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Helix B Surface Peptide Protects Cardiomyocytes From Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-induced Autophagy Through the PI3K/Akt Pathway. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 76:181-188. [PMID: 32404595 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helix B surface peptide (HBSP) is a newly discovered tissue-protective erythropoietin derivative that provides benefits after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. This study explores the cardioprotective effects of HBSP in myocardial cells in response to hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and its potential mechanism. METHODS In this study, rat ventricular (H9c2) cell cultures were established and pretreated with HBSP. H9c2 cardiomyocytes were randomly assigned to the control, H/R, H/R + LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor), HBSP + H/R, and HBSP + H/R + LY294002 groups. The pretreated cardiomyocytes underwent H/R, and the cardiomyocytes were monitored for viability through a CCK-8 assay, whereas flow cytometry was used to test cell apoptosis. Orgotein Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) expression were monitored by SOD and LDH kits, respectively. The expression of LC3 autophagosomes was determined by immunocytochemistry. The expression of LC3II/LC3I, p-Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) mTOR, mTOR, Beclin 1, p-PI3K, PI3K p-Akt, and Akt was determined by Western blotting. RESULTS HBSP increased cell viability and reduced SOD and LDH production, and it also reduced H/R-induced cell apoptosis. Moreover, the expression of the autophagy-related proteins (LC3II/LC3I) was inhibited by HBSP, whereas the expression of p-PI3K, p-Akt, and p-mTOR was enhanced. However, the PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) notably abolished these effects in H9c2 cells. CONCLUSIONS HBSP inhibits excessive autophagy and apoptosis induced by H/R by activating the PI3K/Akt pathway. HBSP may potentially be a therapeutic intervention for myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.
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Pourtaji A, Jahani V, Sahebkar A, Sathyapalan T, Mohammadpour AH. Application of Erythropoietin in Chronic Heart Failure Treatment. Mini Rev Med Chem 2020; 20:2080-2089. [PMID: 32723269 DOI: 10.2174/1389557520999200728155543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart Failure (HF) is recognized as an important public health concern worldwide, especially in developed countries, due to its high rate of morbidity and mortality. Although new pharmacological and non-pharmacological agents have improved the clinical sequelae of HF in patients, its mortality remains high, especially among the elderly. Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein, besides its traditional role in promoting erythropoiesis and production of erythroid progenitors, its beneficial role in reducing infarct area and improving heart function through EPO-induced antiapoptotic and antioxidant effects have been increasingly recognized. This review gathers the evidence to date about the effectiveness of EPO in HF patients. In addition to the growing evidence of EPO in the treatment of HF in the animal studies for improving cardiac function and infarct size, more clinical studies are needed to assess the role of EPO treatment in the management of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Pourtaji
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vajiheh Jahani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, York Y0105DD, United Kingdom
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Gyetvai G, Hughes T, Wedmore F, Roe C, Heikal L, Ghezzi P, Mengozzi M. Erythropoietin Increases Myelination in Oligodendrocytes: Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Early Induction of Genes Involved in Lipid Transport and Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1394. [PMID: 29123527 PMCID: PMC5662872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective or neuroreparative actions on diseases of the nervous system and that improves oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination in vivo and in vitro. This study aims at investigating the early molecular mechanisms for the pro-myelinating action of EPO at the gene expression level. For this purpose, we used a differentiating OL precursor cell line, rat central glia-4 cells. Cells were differentiated or not, and then treated with EPO for 1 or 20 h. RNA was extracted and changes in the gene expression profile were assessed using microarray analysis. Experiments were performed in biological replicates of n = 4. Differentiation alone changed the expression of 11% of transcripts (2,663 out of 24,272), representing 2,436 genes, half of which were upregulated and half downregulated. At 20 h of treatment, EPO significantly affected the expression of 99 genes that were already regulated by differentiation and of 150 genes that were not influenced by differentiation alone. Analysis of the transcripts most upregulated by EPO identified several genes involved in lipid transport (e.g., Cd36) and lipid metabolism (Ppargc1a/Pgc1alpha, Lpin1, Pnlip, Lpin2, Ppard, Plin2) along with Igf1 and Igf2, growth factors known for their pro-myelinating action. All these genes were only induced by EPO and not by differentiation alone, except for Pnlip which was highly induced by differentiation and augmented by EPO. Results were validated by quantitative PCR. These findings suggest that EPO might increase remyelination by inducing insulin-like growth factors and increasing lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyetvai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Trisha Hughes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Wedmore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Cieron Roe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lamia Heikal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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Helix B Surface Peptide Protects Cardiomyocytes Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-induced Apoptosis Through Mitochondrial Pathways. