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Picciotto S, Huang S, Lurmann F, Pavlovic N, Ying Chang S, Mukherjee A, Goin DE, Sklar R, Noth E, Morello-Frosch R, Padula AM. Pregnancy exposure to PM 2.5 from wildland fire smoke and preterm birth in California. Environ Int 2024; 186:108583. [PMID: 38521046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wildfires in the Western United States are a growing and significant source of air pollution that is eroding decades of progress in air pollution reduction. The effects on preterm birth during critical periods of pregnancy are unknown. METHODS We assessed associations between prenatal exposure to wildland fire smoke and risk of preterm birth (gestational age < 37 weeks). We assigned smoke exposure to geocoded residence at birth for all live singleton births in California conceived 2007-2018, using weekly average concentrations of particulate matter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) attributable to wildland fires from United States Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multiscale Air Quality Model. Logistic regression yielded odds ratio (OR) for preterm birth in relation to increases in average exposure across the whole pregnancy, each trimester, and each week of pregnancy. Models adjusted for season, age, education, race/ethnicity, medical insurance, and smoking of the birthing parent. RESULTS For the 5,155,026 births, higher wildland fire PM2.5 exposure averaged across pregnancy, or any trimester, was associated with higher odds of preterm birth. The OR for an increase of 1 µg/m3 of average wildland fire PM2.5 during pregnancy was 1.013 (95 % CI:1.008,1.017). Wildland fire PM2.5 during most weeks of pregnancy was associated with higher odds. Strongest estimates were observed in weeks in the second and third trimesters. A 10 µg/m3 increase in average wildland fire PM2·5 in gestational week 23 was associated with OR = 1.034; 95 % CI: 1.019, 1.049 for preterm birth. CONCLUSIONS Preterm birth is sensitive to wildland fire PM2.5; therefore, we must reduce exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Picciotto
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Dana E Goin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Sklar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Morello-Frosch
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Amy M Padula
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Sklar R, Noth E, Kwan A, Sear D, Bertozzi S. Ventilation conditions during COVID-19 outbreaks in six California state carceral institutions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293533. [PMID: 37934737 PMCID: PMC10629643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Residents of carceral facilities are exposed to poor ventilation conditions which leads to the spread of communicable diseases such as COVID-19. Indoor ventilation conditions are rarely studied within carceral settings and there remains limited capacity to develop solutions to address the impact of poor ventilation on the health of people who are incarcerated. In this study, we empirically measured ventilation rates within housing units of six adult prisons in the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and compare the measured ventilation rates to recommended standards issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). Findings from the empirical assessment include lower ventilation rates than the recommended ventilation standards with particularly low ventilation during winter months when heating systems were in use. Inadvertent airflows from spaces housing potentially infected individuals to shared common spaces was also observed. The methodology used for this work can be leveraged for routine ventilation monitoring, pandemic preparedness, and disaster response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Sklar
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States of America
| | - Ada Kwan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - David Sear
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Stefano Bertozzi
- Division of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
- School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA and Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Mexico
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McClure ES, Robinson WR, Vasudevan P, Cullen MR, Marshall SW, Noth E, Richardson D. Disparities in job characteristics by race and sex in a Southern aluminum smelting facility. Am J Ind Med 2023; 66:307-319. [PMID: 36748848 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.23464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Former workers at a Southern aluminum smelting facility raised concerns that the most hazardous jobs were assigned to Black workers, but the role of workplace segregation had not been quantified or examined in the company town. Prior studies discuss race and gender disparities in working conditions, but few have documented them in the aluminum industry. METHODS We obtained workers' company records for 1985-2007 and characterized four job metrics: prestige (sociologic rankings), worker-defined danger (worker assessments), annual wage (1985 dollars), and estimated total particulate matter (TPM) exposure (job exposure matrix). Characteristics of job at hire and trajectories were compared by race and sex using linear binomial models. RESULTS Non-White males had the highest percentage of workers in low prestige and high danger jobs at hire and up to 20 years after. After 20 years tenure, 100% of White workers were in higher prestige and lower danger jobs. Most female workers, regardless of race, entered and remained in low-wage jobs, while 50% of all male workers maintained their initial higher-wage jobs. Non-White females had the highest prevalence of workers in low-wage jobs at hire and after 20 years-increasing from 63% (95% CI: 59-67) to 100% (95% CI: 78-100). All female workers were less likely to be in high TPM exposure jobs. Non-White males were most likely to be hired into high TPM exposure jobs, and this exposure prevalence increased as time accrued, while staying constant for other race-sex groups. CONCLUSIONS There is evidence of job segregation by race and sex in this cohort of aluminum smelting workers. Documentation of disparities in occupational hazards is important for informing health interventions and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S McClure
