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How Hong E, Shalid A, Gatt D, Deepak S, Bahl A. Primary pituitary granulomatosis with polyangiitis and the role of pituitary biopsy, case report and literature review. Br J Neurosurg 2024; 38:378-384. [PMID: 33538207 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1878345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pituitary dysfunction (PD) in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare manifestation of the disease with an incidence of 2% and tends to occur as the disease progresses. On very rare occasions, PD can be the initial presentation of GPA. From our literature review, only 6 such cases were documented. CASE PRESENTATION We present a rare case of GPA in a 57-year-old female who primarily presented with PD and visual disturbance without any other systemic features of GPA. Her initial ANCA screen was negative and her MRI scan showed an enlarged pituitary gland with cystic changes. A pituitary biopsy confirmed the diagnosis and she was started on immunosuppressants. After completing her immunotherapy, her diabetic insipidus subsided and her vision markedly improved. LITERATURE REVIEW A literature search on Pubmed, Cochrane, Open Grey, and SciELO with keywords 'granulomatosis', 'polyangiitis', and 'pituitary' was performed. A total of 72 articles were reviewed. 6 articles were identified where PD was the presenting complaint of GPA without other systemic involvement. DISCUSSION Secondary hypophysitis in GPA indicates pituitary inflammation resulting from systemic disease or pituitary near-lying lesions. PD in GPA tends to occur with concomitant active disease at other sites. Headache seemed to be a common presenting feature with diabetic insipidus being the most common type of PD. Tissue biopsy is essential to confirm diagnosis. Pituitary biopsy is rarely required as other organ involvement is available for safer tissue sampling. However, in our case, pituitary biopsy had a role in confirming diagnosis and avoiding treatment delay. CONCLUSION PD as a primary manifestation in GPA without systemic involvement is very rare and poses a diagnostic challenge. Pituitary biopsy can aid in diagnosis, allowing prompt treatment and prevention of long-term complications of untreated GPA such as permanent pituitary dysfunction. Nevertheless, the risk and benefit of pituitary surgery in each case should be weighted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Shalid
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, UK
| | - Daniel Gatt
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, UK
| | | | - Anuj Bahl
- Hull University Teaching Hospitals, NHS Trust, UK
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Alameri M, Alnuaimi A, Martin NM, Meeran K, Gontsarova A, Barwick TD, Ellis S, McAdoo S, Tomlinson J, Wernig F. Pituitary hypophysitis in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA): a case series. Pituitary 2024; 27:230-237. [PMID: 38296897 PMCID: PMC11009729 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-023-01378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) rarely involves the pituitary gland. Pituitary involvement has been reported in ~ 1% of all cases of GPA. Most commonly, pituitary swelling and inflammation results in symptoms due to pituitary mass effect and arginine vasopressin deficiency. To date, there are no pituitary-specific treatment guidelines for this rare condition. We present three patients with GPA-related hypophysitis highlighting the spectrum of pituitary involvement. All three patients were successfully treated with immunosuppressive regimens that included rituximab (RTX). Following remission induction with high-dose glucocorticoids, patients received 6 monthly RTX for remission maintenance. RTX was well tolerated without significant side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Alameri
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Abdulla Alnuaimi
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Niamh M Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Karim Meeran
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tara D Barwick
- Department of Radiology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Spencer Ellis
- Department of Rheumatology, East and North Hertfordshire NHS Trust, Stevenage, UK
| | - Stephen McAdoo
- Department of Renal Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
- Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Tomlinson
- Department of Renal Medicine, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Florian Wernig
- Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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Kumar NK, Rivadeneira A, Banerjee S, Gubbiotti M, Yoshor D, Jackson C, Kharlip J, White CA. Hypophysitis Secondary to Small Vessel ANCA Vasculitis Treated With Rituximab. AACE Clin Case Rep 2024; 10:55-59. [PMID: 38523853 PMCID: PMC10958641 DOI: 10.1016/j.aace.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis is a rare small vessel vasculitis that can cause pituitary hypophysitis. Hypophysitis is difficult to treat, often requiring high doses of glucocorticoids with frequent flaring as glucocorticoids are tapered. We present a case of ANCA vasculitis involving the pituitary gland successfully treated with rituximab. Case Report Fifty-one-year-old woman developed progressive frontal headaches, congestion, and epistaxis. Sinus computed tomography scan showed pituitary enlargement and chronic mucosal disease. Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed a diffusely enlarged pituitary with a thickened pituitary stalk. Serologic evaluation revealed elevated inflammatory markers, positive perinuclear ANCA (p-ANCA), and an elevated serum anti-proteinase 3 (anti-PR3) antibody. The patient underwent pituitary biopsy, which showed adenohypophysitis with dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, some arranged perivascularly, compatible with involvement of the pituitary gland by ANCA vasculitis. The patient began rituximab and reported resolution of daily headaches, congestion, and epistaxis. Pituitary MRI scan 6 months after rituximab showed reduction in pituitary gland size and stalk thickening. Discussion ANCA vasculitis is a rare etiology of pituitary hypophysitis, which can present a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Pituitary involvement of ANCA vasculitis can be identified through p-ANCA or cytoplasmic ANCA (c-ANCA) and biopsy of the involved tissue. Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against CD20, has been successfully used to treat ANCA vasculitis and in this case, led to clinical improvements and reduction in the size of the pituitary gland. Conclusion Pituitary biopsy enabled confirmation of ANCA hypophysitis and facilitated treatment with a steroid-sparing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nankee K. Kumar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ana Rivadeneira
- Division of Endocrinology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shubhasree Banerjee
- Division of Rheumatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Gubbiotti
- Division of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Yoshor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Christina Jackson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Julia Kharlip
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caitlin A. White
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Kurokawa R, Kurokawa M, Baba A, Nakaya M, Kato S, Bapuraj J, Nakata Y, Ota Y, Srinivasan A, Abe O, Moritani T. Neuroimaging of hypophysitis: etiologies and imaging mimics. Jpn J Radiol 2023; 41:911-927. [PMID: 37010787 PMCID: PMC10468747 DOI: 10.1007/s11604-023-01417-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Hypophysitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the pituitary gland. Hypophysitis can be classified into multiple types depending on the mechanisms (primary or secondary), histology (lymphocytic, granulomatous, xanthomatous, plasmacytic/IgG4 related, necrotizing, or mixed), and anatomy (adenohypophysitis, infundibulo-neurohypophysitis, or panhypophysitis). An appropriate diagnosis is vital for managing these potentially life-threatening conditions. However, physiological morphological alterations, remnants, and neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions may masquerade as hypophysitis, both clinically and radiologically. Neuroimaging, as well as imaging findings of other sites of the body, plays a pivotal role in diagnosis. In this article, we will review the types of hypophysitis and summarize clinical and imaging features of both hypophysitis and its mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kurokawa
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Mariko Kurokawa
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Akira Baba
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Moto Nakaya
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shimpei Kato
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Jayapalli Bapuraj
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Nakata
- Department Or Neuroradiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ota
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ashok Srinivasan
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toshio Moritani
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, 1500 E Medical Center Dr, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Yuan D, Ji Q, Xia JH, Wang JJ, Liang N. Granulomatous polyangiitis involving the fourth ventricle: Report of a rare case and a literature review. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220654. [PMID: 37483427 PMCID: PMC10358746 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous polyangiitis (GPA) is a rare systemic autoimmune vasculitis disease that is highly correlated with anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs). It was formerly called as "Wegener's granulomatosis." The clinical manifestations are diverse, mainly involving the upper respiratory tract, lungs, and kidneys, and this disease can involve the brain parenchyma as an isolated solid mass. Only one case has been reported thus far. To provide further information on this rare case, we report a case of GPA involving the fourth ventricle and review the relevant literature. A 32-year-old Chinese female developed fever, cough, and shortness of breath for 20 days. An 80 mm × 80 mm skin ulcer was seen on the right lower limb. CT showed multiple large patches of increased density in both lungs. The patient's serological ANCA was positive. Later, the patient developed dizziness and headache. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head showed a mass of approximately 21 mm × 24 mm in the fourth ventricle. The patient had a craniotomy for mass resection, and macroscopically, the mass was gray-red and measured 25 mm × 20 mm × 20 mm, was soft, had local hemorrhage and necrosis, and had no capsule. The main microscopic features included necrotizing granulomatous vasculitis, the patient's immunohistochemistry was positive for CD68 and negative for glial fibrillary acidic protein, and the acid-fast staining and hexaamine silver staining were negative. Combined with the clinical history, serology, and imaging, the pathological diagnosis was GPA in the fourth ventricle. The patient was switched to rituximab combined with steroid therapy because she did not tolerate cyclophosphamide. After 5 months of follow-up, the patient's lung lesions and skin ulcers had completely improved, but the brain lesions had further progressed. When a patient has multiple system diseases, abnormal clinical manifestations, and positive serological ANCAs, a diagnosis of GPA should be carefully considered, and biopsies of easy-to-access sites should be performed. If the patient's histopathological manifestations include vasculitis, granuloma, and necrosis, a diagnosis of GPA is more likely. If a patient subsequently develops an intraventricular mass, the clinicians should consider a diagnosis of GPA, which can rarely involve the cerebral ventricle to avoid an unnecessary biopsy or surgical treatment of intracranial lesions. When a patient is intolerant to the traditional treatment drug cyclophosphamide and needs to be switched to rituximab, the treatment effect of intracerebral lesions is not ideal; therefore, the treatment of lesions involving GPA in the ventricle is worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- Department of Pathology the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Pathology the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin-Hua Xia
