1
|
Shen S, Wang J, Zhao Q, Hu Q. The protective effects of butorphanol tartrate against homocysteine-induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction. Bioengineered 2022; 13:7209-7220. [PMID: 35245993 PMCID: PMC8974167 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2037953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A high concentration of homocysteine (Hcy) has been recently reported to be closely associated with the development of stroke, which is related to the Hcy-induced blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction. Butorphanol tartrate is a promising analgesic agent that targets the opiate receptor and shows promising protective effects on ischemia/reperfusion injury. The present research proposes to investigate the protective effect of butorphanol tartrate on Hcy-induced BBB disruption to explore the potential application of butorphanol tartrate in treating Hcy-induced stroke. Hcy was utilized to establish both an in vivo animal model and in vitro human brain vascular endothelial cells (HBVECs) injury model. We found that the increased diffusion of sodium fluorescein and Evan’s blue, declined expression of Claudin-5, and increased production of interleukin- 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were observed in Hcy-treated mice, which were all significantly reversed by butorphanol tartrate. In Hcy-stimulated HBVECs, increased endothelial permeability and reduced expression levels of Claudin-5 and Krüppel-like factor 5 (KLF5) were observed, all of which were dramatically rescued by 2 and 5 µM butorphanol tartrate. Lastly, the protective function of butorphanol tartrate in Hcy-stimulated HBVECs was dramatically abolished by the knockdown of KLF5. Collectively, butorphanol tartrate showed protective effects on Hcy-induced BBB disruption by upregulating the KLF5/Claudin-5 axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufeng Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Jiandong Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Qingyuan Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| | - Qiangfu Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Harder M, Fiegl‐Lechner A, Oberacher H, Horvath UEI, Schlager A, Jeske M, Kerndler S, Schüllner F, Bonn GK, Rainer M. Stability evaluation of morphine, hydromorphone, metamizole and esketamine containing analgesic mixtures applied for patient‐controlled analgesia in hospice and palliative care. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5340. [PMID: 35043434 PMCID: PMC9285503 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, different injection solutions containing opioid and nonopioid compounds used for patient‐controlled analgesia in hospice and palliative care were evaluated in terms of analyte stability. Investigated injection solutions contained different combinations of morphine, hydromorphone, metamizole and esketamine. For the practical implementation, samples from infusion pumps were daily drawn over a period of 7 days at 22 and 37°C. Quantitative measurements were performed on a high‐performance liquid chromatography system with ultraviolet detection applying a validated analytical method. All compounds apart from morphine showed no evident changes in concentration. However, a significant loss of morphine was observed for injection mixtures containing both morphine and metamizole at 37°C. After 7 days, only 72% of the initially measured morphine concentration was measured in the binary and 77% in the ternary mixture. Furthermore, an additional compound was detected that could represent the morphine‐metamizole‐adduct, “metamorphine”. Based on these results, a significantly reduced morphine concentration must be expected after only 3 days if an injection solution mixture containing both morphine and metamizole is administered to a patient at 37°C. Since the analgesic effects of morphine–metamizole adducts have not yet been thoroughly investigated, further clinical studies are necessary before accurate conclusions can be drawn in this regard.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Harder
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry Leopold‐Franzens University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Anna Fiegl‐Lechner
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry Leopold‐Franzens University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | | | - Andreas Schlager
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine Medical University of Innsbruck Austria
| | - Martina Jeske
- Pharmacy Department Innsbruck University Hospital Austria
| | | | | | - Günther K. Bonn
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry Leopold‐Franzens University of Innsbruck Austria
- ADSI– Austrian Drug Screening Institute Austria
| | - Matthias Rainer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Radiochemistry Leopold‐Franzens University of Innsbruck Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen P, Chen F, Zhou BH. Compatibility and stability of dezocine and tropisetron in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for patient-controlled analgesia administration. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13698. [PMID: 30558082 PMCID: PMC6319974 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropisetron is an adjuvant for dezocine used in intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and has been reported to provide superior pain control. It is efficacious in reducing the institutional incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), which decreases resource utilization and cost. However, no scientific evidence has been reported in the literature demonstrating analytical confirmation of the compatibility and stability of the combination of dezocine and tropisetron. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the stability of dezocine with tropisetron in 0.9% sodium chloride injection form for PCA administration.Commercial solutions of dezocine and tropisetron were combined and examined for compatibility and stability when diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyolefin bags and glass bottles stored at 4°C or 25°C for up to 14 days. The initial concentrations were 40 mg/100 mL dezocine and 5 mg/100 mL tropisetron. For all samples, the compatibility parameters (including precipitation, cloudiness, discoloration, and pH values) were evaluated. Chemical stability was also determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis.After a 14-day period of storage at 4°C or 25°C, the initial concentrations of dezocine and tropisetron were maintained at at least 98%. All of the mixtures remained clear and colorless throughout the observation period, and no color change or precipitation was observed.These results indicated that admixtures of 40 mg/100 mL dezocine and 5 mg/100 mL tropisetron in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable for at least 14 days when stored in polyolefin bags or glass bottles at 4°C or 25°C and protected from light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
