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Associations of Physical Activity and Obesity With the Risk of Developing the Metabolic Syndrome in Law Enforcement Officers. J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:946-51. [PMID: 27439066 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the associations of physical activity and body mass index (BMI) with the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in police officers. METHODS Self-reported physical activity, MetS, and a modified MetS (MMetS, excluding obesity) were assessed in 448 officers. RESULTS Of the officers, 27.5% had MetS, 48.7% were overweight, and 31.7% were obese. Being overweight and obese increased the MetS risk by 6.8- and 10.9-fold, respectively, independent of physical activity level. Moderate and low levels of physical activity were associated with a 1.9- and 2.5-fold increased risk for MetS, but not after adjusting for BMI. However, within BMI categories, the risk for MMetS was lower as physical activity increased. CONCLUSION In police, a higher BMI is more critical than reduced physical activity for MetS risk; however, physical activity can attenuate some of the risk associated with a higher BMI.
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Moline JM, McLaughlin MA, Sawit ST, Maceda C, Croft LB, Goldman ME, Garcia MJ, Iyengar RL, Woodward M. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome among law enforcement officers who responded to the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks. Am J Ind Med 2016; 59:752-60. [PMID: 27582477 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement officers (LEOs) experience high rates of cardiovascular events compared with the general US population. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Data regarding MetS among LEOs are limited. METHODS We sought to determine the prevalence of MetS and its associated risk factors as well as gender differences among LEOs who participated in the World Trade Center (WTC) Law Enforcement Cardiovascular Screening (LECS) Program from 2008 to 2010. We evaluated a total of 2,497 participants, 40 years and older, who responded to the 9/11 WTC attacks. RESULTS The prevalence of MetS was 27%, with abdominal obesity and hypertension being the most frequently occurring risk factors. MetS and its risk factors were significantly higher among male compared to female LEOs, except for reduced HDL-cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS MetS is a rising epidemic in the United States, and importantly, approximately one in four LEOs who worked at the WTC site after 9/11 are affected. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:752-760, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Moline
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
- Hofstra North Shore LIJ School of Medicine; Great Neck New York
| | | | | | - Cynara Maceda
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | - Lori B. Croft
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York New York
| | | | - Mario J. Garcia
- Montefiore Medical Center; Albert Einstein College of Medicine; Bronx New York
| | | | - Mark Woodward
- Nuffield Department of Population Health; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
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Janczura M, Bochenek G, Nowobilski R, Dropinski J, Kotula-Horowitz K, Laskowicz B, Stanisz A, Lelakowski J, Domagala T. The Relationship of Metabolic Syndrome with Stress, Coronary Heart Disease and Pulmonary Function--An Occupational Cohort-Based Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133750. [PMID: 26274823 PMCID: PMC4537246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Higher levels of stress impact the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and coronary heart disease. The association between MetS, impaired pulmonary function and low level of physical activity is still pending assessment in the subjects exposed to stress. The study aimed to examine whether higher levels of stress might be related to MetS and the plaque presence, as well as whether MetS might affect pulmonary function. DESIGN AND METHODS The study embraced 235 police officers (mean age 40.97 years) from the south of Poland. The anthropometrics and biochemical variables were measured; MetS was diagnosed using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Computed tomography coronary angiography of coronary arteries, exercise ECG, measurements of brachial flow-mediated dilation, and carotid artery intima-media thickness were completed. In order to measure the self-perception of stress, 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was applied. Pulmonary function and physical activity levels were also addressed. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to determine the relationships between: 1/ incidence of coronary plaque and MetS per se, MetS components and the number of classical cardiovascular risk factors, 2/ perceived stress and MetS, 3/ MetS and pulmonary function parameters. RESULTS Coronary artery atherosclerosis was less associated with MetS (OR = 2.62, 95%CI 1.24-5.52; p = 0.011) than with a co-existence of classical cardiovascular risk factors (OR = 5.67, 95% CI 1.07-29.85, p = 0.03; for 3 risk factors and OR = 9.05; 95% CI 1.24-66.23, p = 0.02; for 6 risk factors, respectively). Perceived stress increased MetS prevalence (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03-1.13; p = 0.03), and impacted coronary plaque prevalence (OR = 1.05, 95% CI 1.001-1.10; p = 0.04). Leisure-time physical activity reduced the chances of developing MetS (OR = 0.98 95% CI 0.96-0.99; p = 0.02). MetS subjects had significantly lower values of certain pulmonary function parameters. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to job-specific stress among police officers increased the prevalence of MetS and impacted coronary plaque presence. MetS subjects had worse pulmonary function parameters. Early-stage, comprehensive therapeutic intervention may reduce overall risk of cardiovascular events and prevent pulmonary function impairment in this specific occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslaw Janczura