- Department of Pathology the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Jin-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology the Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, Guizhou, China
| | - Na Liang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
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Chen J, Alexander T, Walter-Rittel T, Ziagaki A, Siffrin V. Mepolizumab as an effective treatment in a case of hypophysitis in eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2023; 16:17562864231182519. [PMID: 38274358 PMCID: PMC10809015 DOI: 10.1177/17562864231182519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA/EGPA) can affect multiple organs resulting in heterogeneous symptoms and phenotypes. Pituitary gland dysfunction rarely occurs in GPA (1-3%) and even less in EGPA (two case reports). Here, we report a case of a 51-year-old female patient with a four-year history of EGPA who presented with new polydipsia and polyuria. Laboratory testing and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed pituitary gland dysfunction caused by a hypophysitis. Therapeutic adjustment with a switch from dupilumab to mepolizumab resulted in a decrease in clinical symptoms, inflammation in MRI, and normalization of C-reactive protein in serum. This case underlines hypophysitis as a rare organ involvement also in EGPA. Moreover, this case demonstrates the responsiveness of neuroinflammatory manifestations to the recently approved anti-interleukin-5 monoclonal antibody mepolizumab as a new potential treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessy Chen
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Alexander
- Department of Rheumatology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thula Walter-Rittel
- Department of Radiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Athanasia Ziagaki
- Department of Endocrinology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Siffrin
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Chen X, Zhang S, Peng X, Shi X, Wu H, Wen Y, Qin Y, Tian X, Zhu H, Chen L. Clinical characteristics and primary outcomes of patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis and central diabetes insipidus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1173903. [PMID: 37251686 PMCID: PMC10213315 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1173903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is characterized by systemic small-vessel vasculitis and may rarely present as central diabetes insipidus (CDI). In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with AAV-associated CDI. Methods This was a nested case-control study where AAV patients with CDI at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital were followed from January 2012 to April 2022. Case-control matching with AAV patients without CDI was performed (1:5), and participants were matched by age, sex, and AAV classification. We collected clinical data every 3-6 months and conducted a literature review using PubMed to identify relevant articles published from 1983-2022. Results Among 1203 hospitalized AAV patients, 16 patients with CDI were included (1.3%). The average age was 49 years, and men accounted for 56.3%. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) accounted for 87.5% of patients. AAV patients with CDI had more ear, nose, and throat (ENT) (81.3%) involvement and less renal impairment than those in the control group (P<0.05). After a mean follow-up of four years, 50% of patients were in remission from AAV, 37.5% relapsed, and 12.5% died. Our literature review suggested that patients in Asian countries tend to be older men and have higher myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA) positivity than those in Western countries. Furthermore, proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) positivity may predict disease recurrence. Discussion AAV patients with CDI had more ENT involvement and a higher eGFR. MPO-ANCA positivity is more commonly observed in Asian countries than Western countries, and PR3-ANCA positivity may predict recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Shi
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haiting Wu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yubing Wen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Qin
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinping Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Limeng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Shimojima Y, Sekijima Y. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis in ANCA-associated vasculitis: Clinical and immunopathological features and insights. Autoimmun Rev 2023; 22:103338. [PMID: 37062439 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is an inflammatory disorder characterized by intracranial and spinal thickened dura mater, leading to several neurological manifestations including headaches, cranial neuropathies, seizures, and sensorimotor disorders. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a crucial disease that is implicated in the development of immune-mediated HP. HP is observed throughout the clinical course of AAV, and 3%-4% of patients with AAV experience HP as the initial clinical episode. However, patients with ANCA-related HP are unclassifiable in the classification criteria of AAV when HP is the only manifestation, suggesting that ANCA-related HP can be identified as a central nervous system-limited type of AAV. Among patients with AAV, those who develop HP have predominantly been classified as having granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Myeloperoxidase-ANCA positivity has been more frequently demonstrated than proteinase 3-ANCA positivity in patients with ANCA-related HP. The ear, nose, and throat manifestations, such as otitis media, sinusitis, and mastoiditis, as well as mucous membranes/eyes manifestations including sudden visual loss, are robustly associated with HP in AAV. The histology of thickened dura mater tissues includes fibrotic changes and infiltration of several immunocompetent cells, but the typical findings of GPA, such as granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing vasculitis, are not observed in all patients with ANCA-related HP. Corticosteroids are the first-line therapy for ANCA-related HP, while the concomitant use of immunosuppressive agents including cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and mycophenolate mofetil, is an ideal strategy for achieving remission. Rituximab is a useful agent in refractory ANCA-related HP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shimojima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Sekijima
- Department of Medicine (Neurology and Rheumatology), Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Koenen L, Elbelt U, Olze H, Zappe S, Dommerich S. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis in a patient with polydipsia, facial nerve paralysis, and severe otologic complaints: a case report and review of the literature. J Med Case Rep 2022; 16:291. [PMID: 35897050 PMCID: PMC9331564 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-022-03492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis, is a necrotizing vasculitis with granulomatous inflammation that belongs to the class of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-positive diseases. It occurs in a localized and a systemic form and may present with a variety of symptoms. Involvement of the upper respiratory tract is very common, while neurologic, endocrinological, and nephrological dysfunction may occur. CASE PRESENTATION We describe the case of a 29-year-old Central European male patient presenting with severe bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, otorrhea, and one-sided facial nerve paralysis. The patient was unsuccessfully treated with i.v. antibiotics at another hospital in Berlin, and tympanic tubes were inserted. After presentation to our emergency room, he was hospitalized and further diagnostics started. Increased fluid intake and 12 kg weight gain over the last months were reported. The patient was diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and diabetes insipidus. The patient's condition improved after treatment with rituximab. DISCUSSION A comprehensive PubMed search of all articles with granulomatosis with polyangiitis and diabetes insipidus was conducted to assess which combination of symptoms occurs simultaneously and whether other parts of the pituitary are commonly involved. The 39 selected articles, describing 61 patients, showed that ear-nose-throat involvement occurred most commonly, in 71% of cases. Of patients, 59% had involvement of the anterior pituitary gland, while true panhypopituitarism occurred in 13% of cases. Only one case report featured the same set of symptoms as described herein. CONCLUSION Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is a highly variable disease, commonly involving the upper airways, but that may present with symptoms solely related to the pituitary gland. Clinicians should have a low threshold to investigate for granulomatosis with polyangiitis in patients with therapy-resistant otorrhea. Patients may present with a complex set of symptoms, and integrating different specialists when additional symptoms occur may lead to faster diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Koenen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Mittelallee 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ulf Elbelt
- Department of Medicine B-Hepatology, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology, Diabetes, Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Care, Brandenburg Medical School, Neuruppin, Germany
| | - Heidi Olze
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Mittelallee 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sören Zappe
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Mittelallee 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Steffen Dommerich
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Mittelallee 2, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Miletić M, Stojanović M, Stojković M, Nedeljković-Beleslin B, Tančić-Gajić M, Ćirić J, Žarković M. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis: Possible endocrine manifestations. MEDICINSKI GLASNIK SPECIJALNE BOLNICE ZA BOLESTI ŠTITASTE ŽLEZDE I BOLESTI METABOLIZMA 2022. [DOI: 10.5937/mgiszm2287028m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium-sized blood vessels characterized by diffuse inflammation of vascular structures and perivascular and extravascular granulomatosis. In its systemic form, GPA predominantly affects the ear, nose and throat, with lung and kidney involvement with typically rapidly progressive necrotizing glomerulonephritis with extracapillary crescents, while the absence of kidney damage at the time of diagnosis is defined as a limited form of GPA with a more favorable prognosis (1, 2). Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA) with specificity for proteinase 3 (PR3) represent a biochemical diagnostic criterion. They are detected in 90% of generalized forms and in about 50% of limited forms of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (1, 2). In the absence of treatment, GPA is a disease of progressive evolution. Systemic corticosteroid therapy and immunosuppressive therapy significantly changed the prognostic aspect of the disease. Only a few sporadic observations have been published on endocrine disorders associated with GPA. We present a case of a man, 39 years old, with Wegener's granulomatosis who developed autoimmune thyroiditis 8 years after the initial diagnosis.