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 67:418-26. [PMID: 26828322 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helix B surface peptide (HBSP), a newly developed tissue-protective erythropoietin derivative, has beneficial effects on myocardial ischemia. This study aimed to investigate the cardio-protective effects of HBSP against hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury and its possible mechanism. METHODS A rat-derived cardiomyocyte cell line (H9C2 cells) were established and pretreated with HBSP. The pretreated primary cultures were subjected to H/R and monitored for cell viability using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, apoptosis, and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of cytochrome C and Bcl-2 family proteins, as well as the activities of caspases 3 and 9 were determined by Western blot analysis and a colorimetric method, respectively. RESULTS HBSP reduced apoptotic cells in cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R. In HBSP-treated cardiomyocytes, the H/R-induced mitochondrial ROS production, ΔΨm collapse, and cytochrome C release from mitochondria to the cytosol significantly decreased. Moreover, HBSP inhibited the activation of caspases 9 and 3, as well as the alteration of Bcl-2 family proteins, which were induced by H/R. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that HBSP has protective effects against H/R-induced apoptosis by regulating the mitochondrial pathway. This mechanism involves inhibiting mitochondrial ROS generation, inhibiting caspase-3 activity, reducing ΔΨm collapse, reducing cytochrome release, and balancing anti and proapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins.
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Tsai CF, Kuo YH, Yeh WL, Wu CYJ, Lin HY, Lai SW, Liu YS, Wu LH, Lu JK, Lu DY. Regulatory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on neuroinflammation in microglial cells. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:5572-89. [PMID: 25768341 PMCID: PMC4394493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16035572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation has been widely demonstrated to mediate inflammatory processes that are crucial in several neurodegenerative disorders. Pharmaceuticals that can deliver direct inhibitory effects on microglia are therefore considered as a potential strategy to counter balance neurodegenerative progression. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a natural phenol in honeybee propolis, is known to possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties. Accordingly, the current study intended to probe the effects of CAPE on microglia activation by using in vitro and in vivo models. Western blot and Griess reaction assay revealed CAPE significantly inhibited the expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and the production of nitric oxide (NO). Administration of CAPE resulted in increased expressions of hemeoxygenase (HO)-1and erythropoietin (EPO) in microglia. The phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α was further found to regulate the anti-inflammatory effects of caffeic acid. In vivo results from immunohistochemistry along with rotarod test also revealed the anti-neuroinflammatory effects of CAPE in microglia activation. The current study has evidenced several possible molecular determinants, AMPKα, EPO, and HO-1, in mediating anti-neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Fang Tsai
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lan Yeh
- Department of Cell and Tissue Engineering, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua 500, Taiwan.
| | - Caren Yu-Ju Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Hsiao-Yun Lin
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Wei Lai
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Shu Liu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Ling-Hsuan Wu
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Jheng-Kun Lu
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Dah-Yuu Lu
- Graduate Institute of Neural and Cognitive Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Photonics and Communication Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Wang L, Di L, Noguchi CT. Erythropoietin, a novel versatile player regulating energy metabolism beyond the erythroid system. Int J Biol Sci 2014; 10:921-39. [PMID: 25170305 PMCID: PMC4147225 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), the required cytokine for promoting the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells to stimulate erythropoiesis, has been reported to act as a pleiotropic cytokine beyond hematopoietic system. The various activities of EPO are determined by the widespread distribution of its cell surface EPO receptor (EpoR) in multiple tissues including endothelial, neural, myoblasts, adipocytes and other cell types. EPO activity has been linked to angiogenesis, neuroprotection, cardioprotection, stress protection, anti-inflammation and especially the energy metabolism regulation that is recently revealed. The investigations of EPO activity in animals and the expression analysis of EpoR provide more insights on the potential of EPO in regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis. The findings of crosstalk between EPO and some important energy sensors and the regulation of EPO in the cellular respiration and mitochondrial function further provide molecular mechanisms for EPO activity in metabolic activity regulation. In this review, we will summarize the roles of EPO in energy metabolism regulation and the activity of EPO in tissues that are tightly associated with energy metabolism. We will also discuss the effects of EPO in regulating oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function, the interactions between EPO and important energy regulation factors, and the protective role of EPO from stresses that are related to metabolism, providing a brief overview of previously less appreciated EPO biological function in energy metabolism and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Di