| | - Fuchao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan
| | - Ben-hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li JP, Liu Y, Guo JM, Shang EX, Zhu ZH, Zhu KY, Tang YP, Zhao BC, Tang ZS, Duan JA. A Comprehensive Strategy to Evaluate Compatible Stability of Chinese Medicine Injection and Infusion Solutions Based on Chemical Analysis and Bioactivity Assay. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:833. [PMID: 29187820 PMCID: PMC5694823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stability of traditional Chinese medicine injection (TCMI) is an important issue related with its clinical application. TCMI is composed of multi-components, therefore, when evaluating TCMI stability, several marker compounds cannot represent global components or biological activities of TCMI. Till now, when evaluating TCMI stability, method involving the global components or biological activities has not been reported. In this paper, we established a comprehensive strategy composed of three different methods to evaluate the chemical and biological stability of a typical TCMI, Danhong injection (DHI). UHPLC-TQ/MS was used to analyze the stability of marker compounds (SaA, SaB, RA, DSS, PA, CA, and SG) in DHI, UHPLC-QTOF/MS was used to analyze the stability of global components (MW 80–1000 Da) in DHI, and cell based antioxidant capability assay was used to evaluate the bioactivity of DHI. We applied this strategy to assess the compatible stability of DHI and six infusion solutions (GS, NS, GNS, FI, XI, and DGI), which were commonly used in combination with DHI in clinic. GS was the best infusion solution for DHI, and DGI was the worst one based on marker compounds analysis. Based on global components analysis, XI and DGI were the worst infusion solutions for DHI. And based on bioactivity assay, GS was the best infusion solution for DHI, and XI was the worst one. In conclusion, as evaluated by the established comprehensive strategy, GS was the best infusion solution, however, XI and DGI were the worst infusion solutions for DHI. In the compatibility of DHI and XI or DGI, salvianolic acids in DHI would be degraded, resulting in the reduction of original composition and generation of new components, and leading to the changes of biological activities. This is the essence of instability compatibility of DHI and some infusion solutions. Our study provided references for choosing the reasonable infusion solutions for DHI, which could contribute the improvement of safety and efficacy of DHI. Moreover, the established strategy may be applied for the compatible stability evaluation of other TCMIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ping Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian-Ming Guo
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Er-Xin Shang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Kevin Y Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zhi-Shu Tang
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for High Technology Research of TCM Formulae, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang B, Wang L, Gu J, Chen F, Shi XY. Physicochemical stability of ternary admixtures of butorphanol, ketamine, and droperidol in polyolefin bags for patient-controlled analgesia use. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:3873-3878. [PMID: 27920502 PMCID: PMC5125795 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s123411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delivery of drug admixtures by intravenous patient-controlled analgesia is a common practice for the management of postoperative pain; however, analytical confirmation of the compatibility and stability of butorphanol tartrate, ketamine hydrochloride, and droperidol combined in ternary admixtures is not available. METHODS Butorphanol tartrate, ketamine hydrochloride, and droperidol have been examined for compatibility and stability when combined with 0.9% sodium chloride injection stored at 4°C and 25°C with light protection for a total of 14 days. Concentrations were 0.067 mg/mL, 1.33 mg/mL, and 0.033 mg/mL for butorphanol tartrate, ketamine hydrochloride, and droperidol, respectively. Drug concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis. RESULTS All three drugs were very stable (>97%) at 4°C and 25°C for 14 days. The ternary admixtures were initially clear and colorless throughout the observation period, and the pH value did not change significantly. CONCLUSION The results confirm that the ternary admixture of butorphanol tartrate 0.067 mg/mL, ketamine hydrochloride 1.33 mg/mL, and droperidol 0.033 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were stable for 14 days when stored in polyolefin bags at 4°C and 25°C and protected from light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Junfeng Gu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen FC, Zhu J, Li B, Yuan FJ, Wang LH. Stability of tramadol with three 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in polyolefin bags for patient-controlled delivery systems. Drug Des Devel Ther 2016; 10:1869-75. [PMID: 27350741 PMCID: PMC4902139 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s106665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mixing 5-hydroxytryptamine-3 (5-HT3) receptor antagonists with patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) solutions of tramadol has been shown to decrease the incidence of nausea and vomiting associated with the use of tramadol PCA for postoperative pain. However, such mixtures are not commercially available, and the stability of the drug combinations has not been duly studied. The study aimed to evaluate the stability of tramadol with three 5-HT3 receptor antagonists in 0.9% sodium chloride injection for PCA administration. Materials and methods Test samples were prepared by adding 1,000 mg tramadol hydrochloride, 8 mg ondansetron hydrochloride, and 6 mg granisetron hydrochloride or 5 mg tropisetron hydrochloride to 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyolefin bags. The samples were prepared in triplicates, stored at either 25°C or 4°C for 14 days, and assessed using the following compatibility parameters: precipitation, cloudiness, discoloration, and pH. Chemical stability was also determined using a validated high-pressure liquid chromatography method. Results All of the mixtures were clear and colorless throughout the initial observation period. No change in the concentration of tramadol hydrochloride occurred with any of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists during the 14 days. Similarly, little or no loss of the 5-HT3 receptor antagonists occurred over the 14-day period. Conclusion Our results suggest that mixtures of tramadol hydrochloride, ondansetron hydrochloride, granisetron hydrochloride, or tropisetron hydrochloride in 0.9% sodium chloride injection were physically and chemically stable for 14 days when stored in polyolefin bags at both 4°C and 25°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang-Jun Yuan
