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Gu X, Zhao X, Zhao Q, Wang Y, Chen Y. Recent Advances in Imaging Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy with Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2458. [PMID: 37510200 PMCID: PMC10377931 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) diagnosis is indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), but optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) has shown promise for PCV imaging in recent years. However, earlier generations of OCTA technology lacked the diagnostic efficacy to replace ICGA. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA), the latest generation of OCTA technology, has significantly improved penetrating ability, scanning speed, scanning range, and overall image quality compared with earlier generations of OCTA. SS-OCTA reveals a "tangled vasculature" pattern of polypoidal lesions (PLs), providing evidence that they are neovascular rather than aneurysmal structures. New choroidal biomarkers, such as the choriocapillaris flow void (FV), have been identified to explain the development of PCV lesions. Although no direct comparison between SS-OCTA and previous OCTA generations in terms of diagnostic capability has been performed, SS-OCTA has shown several advantages in differential diagnosis and monitoring early reactivation for PCV. These improvements make SS-OCTA a valuable tool for PCV diagnosis and follow-up, and it may become more important for this disease in the future. This review summarized recent advances in PCV morphology and structure, as well as the possible pathogenesis based on SS-OCTA findings. The value of SS-OCTA for PCV management is discussed, along with remaining issues, to provide an updated understanding of PCV and OCTA-guided management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwang Gu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuelin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Youxin Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
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Gouliopoulos N, Gazouli M, Karathanou K, Moschos MM. The association of AGER and ALDH2 gene polymorphisms with diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol 2022; 33:11206721221126287. [PMID: 36113108 DOI: 10.1177/11206721221126287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the possible associations between AGER (rs1051993, rs2070600) and ALDH2 (rs671) gene polymorphisms with nonproliferative (NPDR) and proliferative (PDR) diabetic retinopathy, in a well-defined Greek population. MATERIALS 66 NPDR patients and 57 PDR patients participated in our study, along with 156 age- and gender-matched healthy-control subjects (CL). All the participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, while clinical and demographic data were collected. Furthermore, they were genotyped for the studied polymorphisms. RESULTS No significant differences were detected among the studied groups regarding the participants' age and gender status. We found that the ALDH2 AA genotype was significantly more frequent in PDR patients than in CL (p = 0.014). Furthermore, between NPDR and PDR groups, the AGER rs1051993 GT and TT genotype frequencies were significantly elevated in PDR patients (p < 0.0001 and 0.04, respectively). Moreover, we demonstrated that the heterozygous GT genotype in DR patients is accompanied by 71.11 times higher risk of developing PDR (OR = 71.11: 95% CI- 4.14-1215.2), while the homozygous TT genotype is associated with 12.71 times elevated risk for PDR development (OR = 12.71: 95% CI- 0.63-254.1). CONCLUSIONS We documented that the ALDH2 AA and AGER rs1051993 GT and TT genotypes were observed significantly more frequently in PDR Greek diabetic patients. Our findings also support the genetic theory, suggesting that heritability is significantly implicated in the development of DR, providing additional evidence in the understanding of DR pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gouliopoulos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, 393206National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- 2nd Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, 393206National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology Medical School, 393206National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Marilita M Moschos
- 1st Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, 393206National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Ahuja P, Waris A, Siddiqui SS, Mukherjee A. Single nucleotide variants of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (AGER) gene: is it a new opening in the risk assessment of diabetic retinopathy?-a review. JOURNAL OF GENETIC ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 20:17. [PMID: 35099614 PMCID: PMC8804138 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00297-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. There is strong evidence suggesting that DR has an inheritable component. The interaction between advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and their receptor is integral in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy and its various complications, retinopathy being one of them. Overview and methodology This review discusses the existing literature on the association between single nucleotide variants (SNV) of AGER gene and the risk of DR. It also discusses the current understanding of the AGE-AGER pathway in diabetic retinopathy. Through our article we have tried to consolidate all the available information about these SNVs associated with diabetic retinopathy in a succinct tabular form. Additionally, a current understanding of the AGE-AGER interaction and its deleterious effects on the cells of the retina has been discussed in detail to provide comprehensive information about the topic to the reader. A literature review was performed on PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for studies to find existing literature on the association between AGER gene SNVs and the risk, progression and severity of developing DR. This article will encourage scientific communication and discussion about possibly devising genetic markers