- 1. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, SAR of People's Republic of China
| | - Constance Tom Noguchi
- 2. Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, U.S.A
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Gobe GC, Morais C, Vesey DA, Johnson DW. Use of high-dose erythropoietin for repair after injury: A comparison of outcomes in heart and kidney. J Nephropathol 2013; 2:154-65. [PMID: 24475445 DOI: 10.12860/jnp.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT There is a need to define the exact benefits and contraindications of use of high-dose recombinant human erythropoietin (EPO) for its non-hematopoietic function as a cytokine that enhances tissue repair after injury. This review compares the outcomes from use of EPO in the injured heart and kidney, two organs that are thought, traditionally, to have intrinsically-different repair mechanisms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITIONS Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), Google Scholar, Pubmed (NLM), LISTA (EBSCO) and Web of Science have been searched. RESULTS Ongoing work by us on EPO protection of ischemia-reperfusion-injured kidneys indicated, first, that EPO acutely enhanced kidney repair via anti-apoptotic, pro-regenerative mechanisms, and second, that EPO may promote chronic fibrosis in the long term. Work by others on the ischaemia-injured heart has also indicated that EPO promotes repair. Although myocardial infarcts are made up mostly of necrotic tissue, many publications state EPO is anti-apoptotic in the heart, as well as promoting healing via cell differentiation and stimulation of granulation tissue. In the case of the heart, promotion of fibrosis may be advantageous where an infarct has destroyed a zone of cardiomyocytes, but if EPO stimulates progressive fibrosis in the heart, this may promote cardiac failure. CONCLUSIONS A major concern in relation to the use of EPO in a cytoprotective role is its stimulation of long-term inflammation and fibrosis. EPO usage for cytoprotection is undoubtedly advantageous, but it may need to be offset with an anti-inflammatory agent in some organs, like kidney and heart, where progression to chronic fibrosis after acute injury is often recorded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Gobe
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christudas Morais
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Discipline of Medicine, School of Medicine. The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and ; Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a stress-activated kinase that functions as a cellular fuel gauge and master metabolic regulator. Recent investigation has elucidated novel molecular mechanisms of AMPK regulation and important biological actions of the AMPK pathway that are highly relevant to cardiovascular disease. Activation of the intrinsic AMPK pathway plays an important role in the myocardial response to ischemia, pressure overload, and heart failure. Pharmacological activation of AMPK shows promise as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of heart disease. The purpose of this review is to assess how recent discoveries have extended and in some cases challenged existing paradigms, providing new insights into the regulation of AMPK, its diverse biological actions, and therapeutic potential in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad G Zaha
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Su KH, Yu YB, Hou HH, Zhao JF, Kou YR, Cheng LC, Shyue SK, Lee TS. AMP-activated protein kinase mediates erythropoietin-induced activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3053-62. [PMID: 22021095 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.23052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a multi-functional regulator of energy homeostasis, participates in the regulation of erythropoietin (EPO)-mediated activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in endothelial cells (ECs) and mice. In ECs, treatment with EPO increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and eNOS, as revealed by Western blot analysis. Inhibition of AMPK activation by compound C or dominant-negative AMPK mutant abrogated the EPO-induced increase in the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, and eNOS, as well as nitric oxide (NO) production. Additionally, suppression of AMPK activation abolished EPO-induced EC proliferation, migration and tube formation. Immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrated that AMPK mediated the EPO-induced increase in the phosphorylation of β common receptor (βCR) and the formation of a βCR-AMPK-eNOS complex. In mice, inhibition of AMPK activation by compound C markedly decreased EPO-elicited angiogenesis in Matrigel plugs. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS was significantly higher in aortas from EPO transgenic mice than wild-type mice. Moreover, treatment with EPO neutralizing antibody greatly reduced the exercise training-induced increase in phosphorylation of AMPK and eNOS in aortas of wild-type mice. Taken together, EPO may trigger AMPK-dependent signaling, which leads to enhanced phosphorylation of βCR and eNOS, increased βCR-AMPK-eNOS complex formation, NO production, and, ultimately, angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hui Su
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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