal function, diet, gastric pH). Conclusions from the current review point to the need for refinement of the PTWI, reduction of Al contamination in PN solutions, justification for routine addition of Al to vaccines, and harmonization of OELs for Al substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin C. Willhite
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | | | - Thomas M. Wisniewski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry and Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Ian M. F. Arnold
- Occupational Health Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Momoli
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel Krewski
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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