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Liu Y, Zhang F, Sun Q, Liang L. Adalimumab combined with erythropoietin improves recovery from spinal cord injury by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:887-897. [PMID: 36642757 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01090-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adalimumab (ADM), a humanized antibody against tumour necrosis factor (TNF), is widely applied in treating inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, but its usage in spinal cord injury (SCI) is rarely reported. Hence, this study aimed to explore the effect of ADM with or without erythropoietin (EPO) on microglial polarization, neuroinflammation, neural apoptosis, and functional recovery in SCI. METHODS Primary microglia were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then treated with ADM, EPO, or ADM combined with EPO. Then, primary neurons were incubated in the microglial culture medium. SCI rats were established and then treated with ADM, EPO or ADM combined with EPO. RESULTS ADM suppressed LPS-induced microglial M1 polarization, as reflected by downregulated iNOS and CD86 expression, and neuroinflammation, as reflected by decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ADM inhibited microglia-induced neural apoptosis, as reflected by TUNEL assay results and the expression of apoptotic markers (C-Caspase3 and Bcl2), in a dose-dependent manner. EPO monotherapy displayed an effect similar to that of ADM monotherapy. Furthermore, ADM combined with EPO therapy exhibited greater effects than either monotherapy in terms of inhibiting microglial M1 polarization, neuroinflammation, and neural apoptosis. In vivo experiments confirmed the findings of the in vitro experiments and showed that ADM combined with EPO improved SCI functional recovery and neural injury compared with monotherapy. CONCLUSION ADM combined with EPO improves recovery from SCI by suppressing microglial M1 polarization-mediated neural inflammation and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Liu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Communist Youth League West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China
| | - Feiyue Zhang
- Obstetrics Department, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Scientific Research and International Cooperation, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, China
| | - Lichao Liang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Zibo Central Hospital, No. 54 Communist Youth League West Road, Zhangdian District, Zibo, 255000, Shandong, China.
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Erythropoietin Nanobots: Their Feasibility for the Controlled Release of Erythropoietin and Their Neuroprotective Bioequivalence in Central Nervous System Injury. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Erythropoietin (EPO) plays important roles in neuroprotection in central nervous system injury. Due to the limited therapeutic time window and coexistence of hematopoietic/extrahematopoietic receptors displaying heterogenic and phylogenetic differences, fast, targeted delivery agents, such as nanobots, are needed. To confirm the feasibility of EPO-nanobots (ENBs) as therapeutic tools, the authors evaluated controlled EPO release from ENBs and compared the neuroprotective bioequivalence of these substances after preconditioning sonication. Methods: ENBs were manufactured by a nanospray drying technique with preconditioning sonication. SH-SY5Y neuronal cells were cotreated with thapsigargin and either EPO or ENBs before cell viability, EPO receptor activation, and endoplasmic reticulum stress-related pathway deactivation were determined over 24 h. Results: Preconditioning sonication (50–60 kHz) for 1 h increased the cumulative EPO release from the ENBs (84% versus 25% at 24 h). Between EPO and ENBs at 24 h, both neuronal cell viability (both > 65% versus 15% for thapsigargin alone) and the expression of the proapoptotic/apoptotic biomolecular markers JAK2, PDI, PERK, GRP78, ATF6, CHOP, TGF-β, and caspase-3 were nearly the same or similar. Conclusion: ENBs controlled EPO release in vitro after preconditioning sonication, leading to neuroprotection similar to that of EPO at 24 h.
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Huang W, Cao Z, Wu Y, Li Z, Li L, Zhao Y. Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs) Promote Neuronal Cell Repair in Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating Toll-Like Receptor 4/Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling Pathway. J BIOMATER TISS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jbt.2021.2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SCI (SCI) poses a challenge to nerve cell repair strategies. SCI injury can lead to the development of inflammation, which in turn can exacerbate nerve cell damage. The TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling pathway is a common inflammatory signaling pathway. Since BMSCs are involved in injury repair,
whether they can promote the repair of SCI neuronal cells have not been reported. Spinal cord nerve cells were cultured in vitro and divided into mechanical injury group and BMSCs group followed by analysis of cell proliferation activity and detection of altered apoptotic activity.