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Pulmonary Care, The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grazyna Bochenek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Roman Nowobilski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
- Unit of Rehabilitation in Internal Diseases, Faculty of Public Health, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Dropinski
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Bartosz Laskowicz
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andrzej Stanisz
- Department of Bioinformatic and Telemedicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jacek Lelakowski
- Department of Electrocardiology, Institute of Cardiology, The John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Teresa Domagala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jagiellonian University School of Medicine, Krakow, Poland
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Leischik R, Foshag P, Strauß M, Littwitz H, Garg P, Dworrak B, Horlitz M. Aerobic Capacity, Physical Activity and Metabolic Risk Factors in Firefighters Compared with Police Officers and Sedentary Clerks. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133113. [PMID: 26186442 PMCID: PMC4506022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined the association between the physical work environment and physiological performance measures, physical activity levels and metabolic parameters among German civil servants. A main focus in this study was to examine the group differences rather than measuring the absolute values in an occupational group. Methods We prospectively examined 198 male German civil servants (97 firefighters [FFs], 55 police officers [POs] and 46 sedentary clerks [SCs]). For each parameter, the groups were compared using a linear regression adjusted for age. Results The 97 FFs showed a similar maximal aerobic power (VO2max l/min) of 3.17±0.44 l/min compared with the POs, who had a maximal aerobic power of 3.13±0.62 l/min (estimated difference, POs vs. FFs: 0.05, CI: -0.12-0.23, p=0.553). The maximal aerobic power of the FFs was slightly higher than that of the SCs, who had a maximal aerobic power of 2.85±0.52 l/min (-0.21, CI: -0.39-0.04, p=0.018 vs. FFs). The average physical activity (in metabolic equivalents [METS]/week) of the FFs was 3818.8±2843.5, whereas those of the POs and SCs were 2838.2±2871.9 (-808.2, CI: 1757.6-141.2, p=0.095) and 2212.2±2292.8 (vs. FFs: -1417.1, CI: -2302-531.88, p=0.002; vs. POs: -2974.4, CI: -1611.2-393.5, p=0.232), respectively. For the FFs, the average body fat percentage was 17.7%±6.2, whereas it was 21.4%±5.6 for the POs (vs. FFs: 2.75, CI: 0.92-4.59, p=0.004) and 20.8%±6.5 for the SCs (vs. FFs: 1.98, CI: -0.28-4.25, p=0.086; vs. POs: -0.77, CI: 3.15-1.61, p=0.523). The average waist circumference was 89.8 cm±10.0 for the FFs, 97.8 cm±12.4 (5.63, CI: 2.10-9.15, p=0.002) for the POs, and 97.3±11.7 (vs. FFs: -4.89, CI: 1.24-8.55, p=0.009; vs. POs: -0.73, CI: -5.21-3.74, p=0.747) for the SCs. Conclusions The FFs showed significantly higher physical activity levels compared with the SCs. The PO group had the highest cardiovascular risk of all of the groups because it included more participants with metabolic syndrome; furthermore, the POs had an average of 2.75% higher body fat, lower HDL cholesterol values and higher waist circumferences compared with the FFs and higher LDL cholesterol values compared with the SCs. Our data indicate that sedentary occupations appear to be linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome in middle-aged men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Leischik
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Foshag
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Markus Strauß
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Henning Littwitz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Pankaj Garg
- University of Leeds, Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Dworrak
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Hagen, Germany
| | - Marc Horlitz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Health, School of Medicine, University Witten/Herdecke, Cologne, Germany
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Krajnak KM. Potential Contribution of Work-Related Psychosocial Stress to the Development of Cardiovascular Disease and Type II Diabetes: A Brief Review. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH INSIGHTS 2014; 8:41-5. [PMID: 25525370 PMCID: PMC4251185 DOI: 10.4137/ehi.s15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Two of the major causes of death worldwide are cardiovascular disease and Type II diabetes. Although death due to these diseases is assessed separately, the physiological process that is attributed to the development of cardiovascular disease can be linked to the development of Type II diabetes and the impact that this disease has on the cardiovascular system. Physiological, genetic, and personal factors contribute to the development of both these disorders. It has also been hypothesized that work-related stress may contribute to the development of Type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review summarizes some of the studies examining the role of work-related stress on the development of these chronic disorders. Because women may be more susceptible to the physiological effects of work-related stress, the papers cited in this review focus on studies that examined the difference in responses of men or women to work-related stress or on studies that focused on the effects of stress on women alone. Based on the papers summarized, it is concluded that (1) work-related stress may directly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease by inducing increases in blood pressure and changes in heart rate that have negative consequences on functioning of the cardiovascular system; (2) workers reporting increased levels of stress may display an increased risk of Type II diabetes because they adopt poor health habits (ie, increased level of smoking, inactivity etc), which in turn contribute to the development of cardiovascular problems; and (3) women in high demand and low-control occupations report an increased level of stress at work, and thus may be at a greater risk of negative health consequences.