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11
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Koritala T, Mene-Afejuku TO, Schaefer M, Dondapati L, Pleshkova Y, Yasmin F, Mushtaq HA, Khedr A, Adhikari R, Al Mutair A, Alhumaid S, Rabaan AA, Al-Tawfiq JA, Jain NK, Khan SA, Kashyap R, Surani S. Granulomatous Polyangiitis With Renal Involvement: A Case Report and Review of Literature. Cureus 2021; 13:e19814. [PMID: 34963834 PMCID: PMC8695666 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.19814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly named Wegner’s granulomatosis is an antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis of the small vessels. GPA can affect several organ systems even though predominantly affects respiratory and renal systems. Pathogenesis is initiated by activation of the immune system to produce ANCA, Cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) antibody, which thereby leads to widespread necrosis and granulomatous inflammation. Multisystem involvement with varied symptomatology makes GPA diagnosis more challenging. Early diagnosis and management are vital and can alter the prognosis of the disease. We present a literature review and a clinical scenario of a 26-year-old male with a history of chronic sinusitis, testicular carcinoma in remission, recent onset of worsening cough, epistaxis, hoarseness of voice, weight loss, and dark-colored urine. Workup revealed high titers of C-ANCA, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, CT chest evidence of mass-like consolidation, and bronchoscopy findings of friable tissue that was not amenable for biopsy. Methylprednisolone and rituximab (RTX) were administered, which resulted in marked clinical improvement. Therefore, a keen eye for details is necessary to diagnose GPA early, which can improve disease outcomes dramatically.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lavanya Dondapati
- Internal Medicine, Dr. N.T.R University of Health Sciences, Vijayawada, IND
| | | | - Farah Yasmin
- Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, PAK
| | | | - Anwar Khedr
- Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Mankato, USA.,Medicine, Tanta University Faculty of Medicine, Tanta, EGY
| | - Ramesh Adhikari
- Hospital Medicine, Franciscan Health, Lafayette, USA.,Geriatrics, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Emergency Medicine, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Al-Ahsa, SAU
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Microbiology, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, SAU
| | | | | | | | - Rahul Kashyap
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA
| | - Salim Surani
- Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, USA.,Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.,Medicine, University of North Texas Dallas, Dallas, USA.,Internal Medicine, Pulmonary Associates of Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, USA.,Clinical Medicine, University of Houston, Houston, USA
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12
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Guzman-Soto MI, Kimura Y, Romero-Sanchez G, Cienfuegos-Alvear JA, Candanedo-Gonzalez F, Kimura-Sandoval Y, Sanchez-Nava DA, Alonso-Ramon I, Hinojosa-Azaola A. From Head to Toe: Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis. Radiographics 2021; 41:1973-1991. [PMID: 34652975 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021210132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. It is an uncommon multisystem disease involving predominantly small vessels and is characterized by granulomatous inflammation, pauci-immune necrotizing glomerulonephritis, and vasculitis. GPA can involve virtually any organ. Clinical manifestations are heterogeneous and can be classified as granulomatous (eg, ear, nose, and throat disease; lung nodules or masses; retro-orbital tumors; pachymeningitis) or vasculitic (eg, glomerulonephritis, alveolar hemorrhage, mononeuritis multiplex, scleritis). The diagnosis of GPA relies on a combination of clinical findings, imaging study results, laboratory test results, serologic markers, and histopathologic results. Radiology has a crucial role in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with GPA. CT and MRI are the primary imaging modalities used to evaluate GPA manifestations, allowing the differentiation of GPA from other diseases that could simulate GPA. The authors review the main clinical, histopathologic, and imaging features of GPA to address the differential diagnosis in the affected organs and provide a panoramic picture of the protean manifestations of this infrequent disease. The heterogeneous manifestations of GPA pose a significant challenge in the diagnosis of this rare condition. By recognizing the common and unusual imaging findings, radiologists play an important role in the diagnosis and follow-up of patients with GPA and aid clinicians in the differentiation of disease activity versus disease-induced damage, which ultimately affects therapeutic decisions. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahatma I Guzman-Soto
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Yukiyoshi Kimura
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Griselda Romero-Sanchez
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Jose Antonio Cienfuegos-Alvear
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Fernando Candanedo-Gonzalez
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Yumi Kimura-Sandoval
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Dulce A Sanchez-Nava
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Ingrid Alonso-Ramon
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
| | - Andrea Hinojosa-Azaola
- From the Departments of Radiology (M.I.G.S., Y.K., G.R.S., J.A.C.A., Y.K.S., D.A.S.N., I.A.R.), Pathology (F.C.G.), and Immunology and Rheumatology (A.H.A.), Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, Col. Sección XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico 14080
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13
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Piper K, Beldick SR, Karsy M, Allawh T, Shirodkar M, Miller J, Kiriakidou M, Curtis M, Evans JJ. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis masquerading as pituitary adenoma with apoplexy. Mod Rheumatol Case Rep 2021; 5:342-346. [PMID: 33784948 DOI: 10.1080/24725625.2021.1909222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a small- and medium-vessel autoimmune vasculitis. Rare presentations of GPA can manifest as ophthalmologic and endocrinological deficits with sellar enhancement on imaging. While GPA typically presents distinct in appearance from other sellar pathologies, such as pituitary adenoma, we report the case of a 41-year-old woman with GPA of the pituitary that was initially diagnosed as pituitary macroadenoma with apoplexy and treated with two surgical resections without improvement of clinical symptoms. Pathology analysis of the second resection specimen revealed an inflammatory process consistent with GPA. After the pathologic and clinical diagnosis of GPA was established, treatment with steroid and steroid-sparing immunosuppressants resulted in improvements both on imaging and symptomatically. We discuss important aspects of the diagnosis and treatment of this rare presentation of GPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keenan Piper
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie R Beldick
- Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Karsy
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tanya Allawh
- Department of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Monika Shirodkar
- Department of Endocrinology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Miller
- Department of Endocrinology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marianthi Kiriakidou
- Department of Rheumatology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark Curtis
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James J Evans
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Prodam F, Caputo M, Mele C, Marzullo P, Aimaretti G. Insights into non-classic and emerging causes of hypopituitarism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:114-129. [PMID: 33247226 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-00437-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism is defined as one or more partial or complete pituitary hormone deficiencies, which are related to the anterior and/or posterior gland and can have an onset in childhood or adulthood. The most common aetiology is a sellar or suprasellar lesion, often an adenoma, which causes hypopituitarism due to tumour mass effects, or the effects of surgery and/or radiation therapy. However, other clinical conditions, such as traumatic brain injury, and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, can result in hypopituitarism, and there are also genetic causes of hypopituitarism. Furthermore, the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancer is increasing the risk of hypopituitarism, with a pattern of hormone defects that is different from the classic patterns and depends on mechanisms that are specific for each drug. Moreover, autoantibody production against the pituitary and hypothalamus has been demonstrated in studies investigating the development or worsening of some cases of hypopituitarism. Finally, evidence suggests that posterior pituitary damage can affect oxytocin secretion. The aim of this Review is to summarize current knowledge on non-classic and emerging causes of hypopituitarism, so as to help clinicians improve early identification, avoid life-threatening events and improve the clinical care and quality of life of patients at risk of hypopituitarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Prodam
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Marina Caputo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Mele
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Paolo Marzullo
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
- Division of General Medicine, I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Ospedale San Giuseppe, Verbania, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