Changes in the concentrations of IL-6 and IL-1β were measured by ELISA and cellular mitochondrial alterations was assessed by JG-B staining along with analysis of NF-kappa B, TLR4, related neurodevelopmental factor BDNF, and NGF expression by western blot. Mechanical damage to
neuronal cells resulted in decreased cell proliferation, increased apoptotic activity, decreased cellular mitochondrial activity, increased TLR4 and NF-kappa B expression, decreased BDNF and NGF expression, as well as increased secertions of IL-6 and IL-1β (P < 0.05).
In contrast, co-culture with BMSCs resulted in increased proliferation and decreased apoptosis of mechanically injured neuronal cells, increased cellular mitochondrial activity, with observation of the inverse changes in other factors (P < 0.05). In conclusion, BMSCs can suppress
inflammation and promote repair of injured neuronal cells by inhibiting TLR4/NF-kappa B signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zheng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Zhenzhou Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yantao Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Fourth Medical Center of the General Hospital of CPLA, Beijing, 100048, China
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Ma X, Shi Y. Whether erythropoietin can be a neuroprotective agent against premature brain injury: cellular mechanisms and clinical efficacy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:611-629. [PMID: 34030616 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210524154519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants are at high risk of brain injury. With more understanding of the preterm brain injury's pathogenesis, neuroscientists are looking for more effective methods to prevent and treat it, among which erythropoietin (Epo) is considered as a prime candidate. This review tries to clarify the possible mechanisms of Epo in preterm neuroprotection and summarize updated evidence considering Epo as a pharmacological neuroprotective strategy in animal models and clinical trials. To date, various animal models have validated that Epo is an anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-excitotoxic, neurogenetic, erythropoietic, angiogenetic, and neurotrophic agent, thus preventing preterm brain injury. However, although the scientific rationale and preclinical data for Epo's neuroprotective effect are promising, when translated to bedside, the results vary in different studies, especially in its long-term efficacy. Based on existing evidence, it is still too early to recommend Epo as the standard treatment for preterm brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueling Ma
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Chongqing 400014, China
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Bürgi M, Aparicio GI, Dorella A, Kratje R, Scorticati C, Oggero M. Novel erythropoietin-based therapeutic candidates with extra N-glycan sites that block hematopoiesis but preserve neuroplasticity. Biotechnol J 2021; 16:e2000455. [PMID: 33471394 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders affect millions of people causing behavior-cognitive disabilities. Nowadays they have no effective treatment. Human erythropoietin (hEPO) has been clinically used because of its neurotrophic and cytoprotective properties. However, the erythropoietic activity (EA) should be considered as a side effect. Some analogs like non-sialylated EPO, carbamylated EPO, or EPO peptides have been developed showing different weaknesses: erythropoiesis preservation, low stability, potential immunogenicity, or fast clearance. Herein, we used a novel strategy that blocks the EA but preserves hEPO neurobiological actions. N-glycoengineering was accomplished to add a new glycosylation site within the hEPO sequence responsible for its EA. hEPO-derivatives were produced by CHO.K1 cells, affinity-purified and functionally analyzed studying their in vitro and in vivo EA, their in vitro neuronal plasticity in hippocampal neurons and their neuroprotective action by rescuing hippocampal neurons from apoptosis. Muteins Mut 45_47 (K45 > N45 + N47 > T47), Mut 104 (S104 > N104), and Mut 151_153 (G151 > N151 + K153 > T153) lost their EA but preserved their neuroprotection activity and enhanced neuroplasticity more efficiently than hEPO. Interestingly, Mut 45_47 resulted in a promising candidate to explore as neurotherapeutic considering not only its biopotency but also its pharmacokinetic potential due to the hyperglycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milagros Bürgi
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Centro Biotecnológico del Litoral, Santa Fe, Pcia. Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Inés Aparicio
- IIB-UNSAM, IIBio-CONICET, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular. Campus Miguelete, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Aquiles Dorella
- UNL, FBCB, Centro Biotecnológico del Litoral, Santa Fe, Pcia. Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Kratje
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Centro Biotecnológico del Litoral, Santa Fe, Pcia. Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
| | - Camila Scorticati
- IIB-UNSAM, IIBio-CONICET, Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular. Campus Miguelete, San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcos Oggero
- UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Centro Biotecnológico del Litoral, Santa Fe, Pcia. Santa Fe S3000ZAA, Argentina