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Whitney R Robinson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pavithra Vasudevan
- Department of African and African Diaspora Studies/Center for Women's and Gender Studies, University of Texas, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Mark R Cullen
- Center for Population Health Sciences Stanford, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Stephen W Marshall
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, Berkeley Public Health University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - David Richardson
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.,Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Ha JW, Aguilera J, Jung YS, Cansdale S, Lurmann F, Lutzker L, Hammond K, Balmes J, Noth E, Eisen E, Aghaeepour N, Shaw G, Waldrop A, Khatri P, Utz P, Rosenburg-Hasson Y, Maecker H, Burt T, Nadeau K, Prunicki M. The impacts of ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal inflammatory biomarkers. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.12.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Aguilera J, Han X, Cao S, Balmes J, Lurmann F, Tyner T, Lutzker L, Noth E, Hammond SK, Sampath V, Burt T, Utz PJ, Khatri P, Aghaeepour N, Maecker H, Prunicki M, Nadeau K. Increases in ambient air pollutants during pregnancy are linked to increases in methylation of IL4, IL10, and IFNγ. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:40. [PMID: 35287715 PMCID: PMC8919561 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ambient air pollutant (AAP) exposure is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preeclampsia, preterm labor, and low birth weight. Previous studies have shown methylation of immune genes associate with exposure to air pollutants in pregnant women, but the cell-mediated response in the context of typical pregnancy cell alterations has not been investigated. Pregnancy causes attenuation in cell-mediated immunity with alterations in the Th1/Th2/Th17/Treg environment, contributing to maternal susceptibility. We recruited women (n = 186) who were 20 weeks pregnant from Fresno, CA, an area with chronically elevated AAP levels. Associations of average pollution concentration estimates for 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months prior to blood draw were associated with Th cell subset (Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg) percentages and methylation of CpG sites (IL4, IL10, IFNγ, and FoxP3). Linear regression models were adjusted for weight, age, season, race, and asthma, using a Q value as the false-discovery-rate-adjusted p-value across all genes. RESULTS Short-term and mid-term AAP exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) carbon monoxide (CO), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH456) were associated with percentages of immune cells. A decrease in Th1 cell percentage was negatively associated with PM2.5 (1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.05), NO2 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.05), and PAH456 (1 week/1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.05). Th2 cell percentages were negatively associated with PM2.5 (1 week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.06), and NO2 (1 week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.06). Th17 cell percentage was negatively associated with NO2 (3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.01), CO (1 week/1 mo: Q < 0.1), PM2.5 (3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.05), and PAH456 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.08). Methylation of the IL10 gene was positively associated with CO (1 week/1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.01), NO2 (1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.08), PAH456 (1 week/1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.01), and PM2.5 (3 mo: Q = 0.06) while IL4 gene methylation was positively associated with concentrations of CO (1 week/1 mo/3 mo/6 mo: Q < 0.09). Also, IFNγ gene methylation was positively associated with CO (1 week/1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.05) and PAH456 (1 week/1 mo/3 mo: Q < 0.06). CONCLUSION Exposure to several AAPs was negatively associated with T-helper subsets involved in pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses during pregnancy. Methylation of IL4, IL10, and IFNγ genes with pollution exposure confirms previous research. These results offer insights into the detrimental effects of air pollution during pregnancy, the demand for more epigenetic studies, and mitigation strategies to decrease pollution exposure during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aguilera
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaorui Han
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Shu Cao
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John Balmes
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Tim Tyner
- University of California, San Francisco-Fresno, Fresno, CA, USA
- Central California Asthma Collaborative, Fresno, USA
| | - Liza Lutzker
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vanitha Sampath
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Trevor Burt
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology and the Translating Duke Health Children's Health and Discovery Initiative, Duke University School of Medicine, 701 W Main St., Chesterfield Building, Suite 510, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - P J Utz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Purvesh Khatri
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nima Aghaeepour
- Departments of Biomedical Data Sciences, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Holden Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation and Infection, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Mary Prunicki
