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Ara T, Ferdous Z, Mahi M, Amin E, Chowdhury SB, Shafiur Rahman M, Rahman L, Rahman MM. Assessment of COVID-19 management and its consequences on healthcare professionals: a cross-sectional study from Bangladesh. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e068633. [PMID: 37524557 PMCID: PMC10391835 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-068633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This explorative study aims to identify the gaps in COVID-19 management and their consequences on physicians in terms of contracting infection and psychological well-being during the early phase of the pandemic. DESIGN, SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS We conducted a nationwide cross-sectional online study to collect information from 420 intern doctors who were at their internship in government medical colleges from February to August 2020. METHODS We performed univariate and bivariate analyses to assess COVID-19 management. We investigated the consequences of COVID-19 management on infection risk, experiencing stress, developing anxiety, depression and sleep disturbance using five sets of multivariable logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Findings indicate a delay in first-case detection and identify people's tendency to hide COVID-19 symptoms as one of the possible causes of that delay. About 56% of the intern doctors experienced that patients were trying to hide COVID-19 symptoms in the earlier phase of the pandemic. More than half of the respondents did not get any training on COVID-19 from their working institutions. About 30% and 20% of the respondents did not use personal protective equipment (PPE) and masks while treating patients. Respondents who treated patients without PPE, masks, face shields and gloves were almost two times as likely to be infected by COVID-19. The odds of experiencing COVID-19-related stress was almost twofold among respondents who treated patients without wearing PPE and masks. Experiencing COVID-19-related stress was further associated with an increased risk of developing anxiety and depression that led to sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION Ensuring the maximum utilization of limited resources during any public health crisis such as COVID-19 needs developing coping mechanisms by projecting future demand. Ensuring proper training and safety measures can reduce physical and psychological hazards among physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Ara
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Institute of Health Economics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuza Mahi
- Mathematics and Natural Sciences, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emama Amin
- Institute of Epidemiology Disease Control and Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Shafiur Rahman
- National Institute of Preventive and Social Medicine, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lutfor Rahman
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahabubur Rahman
- Health Systems and Population Studies Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Morales-Alemán MM, Hu Q, Ferreti G, Yerby LG. Geographic Access to Primary Healthcare Services among Latinos/as/x in Western Alabama. South Med J 2022; 115:864-869. [PMID: 36455892 PMCID: PMC9718417 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alabama's Latino/a/x population grew 278% from 2000 to 2018. Tuscaloosa County, located in the largely rural region of western Alabama, also experienced a significant influx of Latino/as/x during this time frame. Geographic healthcare access (GHA) to primary care and hospitals is crucial for immigrant Latino/as/x to care for their health, but few studies have characterized it. The goals of this article were to describe the availability (defined as number of provider locations) and accessibility (defined as travel impedance between potential patients and provider locations) of primary healthcare services and to discuss potential strategies to address these healthcare access challenges. METHODS We drew data from the US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 5-year estimates, Blue Cross Blue Shield national doctor and hospital finder database, the Alabama Department of Public Health, and Tuscaloosa Transit Authority. We used geographic data, geographic information systems, and spatial analyses to characterize the availability and accessibility of primary care services and hospitals for Latinos/as/x in Tuscaloosa County using ESRI, ArcGIS 10.6.1. We showed the distribution of Latinos/as/x by census tract with choropleth mapping and mapped primary healthcare providers alongside public transit routes and hospital driving times to support our findings. RESULTS This work demonstrated that Latinos/as/x in Tuscaloosa County were concentrated in more rural areas surrounding the county's city center, presenting significant barriers to GHA. These areas had fewer primary care providers and limited public transit. Many Latinos/as/x in this county had to travel ≥45 minutes to a hospital. CONCLUSIONS Outreach and technology-based approaches, including home visit programs, mobile health units, and telemedicine, may be particularly important in bridging the GHA gaps for this and other largely rural populations the southeastern United States. Some of this potential was unlocked during the coronavirus disease 2019 crisis. These gains should be leveraged toward sustainable healthcare access initiatives for rural Latino/a/x populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Morales-Alemán
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Population Health and The Institute of Data and Analytics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; and the Department of Peace and Social Justice Studies, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky
