The relationship between oxidized low-density lipoprotein and related ratio and acute cerebral infarction

Effects of Argatroban on Hcy, hs-CRP and FIB levels in patients with acute cerebral infarction

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effects of argatroban on the levels of Hcy, hs-CRP and FIB in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI).

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was performed on 382 patients with ACI who were hospitalized in the Department of Neurology of our hospital from January 2017 to December 2019. Among them, 158 patients received conventional treatment as the control group and 224 patients received combined treatment with argatroban as the study group. NHISS score, mRS score, Hcy, hs-CRP, FIB level, quality of life, adverse reactions were compared between the two groups after treatment. The levels of Hcy and hs-CRP in patients with different mRS scores were compared.

RESULTS

A superior clinical efficacy of the study group was observed than the control group (p < 0.05). The study group witnessed a remarkably lower NHISS score, Hcy, hs-CRP and FIB level as compare to the control group (p < 0.05). The ADL and FMA scores in the study group were higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05). The levels of Hcy and hs-CRP in mRS 0-2 patients were lower than those in mRS 3-6 patients (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Argatroban in ACI patients can significantly enhance the clinical efficacy and improve the quality of life. It is closely related to the reduction of Hcy and hs-CRP levels, but the mechanism needs to be further studied.

Profile of Lipoprotein Subclasses in Chinese Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Patients

To investigate the plasma lipoprotein subclasses in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a total of 20 Chinese POAG patients on intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering treatment and 20 age-matched control subjects were recruited. Based on the levels of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), the study subjects were divided into elevated- and normal-level subgroups. The plasma lipoprotein, lipoprotein subclasses, and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) levels were quantitatively measured. The discrimination potential of the lipoproteins was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), and their correlation with clinical parameters was also evaluated. Compared to the control subjects with elevated TC and/or LDL-C levels, the levels of TC, LDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL), LDL subclass LDL3 and small dense LDL (sdLDL), and oxLDL were significantly higher in POAG patients with elevated TC and/or LDL-C levels. No differences in any lipoproteins or the subclasses were found between the POAG patients and control subjects with normal TC and LDL-C levels. Moderate-to-good performance of TC, LDL-C, non-HDL, LDL3, sdLDL, and oxLDL was found in discriminating between the POAG patients and control subjects with elevated TC and/or LDL-C levels (AUC: 0.710-0.950). Significant negative correlations between LDL3 and sdLDL with retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in the superior quadrant and between LDL3 and average RNFL thickness were observed in POAG patients with elevated TC and/or LDL-C levels. This study revealed a significant elevation of plasma lipoproteins, especially the LDL subclasses, in POAG patients with elevated TC and/or LDL-C levels, providing insights on monitoring specific lipoproteins in POAG patients with elevated TC and/or LDL-C.

Research Advance of Chinese Medicine in Treating Atherosclerosis: Focus on Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2

As a serious cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis (AS) causes chronic inflammation and oxidative stress in the body and poses a threat to human health. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a member of the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family, and its elevated levels have been shown to contribute to AS. Lp-PLA2 is closely related to a variety of lipoproteins, and its role in promoting inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in AS is mainly achieved by hydrolyzing oxidized phosphatidylcholine (oxPC) to produce lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). Moreover, macrophage apoptosis within plaque is promoted by localized Lp-PLA2 which also promotes plaque instability. This paper reviews those researches of Chinese medicine in treating AS via reducing Lp-PLA2 levels to guide future experimental studies and clinical applications related to AS.

Effect of CASC15 on apoptosis and oxidative stress of cardiomyocytes after hypoxia/reperfusion injury

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

The increasing incidence of ischemic heart disease is a serious threat to human health. Increased CASC15, a long non-coding RNA, has been shown to adversely affect cardiac muscle. The objective of this paper was to explore the effect of CASC15 on a cell model of myocardial infarction and its possible mechanism.

METHODS

H9c2 cells were selected to establish the myocardial infarction model through hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) treatment. The expression of CASC15 was attenuated by cell transfection in vitro. The level of CASC15 was detected by RT-qPCR. Cell viability was detected by CCK-8 assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The content of MDA and the activity of SOD and GSH-Px were measured by ELISA. Luciferase reporter gene assay was used to determine the relationship between CASC15 and miRNA.

RESULTS

CASC15 expression was increased in H/R-treated H9c2 cells. Overexpression of CASC15 adversely affected cell viability and promoted H/R-induced oxidative stress. Inhibition of CASC15 promoted cell viability and suppressed cell apoptosis and oxidative stress damage. Additionally, luciferase reporter gene assay confirmed the targeting relationship between CASC15 and miR-542-3p, and attenuating CASC15 expression enhanced the level of miR-542-3p. Reduction of miR-542-3p weakened the viability of the H/R cell model, increased apoptosis, and enhanced oxidative stress damage.

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that overexpression of CASC15 may inhibit the viability of H9c2 cells, promote apoptosis and induce oxidative stress through targeted regulation of miR-542-3p expression.