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Hwang CH. Targeted Delivery of Erythropoietin Hybridized with Magnetic Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Injury: A Literature Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:9683-9701. [PMID: 33311979 PMCID: PMC7726550 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s287456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the incidence of central nervous system injuries has continued to rise, no promising treatments have been elucidated. Erythropoietin plays an important role in neuroprotection and neuroregeneration as well as in erythropoiesis. Moreover, the current worldwide use of erythropoietin in the treatment of hematologic diseases allows for its ready application in patients with central nervous system injuries. However, erythropoietin has a very short therapeutic time window (within 6–8 hours) after injury, and it has both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic receptors, which exhibit heterogenic and phylogenetic differences. These differences lead to limited amounts of erythropoietin binding to in situ erythropoietin receptors. The lack of high-quality evidence for clinical use and the promising results of in vitro/in vivo models necessitate fast targeted delivery agents such as nanocarriers. Among current nanocarriers, noncovalent polymer-entrapping or polymer-adsorbing erythropoietin obtained by nanospray drying may be the most promising. With the incorporation of magnetic nanocarriers into an erythropoietin polymer, spatiotemporal external magnetic navigation is another area of great interest for targeted delivery within the therapeutic time window. Intravenous administration is the most readily used route. Manufactured erythropoietin nanocarriers should be clearly characterized using bioengineering analyses of the in vivo size distribution and the quality of entrapment or adsorption. Further preclinical trials are required to increase the therapeutic bioavailability (in vivo biological identity alteration, passage through the lung capillaries or the blood brain barrier, and timely degradation followed by removal of the nanocarriers from the body) and decrease the adverse effects (hematological complications, neurotoxicity, and cytotoxicity), especially of the nanocarrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ho Hwang
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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Omelchenko A, Singh NK, Firestein BL. Current advances in in vitro models of central nervous system trauma. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020; 14:34-41. [PMID: 32671312 PMCID: PMC7363028 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
CNS trauma is a prominent cause of mortality and morbidity, and although much effort has focused on developing treatments for CNS trauma-related pathologies, little progress has been made. Pre-clinical models of TBI and SCI suffer from significant drawbacks, which result in substantial failures during clinical translation of promising pre-clinical therapies. Here, we review recent advances made in the development of in vitro models of CNS trauma, the promises and drawbacks of current in vitro CNS injury models, and the attributes necessary for future models to accurately mimic the trauma microenvironment and facilitate CNS trauma drug discovery. The goal is to provide insight for the development of future CNS injury models and to aid researchers in selecting effective models for pre-clinical research of trauma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Omelchenko
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082
| | - Nisha K. Singh
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082
| | - Bonnie L. Firestein
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8082
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Zhang L, Zhuang X, Chen Y, Niu Z, Xia H. Plasma Erythropoietin, IL-17A, and IFNγ as Potential Biomarkers of Motor Function Recovery in a Canine Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1821-1828. [PMID: 32418163 PMCID: PMC7561571 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological disease for which an accurate, cost-effective prediction of motor function recovery is in pressing need. A plethora of neurochemical changes involved in the pathophysiological process of SCI may serve as a new source of biomarkers for patient outcomes. Five dogs were included in this study. We characterized the plasma cytokine profiles in acute phase (0, 1, and 3 days after SCI) and subacute phase (7, 14, and 21 days after SCI) with microarray analysis. The motor function recovery following SCI was monitored by Olby scores. The expression level of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) was measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Then, correlations with the Olby scores and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed. We identified 12 DEPs including 10 pro-inflammatory and 2 anti-inflammatory cytokines during the 21-day study period. Among those, the expression levels of erythropoietin (EPO), IL-17A, and IFNγ significantly correlated with the Olby scores with R2 values of 0.870, 0.740, and 0.616, respectively. The results of the ROC analysis suggested that plasma EPO, IL-17A, and IFNγ exhibited a significant predictive power with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.656, 0.848, and 0.800 for EPO, IL-17A, and IFNγ, respectively. Our results provide a longitudinal description of the changes in plasma cytokine expression in the acute and subacute stages of canine SCI. These data reveal novel panels of inflammation-related cytokines which have the potential to be evaluated as biomarkers for predicting motor function prognosis after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijian Zhang
- School of Clincial Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhuang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- School of Clincial Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhanfeng Niu
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hechun Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, No. 804, Shengli Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China. .,Ningxia Human Stem Cell Research Institute, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China.