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Hai Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chen FC, Xiong H, Liu HM, Fang BX, Li P. Compatibility of butorphanol with granisetron in 0.9% sodium chloride injection packaged in glass bottles or polyolefin bags. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 72:1374-8. [PMID: 26246294 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp140824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The stability of admixtures containing butorphanol and granisetron in polyolefin bags and glass bottles stored at 4 and 25 °C was studied. METHODS Commercial solutions of butorphanol tartrate and granisetron hydrochloride were combined and further diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride injection to final concentrations of butorphanol tartrate 0.08 mg/mL and granisetron 0.03 or 0.06 mg/mL; the resulting mixtures were packaged in polyolefin bags and glass bottles. The admixtures were assessed for periods of up to 48 hours after storage at 25 °C without protection from room light and up to 14 days at 4 °C with protection from room light. The chemical stability of the admixtures was evaluated by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method and by measurement of pH values. Solution appearance and color were assessed by observing the samples against room light and dark backgrounds. RESULTS HPLC analysis demonstrated that the percentages of the initial concentrations of butorphanol and granisetron in the various solutions remained above 97% during the testing period. No changes in color or turbidity were observed in any of the prepared solutions. Throughout this period, pH values remained stable. CONCLUSION Admixtures of butorphanol tartrate 0.08 mg/mL and granisetron 0.03 or 0.06 mg/mL in 0.9% sodium chloride injection in polyolefin bags or glass bottles remained stable for 48 hours when stored at 25 °C exposed to room light and for 14 days when stored at 4 °C protected from room light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Chao Chen
- Fu-Chao Chen, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. Hui Xiong, M.Pharm., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. Hui-Min Liu, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital. Bao-Xia Fang, B.S.Pharm., is Hospital Pharmacist; and Peng Li, Pharm.D., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital.
| | - Hui Xiong
- Fu-Chao Chen, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. Hui Xiong, M.Pharm., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. Hui-Min Liu, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital. Bao-Xia Fang, B.S.Pharm., is Hospital Pharmacist; and Peng Li, Pharm.D., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital
| | - Hui-Min Liu
- Fu-Chao Chen, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. Hui Xiong, M.Pharm., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. Hui-Min Liu, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital. Bao-Xia Fang, B.S.Pharm., is Hospital Pharmacist; and Peng Li, Pharm.D., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital
| | - Bao-Xia Fang
- Fu-Chao Chen, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. Hui Xiong, M.Pharm., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. Hui-Min Liu, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital. Bao-Xia Fang, B.S.Pharm., is Hospital Pharmacist; and Peng Li, Pharm.D., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital
| | - Peng Li
- Fu-Chao Chen, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China. Hui Xiong, M.Pharm., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine. Hui-Min Liu, M.Pharm., is Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital. Bao-Xia Fang, B.S.Pharm., is Hospital Pharmacist; and Peng Li, Pharm.D., is Director, Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fang BX, Li P, Shi XY, Chen FC, Wang LH. Incompatibilities of lornoxicam with 4 antiemetic medications in polyolefin bags during simulated intravenous administration. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e3824. [PMID: 27336868 PMCID: PMC4998306 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000003824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of drugs by patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) is routinely practiced for the management of postoperative pain. It is common for 2 or more drugs to be combined in PCA solutions. The combination of analgesics and antiemetic agents is frequently required. Unfortunately, the compatibility and stability of lornoxicam and antiemetic agents, such as droperidol, ondansetrone, granisetron, and tropisetron, has not been determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility and stability of solutions containing lornoxicam with the 4 antiemetic agents in combination for PCA administration.In our study, test samples were prepared in triplicate by adding 40 mg lornoxicam and 5 mg droperidol, 8 mg ondansetron, 6 mg granisetron, or 5 mg tropisetron to 100-mL polyolefin bags of sodium chloride 0.9% and stored at 25 °C. The analgesic mixture samples were visually inspected for precipitation, cloudiness, and discoloration at each sampling interval. Drug concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis.No loss of lornoxicam occurred with any of the 4 antiemetic agents tested for up to 48 hours. However, the contents of droperidol, ondansetron, granisetron, and tropisetron were significant loss >48 hours. After storage of 4.0 to 48.0 hours, the presence of a slight precipitate was observed in all the injection combinations.The results indicate that combinations of lornoxicam with droperidol, ondansetrone, granisetron, or tropisetron in infusion solution during simulated intravenous PCA administration were incompatibility when stored protected from light at 25 °C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Xia Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, P.R. China, Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|