Effect and Mechanism of Rapamycin on Cognitive Deficits in Animal Models of Alzheimer's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Preclinical Studies

Background

Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, remains long-term and challenging to diagnose. Furthermore, there is currently no medication to completely cure AD patients. Rapamycin has been clinically demonstrated to postpone the aging process in mice and improve learning and memory abilities in animal models of AD. Therefore, rapamycin has the potential to be significant in the discovery and development of drugs for AD patients.

Objective

The main objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to investigate the effects and mechanisms of rapamycin on animal models of AD by examining behavioral indicators and pathological features.

Methods

Six databases were searched and 4,277 articles were retrieved. In conclusion, 13 studies were included according to predefined criteria. Three authors independently judged the selected literature and methodological quality. Use of subgroup analyses to explore potential mechanistic effects of rapamycin interventions: animal models of AD, specific types of transgenic animal models, dosage, and periodicity of administration.

Results

The results of Morris Water Maze (MWM) behavioral test showed that escape latency was shortened by 15.60 seconds with rapamycin therapy, indicating that learning ability was enhanced in AD mice; and the number of traversed platforms was increased by 1.53 times, indicating that the improved memory ability significantly corrected the memory deficits.

CONCLUSIONS

Rapamycin therapy reduced age-related plaque deposition by decreasing AβPP production and down-regulating β-secretase and γ-secretase activities, furthermore increased amyloid-β clearance by promoting autophagy, as well as reduced tau hyperphosphorylation by up-regulating insulin-degrading enzyme levels.

Neuroinflammation-associated miR-106a-5p serves as a biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of acute cerebral infarction

BACKGROUND

Acute cerebral infarction (ACI) is a common cerebrovascular disease. Previous studies have shown that some abnormally expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in ACI. This study aimed to investigate the role of miR-106a-5p in the diagnosis and prognosis of ACI patients, and analyze the regulatory potential of miR-106a-5p on the inflammation of BV-2 microglial cells.

METHOD

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected from 98 ACI patients, and the expression of serum miR-106a-5p was analyzed using qRT-PCR. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of miR-106a-5p. The association of miR-106a-5p with ACI prognosis was evaluated using the logistic analysis. In vitro experiments were performed in BV-2 cells by oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) treatment, and the effects of miR-106a-5p on BV-2 inflammation were assessed using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

RESULT

It was observed that miR-106a-5p was significantly upregulated in the serum and CSF of ACI patients (all P < 0.001), and had considerable diagnostic accuracy. The highest serum miR-106a-5p was observed in severe ACI cases, and miR-106a-5p expression was significantly increased in unfavorable prognosis patients. Serum and CSF expression of miR-106a-5p was positively correlated with proinflammatory cytokines in ACI patients, and the inflammation of OGD-induced BV-2 cells was suppressed by miR-106a-5p reduction.

CONCLUSION

MiR-106a-5p is overexpressed in ACI patients and may serve as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ACI. Furthermore, miR-106a-5p may be involved in ACI progression by regulating neuroinflammation.

The Role of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants in Cardiovascular Comorbidities in COPD

Oxidative stress driven by several environmental and local airway factors associated with chronic obstructive bronchiolitis, a hallmark feature of COPD, plays a crucial role in disease pathomechanisms. Unbalance between oxidants and antioxidant defense mechanisms amplifies the local inflammatory processes, worsens cardiovascular health, and contributes to COPD-related cardiovascular dysfunctions and mortality. The current review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of different mechanisms contributing to oxidative stress and its countermeasures, with special attention to those that link local and systemic processes. Major regulatory mechanisms orchestrating these pathways are also introduced, with some suggestions for further research in the field.

The Role of Potential Oxidative Biomarkers in the Prognosis of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Exploration of Antioxidants as Possible Preventive and Treatment Options

Ischemic strokes occur when the blood supply to a part of the brain is interrupted or reduced due to arterial blockage, and it often leads to damage to brain cells or death. According to a myriad of experimental studies, oxidative stress is an important pathophysiological mechanism of ischemic stroke. In this narrative review, we aimed to identify how the alterations of oxidative stress biomarkers could suggest a severity-reflecting diagnosis of ischemic stroke and how these interactions may provide new molecular targets for neuroprotective therapies. We performed an eligibility criteria-based search on three main scientific databases. We found that patients with acute ischemic stroke are characterized by increased oxidative stress markers levels, such as the total antioxidant capacity, F2-isoprostanes, hydroxynonenal, total and perchloric acid oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORACTOT and ORACPCA), malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase, and urinary 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine. Thus, acute ischemic stroke is causing significant oxidative stress and associated molecular and cellular damage. The assessment of these molecular markers could be useful in diagnosing ischemic stroke, finding its causes, predicting its severity and outcomes, reducing its impact on the cellular structures of the brain, and guiding preventive treatment towards antioxidant-based therapy as novel therapeutic alternatives.