| | - Qinglin Hu
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Population Health and The Institute of Data and Analytics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; and the Department of Peace and Social Justice Studies, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky
| | - Gwendolyn Ferreti
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Population Health and The Institute of Data and Analytics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; and the Department of Peace and Social Justice Studies, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky
| | - Lea G Yerby
- From the Department of Community Medicine and Population Health and The Institute of Data and Analytics, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa; and the Department of Peace and Social Justice Studies, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky
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Sayed M, Naiim CM, Aboelsaad M, Ibrahim MK. Internet addiction and relationships with depression, anxiety, stress and academic performance among Egypt pharmacy students: a cross-sectional designed study. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1826. [PMID: 36163012 PMCID: PMC9513952 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14140-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pharmacy students represent the future of healthcare professionals and with daily use of the internet for different activities has made internet addiction (IA) of a growing concern. The main objectives of this study were to 1) assess internet addiction among pharmacy undergraduate students as well as factors associated with it; 2) assess the relationships between internet addiction and common mental disorders (depression, anxiety, and stress), in addition to academic performance and body mass index factors. METHODS We utilized a cross-sectional questionnaire that was conducted among 808 students of Egypt university pharmacy students across the country. The surveys used included: Young Internet Addiction Test (YIAT) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21). RESULTS YIAT average score was 44.75 (19.72%); prevalence rate of potential IA was 311 (38.5%) with no gender significant difference. We couldn't detect any type of correlation between potential IA and GPA. However, a robust correlation was found between internet addiction vs depression, anxiety and stress collectively. CONCLUSIONS Internet addiction is usually associated with mental related disorders thus it is of paramount important to identify it among students. Different therapeutic interventions could include management to IA and common psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, and stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moustafa Sayed
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, Egypt. .,Center of Drug Research and Development (CDRD), Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Christina Medhat Naiim
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marina Aboelsaad
- Clinical Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, The British University in Egypt (BUE), El-Sherouk City, P.O. Box 43, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Michael Kamal Ibrahim
- Department of Developmental Pharmacology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza, Egypt
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Carrion IV, Neelamegam M, Estapé T, Doering T, Snyder O, Tollinchi E, Estapé J. Cancer Prevention and Diagnosis Knowledge among Spanish-speaking Older Latino/as Residing in Tampa, Florida. Ethn Dis 2022; 32:185-192. [PMID: 35909640 PMCID: PMC9311304 DOI: 10.18865/ed.32.3.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer remains the leading cause of death among Latino/as in the United States, and advancing age is a major risk factor for developing most cancer types. Given the growing population of Latino/as immigrants aged ≥60 years and the current lack of relevant data, this study aims to understand the cancer prevention and perception of cancer diagnosis among older Latinos to ensure that they receive effective prevention, intervention, and psychosocial care. Method A survey exploring attitudes about cancer was developed and administered in Spanish. Using convenience sampling, 168 individuals identifying as Latino/as were surveyed in Tampa, Florida. Descriptive analysis was conducted to understand study population characteristics. Frequencies were assessed to understand the participants' responses to cancer-related attitude questions. The effects of age, country of origin, length of stay in the United States, and marital status on the participants' cancer-related attitudes were assessed using logistic regression. Results The mean age of the study participants was 67.9 years, 34.5% were male, and the mean length of stay in the United States was 25.8 years. In total, 29% and 24.4% of the participants knew that breast cancer and prostate cancer, respectively, can be diagnosed early. Individuals with an elementary education were less likely to have sufficient knowledge of cancer prevention and diagnosis. Additionally, 93.5% of the population was aware that tobacco use can lead to cancer, and 84.5% knew that exposure to tobacco smoke can affect both the smoker and their family. Conclusion Older Latino/as possess knowledge about cancer causes yet lack knowledge regarding cancer prevention and diagnosis, potentially creating barriers and causing them to avoid treatment. Focusing on cancer-related health education among older Latino/as is a step toward appropriate and equitable cancer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iraida V. Carrion
- University of South Florida, School of Social Work, Tampa, FL, Address correspondence to Iraida V. Carrion, PhD, University of South Florida, School of Social Work, 13301 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612-3807.