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15
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Sass SJ, Wiens E, Ziegler J, Sharma A. A 39-Year-Old Woman With Hemoptysis, Polydipsia, and Polyuria. Chest 2021; 159:e97-e101. [PMID: 33563462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CASE PRESENTATION A 39-year-old previously healthy woman presented to the hospital with a nonproductive cough, small-volume hemoptysis, and exertional dyspnea. In addition, she reported a 4-week history of progressive left-sided headache, retro-orbital pain, left ear conductive hearing loss, fever, chills, anorexia, and a 10-lb weight loss. She had no prior sick contacts or history of respiratory tract infections. She did not take any chronic medications or supplements. The patient was a lifelong nonsmoker. She worked as a field consultant in Northern Manitoba communities. While in the hospital, she developed new symptoms of "unquenchable thirst," polydipsia, and polyuria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Sass
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Evan Wiens
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jennifer Ziegler
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Aditya Sharma
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Triano MJ, Haberstroh WD, Lenka A, Whelton SA. Relapsed granulomatosis with polyangiitis with panhypopituitarism. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:14/1/e237774. [PMID: 33509867 PMCID: PMC7845712 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-237774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A man in his early 60s with a medical history of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) in remission for two decades without maintenance therapy presented with non-specific complaints of profound fatigue and 40-pound weight loss. He was seronegative for antinuclear antibodies and cytoplasmic antineutrophilic antibodies, but erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein levels were elevated. Endocrinological testing revealed adrenal insufficiency, hypogonadism, hypothyroidism and diabetes insipidus. An MRI of the head revealed extensive sinonasal inflammation eroding through the floor of the sella turcica and into the pituitary gland and stalk. Biopsy of the sinonasal tissues was inconclusive. On review of his case, a multidisciplinary team diagnosed him with panhypopituitarism secondary to a recurrence of GPA. He responded well to glucocorticoids and methotrexate with marked reduction of pituitary enhancement on imaging and resolution of diabetes insipidus. He will require lifelong testosterone, levothyroxine and glucocorticoids for hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Triano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - William D Haberstroh
- Division of General Internal Medicine, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Abhishek Lenka
- Department of Neurology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Sean A Whelton
- Department of Neurosurgery, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA,Division of Rheumatology, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
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17
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Callen A, Narvid J, Chen X, Gregath T, Meisel K. Neurovascular disease, diagnosis, and therapy: Cervical and intracranial atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and vasculopathy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 176:249-266. [PMID: 33272399 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64034-5.00023-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death, disability, and financial burden in the United States. Perhaps more than any other disease process, the rapidity with which the diagnosis and treatment of stroke are successfully achieved is paramount to the reduction of its associated morbidity and mortality. Steno-occlusive intracranial vascular disease, the most notorious culprit of cerebral ischemia and/or hemorrhage, traces its etiology to native and embolic atherosclerosis as well as various forms of vascular inflammation, insult, and dysfunction. Distinguishing between these causes is a critical first step in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient presenting with cerebrovascular compromise. In this chapter, we delineate the clinical and imaging features of cervical and intracranial atherosclerosis, vasculitis, and vasculopathy, along with the evidence behind the treatments which comprise their current-day standard of care. The modern imaging armamentarium is diverse and complex, with contrast-enhanced and non-contrast MR angiography, CT angiography, digital subtraction angiography, and ultrasound; each playing an important role in providing rapid insight into the patient's disease process. Understanding these imaging techniques and their application in the acute setting is critical for the provider caring for stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Callen
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Jared Narvid
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Xiaolin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Trevor Gregath
- Department of Neurology, Bryan Health, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Karl Meisel
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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18
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Chiloiro S, Tartaglione T, Giampietro A, Bianchi A. Hypothalamitis and pituitary atrophy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 181:149-159. [PMID: 34238454 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820683-6.00011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamitis is a rare inflammatory disorder involving the hypothalamus and classified as primary, or isolated, and secondary hypothalamitis. Secondary hypothalamitis although very rare is more common than the primary one and may occur in patients affected by autoimmune diseases such as autoimmune hypophysitis, systemic autoimmune diseases, infective diseases in patients affected by immune-deficit, paraneoplastic encephalitis, or in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. In accordance with the rarity of this disease, diagnosis and management of hypothalamitis prove to be challenging. The diagnosis requires a high index of clinical suspicion. The main symptoms may be: various degrees of hypopituitarism, neuropsychiatric and behavioral disorders, and disturbances of autonomic and metabolic regulation. Magnetic resonance images play a crucial role in the diagnosis of hypothalamitis and in the exclusion of a neoplastic lesion. Therapeutic management should be oriented according to the disease etiology. In most cases, after ruling out infective hypothalamitis, the mainstay of therapy consists of immunosuppressive treatment. Great attention should be paid to hormonal replacement therapy, if partial or total hypopituitarism is present, in particular in patients affected by diabetes insipidus, central hypoadrenalism and hypothyroidism. According to the complexity of this disease, a multidisciplinary approach is strongly advocated to reach an early diagnosis and an integrated therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chiloiro
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Tartaglione
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Istituto Dermatopatico dell'Immacolata IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Institute of Radiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Giampietro
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Bianchi
- Pituitary Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
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19
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Muto R, Inagaki K, Sato N, Sameshima T, Nagakura Y, Baba S, Kato N, Maruyama S, Akahori T. Ectopic Relapse of Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Pituitary Vasculitis with No Elevation of Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies after Renal Remission. Intern Med 2020; 59:3187-3193. [PMID: 32788533 PMCID: PMC7807102 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.4731-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) titer levels and relapse risk in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) following clinical remission remains controversial. We herein report a case showing ectopic relapse of AAV in the pituitary with no ANCA elevation after renal remission. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an enlarged pituitary gland. A pituitary biopsy showed geographic necrosis with multinucleated giant cells. We diagnosed this case as relapse of AAV in the pituitary. One month after rituximab therapy, the pituitary gland volume had decreased. The intensification of therapy due to the possibility of vasculitis relapse may facilitate better control of AAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Muto
- Department of Nephrology, Chutoen General Medical Center, Japan
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Koji Inagaki
- Department of Nephrology, Chutoen General Medical Center, Japan
| | - Naokazu Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Chutoen General Medical Center, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Nagakura
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Baba
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Hamamatsu University Hospital, Japan
| | - Noritoshi Kato
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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20