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Nguyen CT, Kim CR, Le TH, Koo KI, Hwang CH. Magnetically guided targeted delivery of erythropoietin using magnetic nanoparticles: Proof of concept. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19972. [PMID: 32384447 PMCID: PMC7220084 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this proof-of-concept study was to demonstrate the targeted delivery of erythropoietin (EPO) using magnetically guided magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs).MNPs consisting of a ferric-ferrous mixture (FeCl3·6H2O and FeCl2·4H2O) were prepared using a co-precipitation method. The drug delivery system (DDS) was manufactured via the spray-drying technique using a nanospray-dryer. The DDS comprised 7.5 mg sodium alginate, 150 mg MNPs, and 1000 IU EPO.Scanning electron microscopy revealed DDS particles no more than 500 nm in size. Tiny particles on the rough surfaces of the DDS particles were composed of MNPs and/or EPO, unlike the smooth surfaces of the only alginate particles. Transmission electron microscopy showed the tiny particles from 5 to 20 nm in diameter. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed DDS peaks characteristic of MNPs as well as of alginate. Thermal gravimetric analysis presented that 50% of DDS weight was lost in a single step around 500°C. The mode size of the DDS particles was approximately 850 nm under in vivo conditions. Standard soft lithography was applied to DDS particles prepared with fluorescent beads using a microchannel fabricated to have one inlet and two outlets in a Y-shape. The fluorescent DDS particles reached only one outlet reservoir in the presence of a neodymium magnet. The neurotoxicity was evaluated by treating SH-SY5Y cells in 48-well plates (1 × 10 cells/well) with 2 μL of a solution containing sodium alginate (0.075 mg/mL), MNPs (1.5 mg/mL), or sodium alginate + MNPs. A cell viability assay kit was used to identify a 93% cell viability after MNP treatment and a 94% viability after sodium alginate + MNP treatment, compared with the control. As for the DDS particle neurotoxicity, a 95% cell viability was noticed after alginate-encapsulated MNPs treatment and a 93% cell viability after DDS treatment, compared with the control.The DDS-EPO construct developed here can be small under in vivo conditions enough to pass through the lung capillaries with showing the high coating efficiency. It can be guided using magnetic control without displaying significant neurotoxicity in the form of solution or particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chung Reen Kim
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan
| | - Thi Huong Le
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan
| | - Kyo-in Koo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan
| | - Chang Ho Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Ulsan, Ulsan
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Chungnam National University Sejong Hospital, Chungnam National University College of Medicine, Sejong, Republic of Korea
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MicroRNA-31 regulating apoptosis by mediating the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway in treatment of spinal cord injury. Brain Dev 2019; 41:649-661. [PMID: 31036380 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a highly conservative energy demand program for non-inflammatory cell death, which is extremely significant in normal physiology and disease. There are many techniques used for studying apoptosis. MicroRNA (miRNA) is closely related to cell apoptosis, and especially microRNA-31 (miR-31) is involved in apoptosis by regulating a large number of target genes and signaling pathways. In many neurological diseases, cell apoptosis or programmed cell death plays an important role in the reduction of cell number, including the reduction of neurons in spinal cord injuries. In recent years, the phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT (PI3K/AKT) signal pathway, as a signal pathway involved in a variety of cell functions, has been studied in spinal cord injury diseases. The PI3K/AKT pathway directly or indirectly affects whether apoptosis occurs in a cell, thereby affecting a significant intracellular event sequence. This paper reviewed the interactions of miR-31 target sites in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and explored new ways to prevent and treat spinal cord injury by regulating the effect of miR-31 on apoptosis.
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Ylä‐Outinen L, Harju V, Joki T, Koivisto JT, Karvinen J, Kellomäki M, Narkilahti S. Screening of Hydrogels for Human Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Neural Cells: Hyaluronan‐Polyvinyl Alcohol‐Collagen‐Based Interpenetrating Polymer Network Provides an Improved Hydrogel Scaffold. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1900096. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201900096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ylä‐Outinen
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Venla Harju
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Tiina Joki
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Janne T. Koivisto
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Jennika Karvinen
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Minna Kellomäki
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering GroupFaculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
| | - Susanna Narkilahti
- NeuroGroup, Faculty of Medicine and Health TechnologyTampere University Kalevantie 4 33014 Tampere Finland
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