Risk factors for hospital-acquired non-catheter-associated urinary tract infection

A study on the risk stratification for patients within 24 hours of admission for risk of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection using Bayesian network models

Early identification of patients at risk of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) enables the initiation of timely targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. Machine learning (ML) models have shown great potential for this purpose. However, existing ML models in infection control have demonstrated poor ability to support explainability, which challenges the interpretation of the result in clinical practice, limiting the adaption of the ML models into a daily clinical routine. In this study, we developed Bayesian Network (BN) models to enable explainable assessment within 24 h of admission for risk of HA-UTI. Our dataset contained 138,250 unique hospital admissions. We included data on admission details, demographics, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, vital parameters, laboratory results, and urinary catheter. Models developed from a reduced set of five features were characterized by transparency compared to models developed from a full set of 50 features. The expert-based clinical BN model over the reduced feature space showed the highest performance (area under the curve = 0.746) compared to the naïve- and tree-augmented-naïve BN models. Moreover, models developed from expert-based knowledge were characterized by enhanced explainability.

Clinical explainable machine learning models for early identification of patients at risk of hospital-acquired urinary tract infection

BACKGROUND

Machine learning (ML) models for early identification of patients at risk of hospital-acquired urinary tract infections (HA-UTI) may enable timely and targeted preventive and therapeutic strategies. However, clinicians are often challenged in the interpretation of the predictive outcomes provided by the ML models, which often reach different performances.

AIM

To train ML models for predicting patients at risk of HA-UTI using available data from electronic health records at the time of hospital admission. We focused on the performance of different ML models and clinical explainability.

METHODS

This retrospective study investigated patient data representing 138.560 hospital admissions in the North Denmark Region from 01.01.2017 to 31.12.2018. We extracted 51 health socio-demographic and clinical features in a full dataset and used the χ² test in addition to expert knowledge for feature selection, resulting in two reduced datasets. Seven different ML models were trained and compared between the three datasets. We applied the SHapley Additive exPlanation (SHAP) method to support population- and patient-level explainability.

FINDINGS

The best-performing ML model was a neural network based on the full dataset, reaching an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.758. The neural network was also the best-performing ML model based on the reduced datasets, reaching an AUC of 0.746. Clinical explainability was demonstrated with a SHAP summary- and forceplot.

CONCLUSION

Within 24h of hospital admission, the ML models were able to identify patients at risk of developing HA-UTI, providing new opportunities to develop efficient strategies for the prevention of HA-UTI. Using SHAP, we demonstrate how risk predictions can be explained at individual patient level and for the patient population in general.

Analysis of Etiology and Risk Factors of Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection in Critically Ill Patients and Research on Corresponding Prevention and Nursing Measures

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) is the most common complication in patients with indwelling catheterization. The incidence of CAUTI in my country is still at a relatively high level compared with foreign countries, especially for the ICU, which has a high usage rate of urinary catheters, to focus on prevention and control. This article focuses on studying the risk factors of CAUTI in critically ill patients and discusses targeted preventive care measures. This article investigates and examines the clinical data of CAUTI in critically ill patients. After statistical analysis, the risk factors that affect CAUTI are summarized, so as to derive the cause of CAUTI in order to strengthen clinical care and to further study the prevention, control, and nursing of CAUTI to provide reference. Clinical data shows that the CAUTI infection rate of patients with catheter indwelling ≥7 days is greater than that of patients with catheter indwelling days less than 7 days. The CAUTI infection rate of the patients who change the urine collection bag every day or ≥7 days is greater than that of the patients who change the urine collection bag within 2 to 4 days.