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Li C, Zou Y, Lu X, Wang G, Shu X. Pituitary dysfunction in patients with ANCA associated vasculitis: prevalence, presentation, and outcomes. Ther Adv Chronic Dis 2020; 11:2040622320930636. [PMID: 32566116 PMCID: PMC7285954 DOI: 10.1177/2040622320930636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) are rare multisystem autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration causing necrosis of small blood vessels. Pituitary involvement in AAV is poorly described. This study aimed to describe the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and outcomes of pituitary involvement in patients with AAV. Methods: A total of 150 patients diagnosed with AAV and hospitalized in the China–Japan Friendship Hospital between 2009 and 2019 were enrolled in this retrospective study. Patients diagnosed with pituitary involvement in AAV were selected for inclusion. Results: Three patients (2%) were identified with pituitary involvement. Two patients had positive ANCA titers, one with proteinase 3 positive and one with myeloperoxidase positive antibodies. Pituitary dysfunction presented as an initial symptom in one patient and developed over the course of the diseases in the other two patients. All three patients had abnormal hormones. Among them, two patients had an enlarged pituitary, shown by magnetic resonance images (MRIs), and one patient had a normal sized pituitary, shown by MRI, but presented with increased linear radioactivity uptake in the pituitary fossa by positron emission tomography-computed tomography. All patients were treated with corticosteroid and immunosuppressive therapy. Both pituitary dysfunction and vasculitis were in remission. Conclusion: Pituitary involvement is uncommon in AAV and it can occur at any point during AAV. The main clinical manifestations are central diabetes insipidus and panhypopituitarism. Immunosuppressive therapy could significantly alleviate clinical symptoms as well as pituitary imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjia Li
- Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guochun Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoming Shu
- Department of Rheumatology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Yinghua East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China
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21
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Celik O, Kalfa M, Celebi ARC, Cabuk B, Ceylan S. Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis as an Uncommon Cause of Panhypopituitarism. J Clin Rheumatol 2019; 25:e145-e146. [PMID: 31764508 DOI: 10.1097/rhu.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozlem Celik
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism Department of Internal Medicine Acibadem University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey Division of Rheumatology Department of Internal Medicine Acibadem University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey Department of Ophthalmology Acibadem University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey Department of Neurosurgery Kocaeli University School of Medicine Pituitary Research Center Kocaeli, Turkey
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22
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Gadani SP, Nadgir R, Windon A, Rooper L, Alghanim F. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Manifesting as a Symptomatic Sellar Mass in a Young Woman. Cureus 2019; 11:e5823. [PMID: 31754558 PMCID: PMC6827696 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.5823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A pituitary mass is a rare and poorly understood complication of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Here we describe the case of a young woman with GPA who presented with signs and symptoms initially suggestive of meningitis but was ultimately found to have hypopituitarism and an enlarging sellar mass. She underwent transsphenoidal biopsy, which revealed an abundance of sterile inflammation and necrosis consistent with GPA-related inflammation. This case demonstrates a rare complication of GPA, i.e., a pituitary mass, initially mimicking meningitis. GPA-related pituitary involvement has an unknown pathogenesis and can have debilitating long-term consequences including chronic hypopituitarism and vision impairment, highlighting the need for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lisa Rooper
- Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, USA
| | - Fahid Alghanim
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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Pituitary dysfunction in granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:595-606. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04735-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abushamat LA, Kerr JM, Lopes MBS, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK. Very Unusual Sellar/Suprasellar Region Masses: A Review. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2019; 78:673-684. [PMID: 31233145 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlz044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of sellar region masses in large retrospective series is overwhelmingly pituitary adenomas (84.6%), followed by craniopharyngiomas (3.2%), cystic nonneoplastic lesions (2.8%), inflammatory lesions (1.1%), meningiomas (0.94%), metastases (0.6%), and chordomas (0.5%) (1). While other rare lesions were also identified (collectively 6.0%), single unusual entities in the above-cited series numbered <1-2 examples each out of the 4122 cases, underscoring their rarity. We searched our joint files for rare, often singular, sellar/suprasellar masses that we had encountered over the past several decades in our own specialty, tertiary care specialty pituitary center practices. Cases for this review were subjectively selected for their challenging clinical and/or histological features as well as teaching value based on the senior authors' (MBSL, BKD) collective experience with over 7000 examples. We excluded entities deemed to be already well-appreciated by neuropathologists such as mixed adenoma-gangliocytoma, posterior pituitary tumors, metastases, and hypophysitis. We identified examples that, in our judgment, were sufficiently unusual enough to warrant further reporting. Herein, we present 3 diffuse large cell B cell pituitary lymphomas confined to the sellar region with first presentation at that site, 2 sarcomas primary to sella in nonirradiated patients, and 1 case each of granulomatosis with polyangiitis and neurosarcoidosis with first presentations as a sellar/suprasellar mass. Other cases included 1 of chronic lymphocytic leukemia within a gonadotroph adenoma and 1 of ectopic nerve fascicles embedded within a somatotroph adenoma, neither of which impacted patient care. Our objective was to share these examples and review the relevant literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla A Abushamat
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Janice M Kerr
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - M Beatriz S Lopes
- Department of Pathology (Neuropathology) and Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bette K Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
- Department of Pathology
- Department of Neurology
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Gu Y, Sun X, Peng M, Zhang T, Shi J, Mao J. Pituitary involvement in patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: case series and literature review. Rheumatol Int 2019; 39:1467-1476. [PMID: 31203400 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-019-04338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
GPA with pituitary involvement is a rare condition which is prone to be misdiagnosed. The aim of this study was to summarize clinical features of pituitary involvement in GPA and facilitate early diagnosis. Twelve GPA patients were retrospectively analyzed at a single hospital between 2000 and 2017. A literature review was conducted to compare previous findings with our clinical results. The incidence rate of pituitary involvement in GPA was 3.9% (12/304) without sexual predilection. Other impairments included ear, nose and throat (n = 12), oculi (n = 10), lung (n = 6), meninges (n = 4), kidney (n = 3), and skin (n = 2). Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA) were positive in all patients with lung or kidney involvement (n = 6/6), while ANCA were negative in almost all patients without lung or kidney involvement (n = 5/6). Endocrine abnormalities included central diabetes insipidus (CDI, n = 11/12) hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (n = 6/11), adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (n = 4/7), thyroid-stimulating hormone deficiency (n = 5/11), and growth hormone deficiency (n = 3/9). Enlarged pituitary gland (n = 6), absence of posterior hyperintense signal on T1-weighed images (n = 11) and hypertrophic cranial pachymeningitis (n = 4) were common radiological manifestations. After treatment, nine patients experienced remission but one died. Pituitary images of 3/4 patients showed size of pituitary lesions decreased. CDI was not alleviated and hypopituitarism remained in two patients. Pituitary involvement in GPA can occur at any time throughout the course of disease, including at the initial presentation. GPA could not be excluded based on negative-ANCA in patients with pituitary abnormality alone. CDI and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism are dominant endocrine abnormalities. Systemic diseases may alleviate and pituitary images may improve after treatment, though the recovery of pituitary function is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xuefeng Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Min Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Juhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, No. 1 Shuai Fu Yuan Street, Dongcheng-qu, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Miłkowska-Dymanowska J, Laskowska P, Rzuczkowski M, Białas AJ, Piotrowski WJ, Górski P. Untypical Manifestations of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis—A Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-019-00083-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wehbeh L, Alreddawi S, Salvatori R. Hypophysitis in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors and immunoglobulin G4-related disease. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2019; 14:167-178. [PMID: 30939947 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2019.1598260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypophysitis is a rare disorder, defined as inflammation of the pituitary gland that may result in pituitary enlargement and varying anterior and posterior pituitary hormonal deficits. It involves different histopathological subtypes and variable etiologies, with considerable overlap between classification systems. Histopathology is the gold standard diagnostic approach. AREAS COVERED In this article, we will review the major histopathological subtypes of hypophysitis with a special focus on immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related hypophysitis and immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced hypophysitis, given their recent appearance and increasing incidence. We will summarize the similarities and differences between the different subtypes as it relates to epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and management. EXPERT OPINION Hypophysitis is a heterogeneous and wide term used to describe different, possibly distinct diseases often with poorly understood pathogenesis. It involves a wide range of subtypes with certain differences in incidence rates, pathogenesis, and management. Management usually focuses on relieving the mass effect symptoms and replacing the deficient pituitary hormones. Spontaneous recovery is possible but recurrence is not uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Wehbeh