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kari Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, 240 Pasteur, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Prunicki M, Cauwenberghs N, Lee J, Zhou X, Movassagh H, Noth E, Lurmann F, Hammond SK, Balmes JR, Desai M, Wu JC, Nadeau KC. Air pollution exposure is linked with methylation of immunoregulatory genes, altered immune cell profiles, and increased blood pressure in children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4067. [PMID: 33603036 PMCID: PMC7893154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ambient air pollution exposure is associated with cardiovascular dysregulation and immune system alterations, yet no study has investigated both simultaneously in children. Understanding the multifaceted impacts may provide early clues for clinical intervention prior to actual disease presentation. We therefore determined the associations between exposure to multiple air pollutants and both immunological outcomes (methylation and protein expression of immune cell types associated with immune regulation) and cardiovascular outcomes (blood pressure) in a cohort of school-aged children (6–8 years; n = 221) living in a city with known elevated pollution levels. Exposure to fine particular matter (PM2.5), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) was linked to altered methylation of most CpG sites for genes Foxp3, IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-g, all involved in immune regulation (e.g. higher PM2.5 exposure 1 month prior to the study visit was independently associated with methylation of the IL-4 CpG24 site (est = 0.16; P = 0.0095). Also, immune T helper cell types (Th1, Th2 and Th17) were associated with short-term exposure to PM2.5, O3 and CO (e.g. Th1 cells associated with PM2.5 at 30 days: est = − 0.34, P < 0.0001). Both B cells (est = − 0.19) and CD4+ cells (est = 0.16) were associated with 1 day NO2 exposure (P ≤ 0.031), whereas CD4+ and CD8+ cells were associated with chronic exposure to PAH456, NOx and/or NO2 (P ≤ 0.038 for all). Finally, diastolic BP (DBP) was inversely associated with long-term exposures to both CO and PAH456, and both systolic and pulse pressure were associated with short-term NO2 and chronic NOx exposure. Our findings demonstrate links between air pollution exposure and methylation of immunoregulatory genes, immune cell profiles and blood pressure, suggesting that even at a young age, the immune and cardiovascular systems are negatively impacted by exposure to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Prunicki
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | - Justin Lee
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoying Zhou
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hesam Movassagh
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Elizabeth Noth
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Fred Lurmann
- Sonoma Technology, Inc., Petaluma, CA, 94954, USA
| | - S Katharine Hammond
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - John R Balmes
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Manisha Desai
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA. .,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford University School of Medicine, 269 Campus Drive, CCSR 3215, MC 5366, Stanford, CA, 94305-5101, USA.
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Moro-Velazquez L, Gomez-Garcia JA, Godino-Llorente JI, Rusz J, Skodda S, Grandas F, Velazquez JM, Orozco-Arroyave JR, Noth E, Dehak N. Study of the Automatic Detection of Parkison's Disease Based on Speaker Recognition Technologies and Allophonic Distillation. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2018:1404-1407. [PMID: 30440655 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The use of new tools to detect Parkinson's Disease (PD) from speech articulatory movements can have a considerable impact in the diagnosis of patients. In this study, a novel approach involving speaker recognition techniques with allophonic distillation is proposed and tested separately in four parkinsonian speech databases (205 patients and 186 controls in total). This new scheme provides values between 72% and 94% of accuracy in the automatic detection of PD, depending on the database, and improvements up to 9% respect to baseline techniques. Results not only point towards the importance of the segmentation of the speech for the differentiation of parkinsonian and control speakers but confirm previous findings about the relevance of plosives and fricatives in the detection of parkinsonian dysarthria.
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Liu S, Noth E, Eisen E, Cullen MR, Hammond K. Respirator use and its impact on particulate matter exposure in aluminum manufacturing facilities. Scand J Work Environ Health 2018; 44:547-554. [PMID: 29870045 DOI: 10.5271/sjweh.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives As part of a large epidemiologic study of particulate health effect, this study aimed to report respirator use among total particulate matter (TPM) samples collected in a major aluminum manufacturing company from 1966‒2013 and evaluate the impact of respirator-use adjustment on exposure estimation. Methods Descriptive analyses were performed to evaluate respirator use across facilities and by facility type and job. Protection factors were applied to TPM measurements for recorded respirator use. Estimated TPM exposure for each job ‒ before and after respirator-use adjustment ‒ were compared to assess the impact of adjustment on exposure estimation. Results Respirator use was noted for 37% of 12 402 full-shift personal TPM samples. Measured TPM concentration ranged from less than detectable to 8220 mg/m3, with arithmetic mean, median and standard deviation being 10.6, 0.87 and 130 mg/m 3, respectively. Respirators were used more often in smelting facilities (52% of TPM measurements) than in fabricating (17%) or refinery facilities (28%) (P<0.01). Sixty-two percent of jobs in smelting facilities were subject to respirator-use adjustment, whereas it was 20% and 70% in fabricating and refinery facilities, respectively. Applying protection factors to TPM measurements significantly reduced estimated job mean TPM exposures and changed exposure categories in these facilities, with larger impact in smelting than fabricating facilities. Conclusions Respirator use varied by time, facility and job. Adjusting respirator use resulted in differential impact in smelting and fabricating facilities, which will need to be incorporated into ongoing epidemiologic studies accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sa Liu
- Environmental Health Science, School of Public Health, University of California, 710 University Hall, Berkeley, CA 94703, USA.
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Noth E, Batliner A, Kiessling A, Kompe R, Niemann H. VERBMOBIL: the use of prosody in the linguistic components of a speech understanding system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1109/89.861370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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