| | - Malinee Neelamegam
- University of North Texas Health Science Center, School of Public Health, Fort Worth, TX
| | - Tania Estapé
- FEFOC, Fundación Contra El Cáncer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tracy Doering
- University of South Florida, School of Social Work, Tampa, FL
| | - Olivia Snyder
- University of South Florida, School of Social Work, Tampa, FL
| | - Ebony Tollinchi
- University of South Florida, School of Social Work, Tampa, FL
| | - Jorge Estapé
- FEFOC, Fundación Contra El Cáncer, Barcelona, Spain
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Khodadadi AB, Hansen B, Kim YI, Scarinci IC. Latinx Immigrant Mothers' Perceived Self-Efficacy and Intentions Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination of Their Daughters. Womens Health Issues 2021; 32:293-300. [PMID: 34802859 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Racial and ethnic disparities persist in cervical cancer cases, 90% of which are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). Suboptimal vaccine uptake is problematic, particularly among Latinx women, who have the highest cervical cancer incidence compared with other racial/ethnic groups. We examined the association of self-efficacy and HPV vaccination intention among Latinx immigrant mothers of unvaccinated 9- to 12-year-old girls. METHODS An interview-administered survey assessed baseline sociodemographic information, knowledge and perceived risk of cervical cancer and HPV, self-efficacy, and intention to vaccinate among 313 Latinx immigrant mothers in Alabama from 2013 to 2017 before the implementation of an intervention to promote HPV vaccination. RESULTS Participants were, on average, 35 years old, with 9 years of education, and had lived in the United States for 12 years. Mothers who perceived their daughters were at risk of HPV infection were more likely to be vaccine intent than their hesitant counterparts (p < .001). Vaccine hesitancy was more common in those with lower education, low HPV and cervical cancer knowledge, and lower perceived self-efficacy scores (p < .001). Self-efficacy was associated with vaccine intention when controlling for other variables (p < .001). The only variable associated with self-efficacy was HPV awareness (p = .001). CONCLUSIONS Programs promoting HPV vaccination among Latinx immigrants should include educational components regarding risks of HPV infection and cervical cancers in addition to information regarding access to vaccination services. Knowledge of risks and access may heighten perceptions of self-efficacy and improve vaccine uptake among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Hansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Isabel C Scarinci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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Scarinci IC, Hansen B, Kim YI. A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate a Community-Based Healthy Eating and Nutrition Label Interpretation Intervention Among Latinx Immigrant Mothers and Their Daughters. J Community Health 2021; 46:313-323. [PMID: 32671515 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-020-00885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated outcomes from a healthy eating/nutrition label interpretation intervention among Latinx immigrant mothers and their daughters, aged 9-12 years, in Alabama. Between May 2013-October 2017, this cluster randomized controlled trial assigned 299 mother-daughter dyads to either a healthy eating (intervention) or HPV vaccination (control) study arm. Participants attended four group sessions delivered in Spanish by Lay Health Educators covering portion sizes, healthy eating/cooking strategies, and nutrition label reading/interpretation. An individual session in participants' homes reviewed pantries and developed healthy eating plans. Identical interviewer-administered surveys were completed at baseline and 7-month follow-up by both study arms. Retention rate at follow-up was 93.4% in intervention arm (92.6% in control arm). Positive changes in healthy eating behaviors and proficiency in nutrition label interpretation were assessed. Adjusting for marital status, employment status, and health insurance coverage status, when compared to controls, mothers in the intervention arm had greater odds of increasing daily fruit and vegetable consumption (OR 3.66, 95% CI 2.14-6.27, p < 0.001), decreasing weekly fried food intake (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.3-8.04, p < 0.001), decreasing daily sweetened beverages (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.22-3.52, p < 0.01), increasing frequency of reading nutrition labels (OR 12.58, 95% CI 6.81-23.22, p < 0.001), and correctly interpreting nutrition labels (OR 4.45, 95% CI 2.64-7.48, p < 0.001). Significant positive changes in targeted behaviors were not observed among daughters. A community-based, culturally relevant intervention that includes nutrition label interpretation can positively influence eating habits among Latinx immigrant mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Scarinci
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA.
| | - Barbara Hansen
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama At Birmingham, 1717 11th Ave South, Birmingham, AL, 35205, USA
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Morales-Alemán MM, Ferreti G, Scarinci IC. "I Don't Like Being Stereotyped, I Decided I Was Never Going Back to the Doctor": Sexual Healthcare Access Among Young Latina Women in Alabama. J Immigr Minor Health 2020; 22:645-652. [PMID: 31535273 PMCID: PMC7078038 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-019-00932-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Young Latina women (YLW) in the US and in Alabama are disproportionately affected by sexual health disparities. Our community based participatory research (CBPR) study's purpose was to examine YLW's perceptions and experiences of sexual healthcare access (SHCA) toward developing community-driven, multilevel intervention strategies. We conducted 20 semi-structured qualitative interviews with YLW between 15 and 19 years old and who had been in the US for 5 or more years. We content-analyzed the data guided by the Socioecological Model of Sexual Health (SEMSH). We began analyses by coding independently, built consensus on the codes, then finished coding transcripts independently. Sixty-five percent of participants were US-born and 60% had health insurance. Participants identified barriers/facilitators to SHCA including discrimination in clinical settings and embarrassment/stigma about SHCA. Our study is the first in AL to use CBPR to work with YLW. Interventions should consider the multi-level and intersectional nature of SHCA challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes M Morales-Alemán
- Department of Community Medicine and Population Health, The University of Alabama, Box 870326, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA.