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Pituitary Center , The Johns Hopkins University Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Sama Alreddawi
- b Medstar Health Internal Medicine Residency Program, Department of Medicine , Union Memorial Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- a Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and Pituitary Center , The Johns Hopkins University Hospital , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Zhang S, Yuan D, Tan G. Neurological Involvement in Primary Systemic Vasculitis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:430. [PMID: 31105641 PMCID: PMC6498988 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary systemic vasculitis can affect every structure in both the central and peripheral nervous system, causing varied neurological manifestations of neurological dysfunction. Early recognition of the underlying causes of the neurological symptoms can facilitate timely treatment and improve the prognosis. This review highlights the clinical manifestations of primary systemic vasculitis in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongli Yuan
- The Institute of Medical Information, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ge Tan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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29
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Kocaer SB, Ozer E, Yilmaz E, Sari I. Hypophysis Involvement in Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2019; 71:1124. [PMID: 30816641 DOI: 10.1002/art.40873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erdener Ozer
- Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ismail Sari
- Dokuz Eylul University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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Zheng Y, Zhang Y, Cai M, Lai N, Chen Z, Ding M. Central Nervous System Involvement in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: What Neurologists Need to Know. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1166. [PMID: 30687221 PMCID: PMC6335277 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide a comprehensive review of the central nervous system (CNS) involvement in anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV), including the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, ancillary investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Particular emphasis is placed on the clinical spectrum and diagnostic testing of AAV. Recent Findings: AAV is a pauci-immune small-vessel vasculitis characterized by neutrophil-mediated vasculitis and granulomatousis. Hypertrophic pachymeninges is the most frequent CNS presentation. Cerebrovascular events, hypophysitis, posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) or isolated mass lesions may occur as well. Spinal cord is rarely involved. In addition, ear, nose and throat (ENT), kidney and lung involvement often accompany or precede the CNS manifestations. Positive ANCA testing is highly suggestive of the diagnosis, with each ANCA serotype representing different groups of AAV patients. Pathological evidence is the gold standard but not necessary. Once diagnosed, prompt initiation of induction therapy, including steroid and other immunosuppressants, can greatly mitigate the disease progression. Conclusions and Relevance: Early recognition of AAV as the underlying cause for various CNS disorders is important for neurologists. Ancillary investigations especially the ANCA testing can provide useful information for diagnosis. Future studies are needed to better delineate the clinical spectrum of CNS involvement in AAV and the utility of ANCA serotype to classify those patients. Evidence Review: We searched Pubmed for relevant case reports, case series, original research and reviews in English published between Sep 1st, 2001 and Sep 1st, 2018. The following search terms were used alone or in various combinations: “ANCA,” “proteinase 3/PR3-ANCA,” “myeloperoxidase/MPO-ANCA,” “ANCA-associated vasculitis,” “Wegener's granulomatosis,” “microscopic polyangiitis,” “Central nervous system,” “brain” and “spinal cord”. All articles identified were full-text papers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yinxi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengting Cai
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nanxi Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meiping Ding
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu S, Xu Y, Li N, Chen S, Zhang S, Peng L, Bai W, Wang J, Gao J, Zeng X, Shi J, Wang M. Pituitary Involvement in Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: A Retrospective Analysis in a Single Chinese Hospital and a Literature Review. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:2176878. [PMID: 31781205 PMCID: PMC6874975 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2176878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is an anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) associated vasculitis that can involve virtually many organs, including the pituitary. Pituitary involvement in GPA is rare, with only case reports or small case series published previously. METHODS We used the electronic medical record system in our hospital to identify four patients of pituitary involvement in GPA. We summarized the clinical characteristics, radiographic findings, treatments, and clinical outcomes of the four patients. We further performed a systematic literature review of 66 GPA cases with pituitary involvement that were published on the PubMed database. RESULTS The four women in our report were between 57 and 73 years of age. All patients had pituitary abnormalities on radiology; three developed diabetes insipidus (DI). All patients had multisystem involvement. After treatment with glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide (CYC), all patients showed clinical improvement but pituitary function did not resume. Literature review identified 66 additional patients with pituitary involvement in GPA; diabetes insipidus (57/66, 86.4%) and hypogonadism (34/66, 51.5%) were the most frequent pituitary disorders, and the most frequent imaging lesion was an enlarged pituitary (25/64, 39.1%). After treatment with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents, most patients (45/66, 68.2%) developed remission from systemic disease, 13 patients (13/57, 22.8%) showed remission of DI, and 8 patients (8/46, 17.4%) showed remission of hormone deficiencies. CONCLUSIONS GPA should be carefully considered as a potential cause of pituitary dysfunction (PD), especially when multisystem dysfunction exists. Conventional treatment with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive agents improves systemic symptoms, but pituitary disorders persisted in most patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Naishi Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shangzhu Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinglan Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinming Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juhong Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Stegink JA, Sehgal V, Konig M. A UNIQUE CASE OF CENTRAL HYPOPITUITARISM AND CENTRAL DIABETES INSIPIDUS CAUSED BY DIFFUSE LARGE B-CELL LYMPHOMA. AACE Clin Case Rep 2019; 5:e22-e26. [PMID: 31966994 PMCID: PMC6876978 DOI: 10.4158/accr-2018-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the case of a 39-year-old male admitted to the hospital with diabetes insipidus as a sequela of a previously undiagnosed diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. This case is unique, as the patient's disease was determined to be an infiltrative malignancy affecting the pituitary infundibular stalk, resulting in multifocal pituitary dysfunction. METHODS Case report. RESULTS Initially presenting with gastrointestinal bleed, later discovered to be from tumor infiltration of gastric vessels, diagnosis of lymphoma was made when gastrectomy became necessary for hemostasis. Subsequent hypernatremia on basic laboratory studies led to further investigation and revealed central diabetes insipidus. Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary was performed, showing thickening of the infundibular stalk. Additional endocrine evaluation revealed central hypothyroidism and central adrenal insufficiency. CONCLUSION Radiologic findings of thickened pituitary infundibulum can support the diagnosis of central diabetes insipidus when additional symptoms are present. Central diabetes insipidus due to lymphomatous infundibular stalk infiltration is an uncommon presentation of endocrine deficiency as well as malignancy; this case demonstrates the management of a critically ill patient with central hypopituitarism due to diffuse B-cell lymphoma.