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Ma CC, Burchfiel CM, Charles LE, Dorn JM, Andrew ME, Gu JK, Joseph PN, Fekedulegn D, Slaven JE, Hartley TA, Mnatsakanova A, Violanti JM. Associations of objectively measured and self-reported sleep duration with carotid artery intima media thickness among police officers. Am J Ind Med 2013; 56:1341-51. [PMID: 24038303 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to examine the association of objectively measured and self-reported sleep duration with carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) among 257 police officers, a group at high risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS Sleep duration was estimated using actigraphic data and through self-reports. The mean maximum IMT was the average of the largest 12 values scanned bilaterally from three angles of the near and far wall of the common carotid, bulb, and internal carotid artery. Linear and quadratic regression models were used to assess the association of sleep duration with IMT. RESULTS Officers who had fewer than 5 or 8 hr or more of objectively measured sleep duration had significantly higher maximum IMT values, independent of age. Self-reported sleep duration was not associated with either IMT measure. CONCLUSION Attainment of sufficient sleep duration may be considered as a possible strategy for atherosclerosis prevention among police officers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C. Ma
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | - Cecil M. Burchfiel
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | - Luenda E. Charles
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | | | - Michael E. Andrew
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | - Ja Kook Gu
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | | | - Desta Fekedulegn
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | | | - Tara A. Hartley
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | - Anna Mnatsakanova
- Health Effects Laboratory Division; National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Morgantown; West Virginia
| | - John M. Violanti
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine; School of Public Health and Health Professions; State University of New York at Buffalo; Buffalo; New York
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between long work hours and adiposity measures in police officers. METHODS Participants included 408 officers from the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study who were examined between 2004 and 2009. Total work hours were abstracted from payroll records and questionnaires. Analysis of variance and covariance models were used. RESULTS Among male officers who worked the midnight shift, mean values of waist circumference and body mass index increased with longer work hours after adjustment for age, physical activity, energy intake, sleep duration, smoking status, police rank, activities after work (eg, child/family care, sports), and household income. Adiposity measures were not associated with work hours among women on any shift. CONCLUSION Working longer hours was significantly associated with larger waist circumferences and higher body mass index among male police officers working the midnight shift.
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Baur DM, Christophi CA, Kales SN. Metabolic syndrome is inversely related to cardiorespiratory fitness in male career firefighters. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 26:2331-7. [PMID: 22067249 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823e9b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 45% of on-duty fatalities among firefighters, occurring primarily in firefighters with excess CVD risk factors in patterns resembling the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn). Additionally, firefighters have a high prevalence of obesity and sedentary behavior suggesting that MetSyn is also common. Therefore, we assessed the prevalence of MetSyn in firefighters and its association with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in a cross-sectional study of 957 male career firefighters. The CRF was measured by maximal exercise tolerance testing (standard metabolic equivalent [METS]). The MetSyn was defined according to modified criteria from the Joint Scientific Statement. Group differences were compared using χ-test and logistic regression. The prevalence of MetSyn was 28.3%. Firefighters in the lowest fitness category (METS ≤ 10) had a nearly 10-fold higher prevalence of MetSyn (51.2%) compared with colleagues in the highest fitness category (METS > 14) (MetSyn prevalence 5.2%) (p value < 0.0001, adjusted for age). In multivariate regression models, every 1-unit increase in METS decreased the odds of having the MetSyn by 31% (odds ratio 0.69 [95% confidence interval 0.63-0.76] [age adjusted]), whereas age had no significant effect after adjusting for CRF. We found a high prevalence of the MetSyn in this group of career emergency responders expected to be more active, fit, and relatively younger than the general population. Moreover, there is a highly significant inverse, dose-response association with CRF. Firefighters should be given strong incentives to improve their fitness, which would decrease prevalent MetSyn, a likely precursor of on-duty CVD events and contributor to CVD burden in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee M Baur
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Validation of the sex difference in the trend of carotid artery intima media thickness by the number of metabolic components: is this a result related to occupational factors? J Occup Environ Med 2012; 54:273-4; author reply 274-5. [PMID: 22406631 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e3182300424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Authors' Response. J Occup Environ Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31823402e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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