- Institute for Rural Health Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA.
| | - Gwendolyn Ferreti
- Institute for Rural Health Research, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
| | - Isabel C Scarinci
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Ara T, Rahman MM, Hossain MA, Ahmed A. Identifying the Associated Risk Factors of Sleep Disturbance During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Bangladesh: A Web-Based Survey. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:580268. [PMID: 33093839 PMCID: PMC7527420 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.580268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bangladesh, a developing country with a lower-middle-income and one of the world's most densely populated areas, has been severely affected by COVID-19. This global epidemic is not only affecting the physical health of the patients but also causing severe psychological effects among those who have not yet been infected. Sleep disturbance is one of the key symptoms of major depression and one of the proven risk factors for suicide. The objective of this study is to identify the risk factors associated with sleep disturbance which has developed as a general impact of COVID-19 and new normal life during the lockdown (a measure to control the spread of COVID-19) in Bangladesh. METHODS Demographic characteristics, COVID-19, and lockdown related information have been collected from 1,128 individuals by conducting a web-based survey. Respondent's perspective regarding sleep disturbance during COVID-19 lockdown is considered as the outcome of interest which is dichotomous. Descriptive statistics methods have been applied to explore the distribution of respondent's demographic characteristics. Pearson's chi-square tests have been performed to relate the sleep disturbance status of the respondents to their demographic, personal, and COVID-19 related information. Furthermore, a multivariable logistic regression model has been adopted to identify the significant association of sleep disturbance with the demographic, COVID-19, and lockdown related information of respondents during the COVID-19 lockdown in Bangladesh. FINDINGS The prevalence of sleep disturbance during the COVID-19 lockdown is found to be higher among participants aged 31-40 years. Gender disparity has also been observed in favor of male participants, whereas no significant regional heterogeneity has been found. Working from home or doing online classes during the lockdown has been found as a potential predictive factor of sleep disturbance. Losing a job has been considered as an adverse economic effect of COVID-19, which also induces sleep disturbance. Perception regarding the risk of getting infected and anxiety triggered the chance of developing sleep disturbance. The sleeping schedule is also found as a risk factor for sleep disturbance. CONCLUSION Evidence-based policies are required to combat psychological challenges that have arisen due to COVID-19, primarily targeting the groups who are largely suffering from sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Ara
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Mahabubur Rahman
- Institute of Statistical Research and Training, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Abir Hossain
- Department of Chemical and Food Engineering, Dhaka University of Engineering and Technology, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Amir Ahmed
- Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Internet Addiction and Relationships with Insomnia, Anxiety, Depression, Stress and Self-Esteem in University Students: A Cross-Sectional Designed Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161126. [PMID: 27618306 PMCID: PMC5019372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Internet addiction (IA) could be a major concern in university medical students aiming to develop into health professionals. The implications of this addiction as well as its association with sleep, mood disorders and self-esteem can hinder their studies, impact their long-term career goals and have wide and detrimental consequences for society as a whole. The objectives of this study were to: 1) Assess potential IA in university medical students, as well as factors associated with it; 2) Assess the relationships between potential IA, insomnia, depression, anxiety, stress and self-esteem. METHODS Our study was a cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey conducted among 600 students of three faculties: medicine, dentistry and pharmacy at Saint-Joseph University. Four validated and reliable questionnaires were used: the Young Internet Addiction Test, the Insomnia Severity Index, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS 21), and the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale (RSES). RESULTS The average YIAT score was 30 ± 18.474; Potential IA prevalence rate was 16.8% (95% confidence interval: 13.81-19.79%) and it was significantly different between males and females (p-value = 0.003), with a higher prevalence in males (23.6% versus 13.9%). Significant correlations were found between potential IA and insomnia, stress, anxiety, depression and self-esteem (p-value < 0.001); ISI and DASS sub-scores were higher and self-esteem lower in students with potential IA. CONCLUSIONS Identifying students with potential IA is important because this addiction often coexists with other psychological problems. Therefore, interventions should include not only IA management but also associated psychosocial stressors such as insomnia, anxiety, depression, stress, and self-esteem.
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White K, Ocampo M, Scarinci IC. A socio-ecological approach for examining factors related to contraceptive use among recent Latina immigrants in an emerging Latino state. Women Health 2016; 57:872-889. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2016.1206056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kari White
- Department of Health Care Organization and Policy, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Michelle Ocampo
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | - Isabel C. Scarinci
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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