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Chu JN, Goglin S, Patzek S, Brondfield S. Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Presenting as Hypophysitis. Am J Med 2019; 132:e21-e22. [PMID: 30240681 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janet N Chu
- Division of General Internal Medicine Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Sarah Goglin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sophie Patzek
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco
| | - Sam Brondfield
- Division of Hematology and Oncology Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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Zhang X, Xing B, You H, Wu H, Zhong Y, Ma J. Severe ophthalmic manifestation in pituitary-involved granulomatosis with polyangiitis: a case report and literature review. BMC Ophthalmol 2018; 18:299. [PMID: 30445952 PMCID: PMC6240177 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-018-0966-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), a necrotizing granulomatous disease, very rarely involves the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the pituitary. Delayed treatment may cause permanent bilateral blindness. We report an isolated case of pituitary GPA that manifested as a progressive bilateral temporal visual field (VF) defect and was diagnosed via pituitary biopsy. Additionally, we review ocular, chiasmal and cranial nerve involvement in pituitary GPA. CASE PRESENTATION A 20-year-old Chinese man was referred for repeated fever, sudden headache, diplopia with a bilateral best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 10/20, ptosis in both eyes and restricted abduction on the right side. VF tests showed bitemporal hemianopsia. Laboratory tests revealed hypothyroidism and were negative for autoimmune markers. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed pituitary enlargement. The diagnosis was lymphocytic pituitaritis. After intravenous (IV) dexamethasone treatment, full recovery occurred within 2 months. Two years later, the patient was readmitted for headache recurrence. With oral prednisone, the visual acuity in his right eye rapidly decreased to hand motion (HM) within one month. Enhanced MRI showed pituitary enlargement and a new, invasive suprasellar CNS lesion. All infection- and autoimmune-related tests were negative. The visual acuity in his right and left eye decreased to no light perception (NLP) after 6 days and 2 weeks, respectively. The biopsy results suggested GPA. After IV methylprednisolone treatment, complete remission of the symptoms occurred and was confirmed by MRI. The 15-month follow-up showed no signs of recurrence. CONCLUSION GPA typically affects the respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. To date, 50 cases with pituitary involvement have been reported. Chiasmal and cranial nerve involvement leading to visual acuity impairment are common. We found 2 cases with severe visual loss resembling our case and discuss certain similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui You
- Department of Radiology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Huanwen Wu
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
| | - Jin Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, China.
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Grygiel-Górniak B, Limphaibool N, Perkowska K, Puszczewicz M. Clinical manifestations of granulomatosis with polyangiitis: key considerations and major features. Postgrad Med 2018; 130:581-596. [PMID: 30071173 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2018.1503920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) presents a wide spectrum of manifestations from the common respiratory symptoms to infrequent neurological and cardiac complications. The challenge in diagnosis and management makes the rapidly progressive disorder one of the most challenging dilemmas in clinical medicine. METHOD An extensive electronic literature search was done using multiple databases (e.g. PubMed) from January 2007 to August 2017 to gather information on the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, and current treatment management plan of GPA. The language used was English. Search items included 'Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis symptoms,' 'Wegener's Granulomatosis,' and 'Treatment of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis' for the databases. Inclusion criteria consisted of published articles in the English language which reported on the clinical manifestations of GPA, as well as on the treatment of the disease. Exclusion criteria included articles that: (1) did not specifically report on GPA vasculitis but also focused on discussion of other vasculitis such as MPA or Churg-Strauss; (2) reported on treatment/symptoms of GPA prior to 2007. RESULT This review provides an overview of work undertaken in key areas of GPA research, including its complex multifactorial etiology, clinical manifestations, treatment strategies, and treatment-related adverse effects. CONCLUSION Major advances in the understanding and treatment of GPA over recent decades have contributed to the notable decline in morbidity and mortality of patients. The ultimate goal is an improved prognosis through outcome measures which assesses the disease control with minimal adverse effects of intensive immunosuppressive regimens, an integral part of the clinical approach to improve the quality of life of GPA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogna Grygiel-Górniak
- a Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Nattakarn Limphaibool
- a Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Perkowska
- a Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
| | - Mariusz Puszczewicz
- a Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine , Poznan University of Medical Sciences , Poznan , Poland
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Tsuda Y, Oguri T, Sakurai K, Watanabe T, Maeda N, Yuasa H. [Intrasellar xanthogranuloma with abscess formation in a patient with Rathke's cleft cyst]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 2018; 58:411-413. [PMID: 29863103 DOI: 10.5692/clinicalneurol.cn-001163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
An 80-year-old woman diagnosed with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) complained of a sustained, non-pulsatile headache. Her brain MRI diffusion-weighted images revealed a high-signal-intensity, space-occupying lesion in the sellar region that was rim-enhanced on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images. Pituitary involvement of GPA was initially suspected based on her condition; however, an abscess formation within an existing Rathke's cleft cyst was also considered according to a previous MRI finding that had been conducted for an unrelated purpose. A trans-sphenoidal resection of the lesion revealed an abscess with foam cells. These findings were consistent with a diagnosis of a xanthogranuloma with abscess formation in the Rathke's cleft cyst, and her headache was completely resolved without any immune therapy that is required for GPA. Thus, differential diagnosis of space-occupying lesions in the seller region should include xanthogranuloma with abscess formation, especially if a Rathke's cleft cyst is detected as an antecedent finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Tsuda
- Department of Neurology, Tosei General Hospital
| | | | - Keita Sakurai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital
| | - Nagako Maeda
- Department of Pathology, Japanese Red Cross Nagoya Daini Hospital
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Peters JE, Gupta V, Saeed IT, Offiah C, Jawad ASM. Severe localised granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's granulomatosis) manifesting with extensive cranial nerve palsies and cranial diabetes insipidus: a case report and literature review. BMC Neurol 2018; 18:59. [PMID: 29716529 PMCID: PMC5930853 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1058-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) is a multisystem vasculitis of small- to medium-sized blood vessels. Cranial involvement can result in cranial nerve palsies and, rarely, pituitary infiltration. Case presentation We describe the case of a 32 year-old woman with limited but severe GPA manifesting as progressive cranial nerve palsies and pituitary dysfunction. Our patient initially presented with localised ENT involvement, but despite treatment with methotrexate, she deteriorated. Granulomatous inflammatory tissue around the skull base resulted in cavernous sinus syndrome, facial nerve palsy, palsies of cranial nerves IX-XII (Collet-Sicard syndrome), and the rare complication of cranial diabetes insipidus due to pituitary infiltration. The glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerve palsies resulted in severe dysphagia and she required nasogastric tube feeding. Her neurological deficits substantially improved with treatment including high dose corticosteroid, cyclophosphamide and rituximab. Conclusions This case emphasises that serious morbidity can arise from localised cranial Wegener’s granulomatosis in the absence of systemic disease. In such cases intensive induction immunosuppression is required. Analysis of previously reported cases of pituitary involvement in GPA reveals that this rare complication predominantly affects female patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Peters
- Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Worts Causeway, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK. .,Department of Rheumatology, The Royal London and Mile End Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, UK.