for an important cause of blindness both in developed and developing countries, i.e., diabetic retinopathy. Result Based on genetic studies done in Indian and Chinese population G82S(rs2070600) was positively associated with Diabetic Retinopathy. Patients of diabetic retinopathy in Caucasian population had −T374A(rs1800624) polymorphism. + 20T/A was found to be associated with the disease in a study done in UK. Association with G1704T(rs184003) was seen in Chinese and Malaysian population. A Chinese study found its association with CYB242T. -T429C(rs1800625) SNV was not associated with DR in any of the studies. G2245A(rs55640627) was positively associated with the disease process in Malaysian population. It was not associated in Malaysian and Chinese population. Promoter variant rs1051993 has also been found to a susceptible SNV in the Chinese population. Conclusion While providing a comprehensive review of the existing information, we would like to emphasize on a large, multi-centric, trial with a much larger and varied population base to definitely determine these single nucleotide variants predisposing diabetic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Ahuja
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Abdul Waris
- Institute of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Sheelu Shafiq Siddiqui
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Mukherjee
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Navel V, Malecaze J, Belville C, Choltus H, Henrioux F, Dutheil F, Malecaze F, Chiambaretta F, Blanchon L, Sapin V. Dysregulation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) Expression as a Biomarker of Keratoconus. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:1543742. [PMID: 35075374 PMCID: PMC8783726 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1543742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the implications of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products (RAGE) in keratoconus (KC), we describe a differential expression of RAGE transcripts and proteins in corneal tissues and tears of KC and healthy patients. METHODS Using a case-controlled study, corneal epitheliums and tears of KC and healthy subjects were obtained during corneal collagen cross-linking and photorefractive keratectomy (PKR) and during usual consultations. Quantitative reverse transcription (RT-qPCR) and Western-Blot were performed to analyze RAGE transcripts and proteins' expression in corneal tissues and tears. RESULTS One hundred and six patients were included in this study. The characteristics of the patients were as follows: 56 KC (25 corneal epithelium and 31 tears) and 50 control subjects (25 corneal epithelium and 25 tears). Transcripts of RAGE, HMGB1, and S100 family ligands were quantified by RT-qPCR, identifying a significantly higher expression of RAGE and HMGB1 in the healthy group than in the KC group (p = 0.03 and 0.04, respectively). Western Blot showed a significantly higher fl-RAGE expression in KC corneal epithelium than control (p < 0.001) and lower s-RAGE expression in KC tears than control (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Linked with the inflammatory process occurring in KC pathophysiology, we propose for the first time that the RAGE expression (total and truncated forms of receptor and ligands) in KC corneal tissues and tear samples provides viable biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Navel
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean Malecaze
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Corinne Belville
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Héléna Choltus
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Fanny Henrioux
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Frédéric Dutheil
- University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, LaPSCo, Physiological and Psychosocial Stress, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, Preventive and Occupational Medicine, Witty Fit, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - François Malecaze
- Ophthalmology Department, Pierre-Paul Riquet Hospital, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Chiambaretta
- University Hospital of Clermont-Ferrand, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Ophthalmology, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Blanchon
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vincent Sapin
- Translational Approach to Epithelial Injury and Repair Team, University of Clermont Auvergne, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Genetic Reproduction and Development Laboratory (GReD), F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetic, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Genetics of Diabetic Retinopathy, a Leading Cause of Irreversible Blindness in the Industrialized World. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081200. [PMID: 34440374 PMCID: PMC8394456 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a chronic complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness in the industrialized world. Traditional risk factors, such as glycemic control and duration of diabetes, are unable to explain why some individuals remain protected while others progress to a more severe form of the disease. Differences are also observed in DR heritability as well as the response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. This review discusses various aspects of genetics in DR to shed light on DR pathogenesis and treatment. First, we discuss the global burden of DR followed by a discussion on disease pathogenesis as well as the role genetics plays in the prevalence and progression of DR. Subsequently, we provide a review of studies related to DR’s genetic contribution, such as candidate gene studies, linkage studies, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) as well as other clinical and meta-analysis studies that have identified putative candidate genes. With the advent of newer cutting-edge technologies, identifying the genetic components in DR has played an important role in understanding DR incidence, progression, and response to treatment, thereby developing newer therapeutic targets and therapies.