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Rheumatology, The Royal London and Mile End Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, UK
| | - Ibtisam T Saeed
- Department of Histopathology, Queen's Hospital, Rom Valley Road, Romford, RM7 0AG, UK
| | - Curtis Offiah
- Department of Radiology, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Whitechapel Road, London, E1 1BB, UK
| | - Ali S M Jawad
- Department of Rheumatology, The Royal London and Mile End Hospitals, Barts Health NHS Trust, Bancroft Road, London, E1 4DG, UK
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Draghi R, Mantovani G, Runza L, Carrabba G, Fusco N, Rampini P, Costa A, Locatelli M. Rathke's cleft cyst associated with pituitary granulomatosis with polyangiitis: An unusual combination of hypothalamus-pituitary region pathologies. Radiol Case Rep 2018; 13:233-236. [PMID: 29552263 PMCID: PMC5853151 DOI: 10.1016/j.radcr.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors present an unusual case of a patient suffering from visual deficit due to pituitary granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) associated with Rathke's cleft cyst (RCC). The patient was referred to our Neurosurgery Department presenting right eye amaurosis, third cranial nerve palsy, and left temporal hemianopsia. Magnetic resonance imaging documented a sellar or suprasellar lesion with solid and cystic components. The dura mater of the skull base was also strongly enhanced. The patient underwent surgery. Histologic examination revealed RCC associated with pituitary GPA. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of concomitant pituitary GPA and RCC. Pituitary involvement in GPA is rare, usually diagnosed in hormonal dysfunctions. The patient in case first presented optic chiasm compression, probably due to inflammation of both the pituitary gland and the previously asymptomatic RCC. We focus on the symptoms that led us to diagnose GPA pituitary involvement and on the peculiar and unusual Magnetic resonance imaging of the case presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Draghi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Pathophysiology of Organs and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mantovani
- Endocrinology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Letterio Runza
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carrabba
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Rampini
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Costa
- Neuroradiology, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Locatelli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fondazione IRCCS "Ca' Granda" Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Ohashi K, Morishita M, Watanabe H, Sada KE, Katsuyama T, Miyawaki Y, Katsuyama E, Narazaki M, Tatebe N, Watanabe K, Kawabata T, Wada J. Central Diabetes Insipidus in Refractory Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-associated Vasculitis. Intern Med 2017; 56:2943-2948. [PMID: 28943556 PMCID: PMC5709644 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.8683-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein describe two cases of refractory antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) complicated with diabetes insipidus (DI) possibly related to hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP). One patient had microscopic polyangiitis and HP, which were refractory to cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and mizoribine. Remission was finally achieved with the use of etanercept, but DI occurred 5 years later. The other patient had granulomatosis with polyangiitis, which that was refractory to cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, MMF, and rituximab. DI subsequently developed, but was successfully treated with etanercept. Dura mater hypertrophy was macroscopically observed in the latter case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Ohashi
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Michiko Morishita
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Haruki Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Ken-Ei Sada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Takayuki Katsuyama
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Yoshia Miyawaki
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Eri Katsuyama
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Mariko Narazaki
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Noriko Tatebe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Katsue Watanabe
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kawabata
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
| | - Jun Wada
- Department of Nephrology, Rheumatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Japan
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Graf J. Central Nervous System Disease in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies–Associated Vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2017; 43:573-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multisystem disease, characterized by necrotizing small-vessel vasculitis, which mainly affects the respiratory tract and the kidneys. Pituitary involvement in GPA is rare, present in about 1% of all cases of GPA. To date, only case reports or small case series have been published. Herein we report clinical features, imaging findings, treatment and outcomes in three patients with GPA-related pituitary dysfunction (PD). METHODS A retrospective analysis of three cases of GPA-related PD was conducted, followed by systematic review of the English medical literature using PubMed. RESULTS The three cases include three women aged between 32 and 37 years. PD was the presenting feature in one and two developed PD in the course of the disease. All patients had a pituitary lesion on MRI. Conventional treatment with high doses of glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide led to resolution or improvement of the MRI abnormalities, whereas it was not effective in restoring PD. A systematic review identified 51 additional patients, showing that GPA can lead to partial or global PD, either at onset or, during the course of the disease. Secondary hypogonadism is the predominant manifestation, followed by diabetes insipidus (DI). Sellar mass with central cystic lesion is the most frequent radiological finding. CONCLUSION GPA should be carefully considered in patients with a sellar mass and unusual clinical presentation with DI and systemic disease. Although conventional induction-remission treatment improves systemic symptoms and radiological pituitary abnormalities, hormonal deficiencies persist in most of the patients. Therefore, follow-up should include both imaging and pituitary function assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Esposito
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 8, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Penelope Trimpou
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 8, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dario Giugliano
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic Sciences and Aging, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Mats Dehlin
- Department of Rheumatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Oskar Ragnarsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gröna Stråket 8, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Pekic S, Popovic V. DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Expanding the cause of hypopituitarism. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:R269-R282. [PMID: 28258131 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-1065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypopituitarism is defined as one or more pituitary hormone deficits due to a lesion in the hypothalamic-pituitary region. By far, the most common cause of hypopituitarism associated with a sellar mass is a pituitary adenoma. A high index of suspicion is required for diagnosing hypopituitarism in several other conditions such as other massess in the sellar and parasellar region, brain damage caused by radiation and by traumatic brain injury, vascular lesions, infiltrative/immunological/inflammatory diseases (lymphocytic hypophysitis, sarcoidosis and hemochromatosis), infectious diseases and genetic disorders. Hypopituitarism may be permanent and progressive with sequential pattern of hormone deficiencies (radiation-induced hypopituitarism) or transient after traumatic brain injury with possible recovery occurring years from the initial event. In recent years, there is increased reporting of less common and less reported causes of hypopituitarism with its delayed diagnosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the published data and to allow earlier identification of populations at risk of hypopituitarism as optimal hormonal replacement may significantly improve their quality of life and life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Pekic
- School of MedicineUniversity of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of EndocrinologyDiabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Clinical Center Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vera Popovic
- School of MedicineUniversity of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
Rheumatic disease represents a broad spectrum of systemic conditions manifested by multisystem involvement and mediated by autoimmunity and inflammation. Their neurological complications may occur at any point in the disease process and are diagnostically challenging. For years central nervous system (CNS) was considered as a system uniquely protected from effects of the immune system because of the blood-brain barrier. Indeed, under physiological conditions immune access to CNS is tightly regulated. Over the past decade, new scientific discoveries highlighted pathways by which immune and neurological systems interact, including a variety of mechanisms controlling permeability of blood-brain barrier, and specific roles that CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes play in initiation of specific adaptive immune response to neural specific antigens. This leads to release of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1, interleukin 6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha). In addition, B-cells involved in CNS inflammation produce antibodies against membrane bound and soluble antigens. This article describes specific neurological manifestations of the most common autoimmune rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Lvovich
- From the Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Donald P Goldsmith
- From the Section of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, St. Christopher's Hospital for Children, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Pachymeningitis in granulomatosis with polyangiitis: case series with earlier onset in younger patients and literature review. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 36:919-924. [DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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45
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Sellar Wegener Granulomatosis Masquerading as Cabergoline-Resistant Prolactinoma. World Neurosurg 2016; 95:622.e1-622.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Byrne TN, Stone JH, Pillai SS, Rapalino O, Deshpande V. Case Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital. Case 31-2016. A 53-Year-Old Man with Diplopia, Polydipsia, and Polyuria. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1469-1480. [PMID: 27732818 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1610097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas N Byrne
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.) and the Ragon Institute (S.S.P.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - John H Stone
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.) and the Ragon Institute (S.S.P.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Shiv S Pillai
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.) and the Ragon Institute (S.S.P.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Otto Rapalino
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.) and the Ragon Institute (S.S.P.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
| | - Vikram Deshpande
- From the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Neurology (T.N.B.), Rheumatology (J.H.S.), Radiology (O.R.), and Pathology (V.D.) and the Ragon Institute (S.S.P.), Harvard Medical School - all in Boston
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Wludarczyk A, Szczeklik W. Neurological manifestations in ANCA-associated vasculitis - assessment and treatment. Expert Rev Neurother 2016; 16:861-3. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2016.1165095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yang C, Zhang H, Zhang S, Liu L, Ma B, Lou J, Sun X, Zhang B. Oculomotor Paralysis, Postorbital Pain, and Hypopituitarism as First Presentations of Metastatic Gastric Cancer in the Pituitary Flourished by Internal Carotid Aneurysm: A Case Report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e2317. [PMID: 26683972 PMCID: PMC5058944 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic gastric cancer in the pituitary (MGCP) is rare. Few are known on the clinical and radiological characteristics of MGCP. To date, the coexistence of metastatic pituitary tumors and intracranial aneurysms has not been reported in literatures. We present a case of MGCP with internal carotid aneurysm in a 57-year-old woman, who presented with oculomotor paralysis, postorbital pain, and hypopituitarism as onset symptoms. The patient had a history of the surgical removal of gastric cancer. Magnetic resonance imaging and single-photon emission computed tomography revealed a recurrent sellar mass with intracranial and multiple bone metastases. The patient underwent subtotal removal of the tumor, followed by conformal radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Ten months after surgery, the patient died due to deterioration of her overall condition. We also reviewed and analyzed the clinical data, imaging features, and treatment methods of additional 4 cases with MGCP, which were reported in literatures. This study provides important clinical information for the diagnosis and treatment of MGCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwei Yang
- From the Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (CY, HZ, SZ, BM, JL, XS, BZ); and Institute of Cancer Stem Cell (LL), Dalian Medical University, Dalian, PR China
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