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Qayyum S, Afzal M, Naveed AK. Association analysis of 374T/A (rs1800624) receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) gene polymorphism with diabetic retinopathy in Pakistani patients. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:733-739. [PMID: 34104157 PMCID: PMC8155428 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.3.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES to determine the relationship of 374T/A (rs1800624) polymorphism in the gene encoding RAGE with Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), diabetic retinopathy (DR) and serum soluble RAGE (sRAGE) level in Pakistani patients. METHODS A case-control study, conducted from January 2017 to December 2018, involving 150 healthy controls (HC), 150 T2DM patients with no retinopathy (DNR) and 150 DR patients diagnosed by coloured fundus photography. Tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system - polymerase chain reaction (T-ARMS-PCR) was used for genotyping. Serum sRAGE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELIZA). RESULTS The frequency of TT, TA and AA genotypes of rs1800624 polymorphism were: 92.7%, 6%, 1.3% in HC, 80%, 17.3%, 2.7% in DNR and 76.7%, 19.3%, 4.3% in DR groups. Heterozygous TA genotype and mutant A allele showed significant association with diabetes and DR vs HC. In dominant model, mutant allele showed significant association with DNR and DR vs HC. No significant association of rs1800624 was detected with DR and its sub-groups, non-proliferative DR (NPDR) and proliferative DR (PDR) vs DNR. Dividing NPDR into mild, moderate and severe, heterozygous TA genotype showed significant association with moderate and severe NPDR vs DNR. In DNR and DR groups, TA genotype was significantly associated with raised sRAGE. CONCLUSION rs1800624 RAGE gene polymorphism might be a risk factor for T2DM and NPDR in Pakistani patients. Raised sRAGE levels have a positive correlation with PDR and are associated with heterozygosity of rs1800624 polymorphism in DNR and DR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazia Qayyum
- Dr. Shazia Qayyum, MPhil. Department of Pathology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Muhammad Afzal, MPhil. Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Khaliq Naveed
- Prof. Dr. Abdul Khaliq Naveed, FCPS, PhD. Department of Biochemistry, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Wang L, Xing Y, Yu X, Ming J, Liu X, Li X, Fu J, Zhou J, Gao B, Hu D, Pan C, Ji L, Ji Q. Greater macrovascular and microvascular morbidity from type 2 diabetes in northern compared with southern China: A cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Investig 2020; 11:1285-1294. [PMID: 32227466 PMCID: PMC7477533 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS/INTRODUCTION There are substantial differences in genes, diet, culture and environment between the northern and southern Chinese populations, which might influence treatment strategy and screening policy. We studied the differences in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications between northern and southern China. MATERIALS AND METHODS We carried out a cross-sectional survey using data from the China Cardiometabolic Registries on blood pressure, blood lipids and blood glucose in 25,398 Chinese type 2 diabetes patients. Macrovascular, microvascular and other complications were collected by self-report or medical records, and then divided into the northern and southern groups by the boundary of the Yangtze River. RESULTS Northern patients were younger, and had heavier weight, greater body mass index and waist circumference, higher blood pressure, higher total cholesterol, higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and higher hemoglobin A1C. The prevalence of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and macrovascular complications were 1.76-fold, 1.24-fold and 1.47-fold more in northern than that in southern Chinese patients. In addition, the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy and microvascular complications in northern Chinese patients also increased. When stratified by age, the difference in both cardiovascular disease and ischemic stroke morbidity became significant, even in the 35-44 years age group. CONCLUSIONS More macrovascular and microvascular complications were found in northern compared with southern patients, and the largest difference also appeared in the younger age groups <55 years, which might be meaningful to a screening and treatment strategy according to geographic differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Xinwen Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Ming
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaomiao Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Jianfang Fu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Bin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
| | - Dayi Hu
- Department of CardiologyPeking University People’s HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Changyu Pan
- Department of EndocrinologyBeijing 301 Military General HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Linong Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismPeking University People’s HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Qiuhe Ji
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismXijing HospitalXi’an, ShaanxiChina
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Sun X, Guo S. Association between diabetic retinopathy and interleukin-related gene polymorphisms: a machine learning aided meta-analysis. Ophthalmic Genet 2020; 41:216-222. [PMID: 32281460 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1747091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe complication of diabetes and a common cause of visual loss in adults. We aimed to assess the correlation between IL gene-related SNPs and the incidence of DR and attempted to predict DR with combined mutation site detection. METHODS A systematic search of databases was performed up to August 2019. Five genetic models were used to analyze associations. Machine learning methods were implemented to improve SNP-related disease prediction. RESULTS Sixteen trials assessing a total of 7221 patients were included in our meta-analysis. IL6/rs1800795, rs1800796, and IL10/rs1800896 were analyzed. For the IL-6 gene, there was no significant association between rs1800795 and the incidence of DR (allelic model: OR, 1.091; 95% CI, 0.892-1.334; p = .396). There was no significant correlation between rs1800796 (allelic model: OR, 1.135; 95% CI, 0.678-1.901; p = .63), rs1800896 (allelic model: OR, 1.047; 95% CI, 0.788-1.392; p = .752) and the incidence of DR. Unfortunately, the machine learning results also showed that the combined detection of two SNPs could not accurately predict DR occurrence. CONCLUSION rs1800795 and rs1800796 in the IL-6 gene and rs1800896 in IL-10 gene are not related to the incidence of DR. Mutations in multiple SNPs for each DR patient still need to be specifically assessed to increase prediction accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Sun
- Inpatients Department, Nanjing Qi-xia Xi-gang Community Health Service Centers , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shilei Guo
- R&D Department, Nanjing Regenerative Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center , Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Cecilia OM, José Alberto CG, José NP, Ernesto Germán CM, Ana Karen LC, Luis Miguel RP, Ricardo Raúl RR, Adolfo Daniel RC. Oxidative Stress as the Main Target in Diabetic Retinopathy Pathophysiology. J Diabetes Res 2019; 2019:8562408. [PMID: 31511825 PMCID: PMC6710812 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8562408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common complications of diabetes mellitus (DM) causing vision impairment even at young ages. There are numerous mechanisms involved in its development such as inflammation and cellular degeneration leading to endothelial and neural damage. These mechanisms are interlinked thus worsening the diabetic retinopathy outcome. In this review, we propose oxidative stress as the focus point of this complication onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olvera-Montaño Cecilia
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Castellanos-González José Alberto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Specialties Hospital of the National Occidental Medical Center, Mexican Institute of Social Security, Mexico
| | - Navarro-Partida José
- Tecnológico de Monterrey Institute, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Campus Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Cardona-Muñoz Ernesto Germán
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - López-Contreras Ana Karen
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | | | - Robles-Rivera Ricardo Raúl
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Rodríguez-Carrizalez Adolfo Daniel
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, Health Sciences University Center, University of Guadalajara, Mexico
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Pathological Implications of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Product ( AGER) Gene Polymorphism. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2067353. [PMID: 30863465 PMCID: PMC6378764 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2067353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is a cell surface transmembrane multiligand receptor, encoded by the AGER gene. RAGE presents many transcripts, is expressed mainly in the lung, and involves multiple pathways (such as NFκB, Akt, p38, and MAP kinases) that initiate and perpetuate an unfavorable proinflammatory state. Due to these numerous functional activities, RAGE is implicated in multiple diseases. AGER is a highly polymorphic gene, with polymorphisms or SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism) that could be responsible or co-responsible for disease development. This review was designed to shed light on the pathological implications of AGER polymorphisms. Five polymorphisms are described: rs2070600, rs1800624, rs1800625, rs184003, and a 63 bp deletion. The rs2070600 SNP may be associated with the development of human autoimmune disease, diabetes complications, cancer, and lung diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome. The rs1800624 SNP involves AGER gene regulation and may be related to reduced risk of heart disease, cancer, Crohn's disease, and type 1 diabetes complications. The rs1800625 SNP may be associated with the development of diabetic retinopathy, cancer, and lupus but may be protective against cardiovascular risk. The rs184003 SNP seems related to coronary artery disease, breast cancer, and diabetes. The 63 bp deletion may be associated with reduced survival from heart diseases during diabetic nephropathy. Here, these potential associations between AGER polymorphisms and the development of diseases are discussed, as there have been conflicting findings on the pathological impact of AGER SNPs in the literature. These contradictory results might be explained by distinct AGER SNP frequencies depending on ethnicity.
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