Diagnostic Predictive Value of Tryptase, Serum Amyloid A and Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Biomarker Groups for Large Atherosclerotic Cerebral Infarction

Background

There has been a gradual trend towards younger ageing of acute cerebral infarction in recent years. Atherosclerotic plaque rupture followed by dislodgement of emboli and resulting arterial embolism is an important mechanism for the development of acute cerebral infarction. Traditional independent risk factors for cerebral infarction have received attention from clinicians, but the risk factors for large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction are still unclear. Various blood biomarkers have an important role in the early diagnosis of large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction.

Objective

To assess the diagnostic predictive value of a group of biomarkers for large artery atherosclerotic cerebral infarction.

Methods

Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (LP-PLA2), trypsin-like protein (TPS), serum amyloid A (SAA), and supersensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels were measured in the case group (30 cases) and control group (54 cases), respectively.

Results

The differences in the general data between the two groups were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Logistic regression and ROC curve analysis showed that Lp-PLA2, TPS, and SAA were positively associated with the diagnosis of large atherosclerotic cerebral infarction (P < 0.05). The area under the ROC curve of the multivariate model for the biomarker group reached 0.995.

Conclusion

Biomarkers are closely associated with the occurrence of large atherosclerotic cerebral infarction and can be used as clinical adjuncts for diagnosis and assessment of prognosis.

Prevention of Neurologic Disease with Fasting

Fasting has been widely studied in both prevention and treatment of many neurologic disorders. Some conditions may be prevented with any type of fasting, while some may require a stricter regimen. Fasting reduces weight, fasting blood glucose, and insulin resistance, and favorably alters the gut biome and the immune system. This article discusses various versions of fasting that have been studied as well as the known and theoretical mechanisms of how fasting effects the body and the brain. This article will then review evidence supporting the potential preventive and treatment effects of fasting in specific neurologic disorders including ameliorating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, improving cognition in Alzheimer's disease, reducing migraine frequency and intensity, and reducing seizure frequency in epilepsy.

Intravenous Thrombolysis Combined with Arterial Thrombolysis (Bridging Therapy) Effectively Improves Vascular Recanalization Rate in Patients with Cerebral Infarction

Objective

To explore the efficacy of intravenous thrombolysis combined with arterial thrombolysis (bridging therapy) in patients with acute cerebral infarction and its effect on serum inflammatory factors.

Methods

The case data of 138 patients with acute cerebral infarction admitted to our hospital from February 2019 to February 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. According to the treatment plan they received, patients were assigned to two groups, namely, an observation group (n = 71) treated with bridging therapy and a control group (n = 67) treated with intravenous thrombolysis alone. The following indexes were recorded and compared between the two groups: treatment efficacy, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score, activities of daily living, incidence rates of vascular recanalization, intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization after treatment, levels of inflammatory factors before and after treatment, levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and fibrinogen (FIB) before and 1 week after treatment, and modified Rankin Scale scores 1, 3, and 6 months after treatment.

Results

Compared with the control group, the therapeutic efficacy, neurological function, activities of daily living, and vascular recanalization were markedly better in the observation group (P > 0.05). In addition, the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization was statistically lower in the observation group (P < 0.05). No marked difference was found between the two groups in terms of pretreatment serum inflammatory factors and coagulation function (P > 0.05), while the above indicators improved statistically after treatment in both groups, with comparatively more obvious improvement in the observation group. It was also observed that, compared with the control group, the modified Rankin Scale score in the observation group was significantly better at 3 and 6 months after treatment (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Bridging therapy can improve the vascular recanalization rate among patients suffering from acute cerebral infarction, reduce the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage and reembolization, and improve the prognosis and neurological function of patients, which is worthy of clinical application.

Correlation Between Serum β2-GPI/oxLDL and the Risk of Cerebral Infarction in Patients with T2DM

Objective

This study aims to study the correlation between serum β2-glycoprotein I (β2-GPI)/oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and the risk of cerebral infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods

From January 2019 to March 2021, 56 patients with T2DM combined with cerebral infarction were chosen as a diabetic cerebral infarction (DCI) group, and 60 patients with simple T2DM were chosen as a T2DM group. In addition, 60 healthy volunteers were recruited as a control group. The essential information of each group was collected, and the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL and inflammatory factor levels in each group were compared. The clinical factors that affect the risk of ischemic cerebral infarction in patients with T2DM were analyzed by a logistic model.

Results

Compared with the control group, the level of serum β2-GPI/oxLDL in the T2DM and DCI groups increased significantly, P < 0.001. Compared with the T2DM group, the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL level in the DCI group increased significantly, P < 0.05. The result of Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that serum β2-GPI/oxLDL was positively correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, 2-h postprandial blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (all P’s < 0.05). Serum TNF-α and β2-GPI/oxLDL were independent risk variates for DCI (P < 0.05). Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the values of the area under the curve for TNF-α, serum β2-GPI/oxLDL, and the combined diagnosis of DCI were 0.653 (0.552–0.753), 0.680 (0.583–0.777), 0.739 (0.647–0.831), respectively.

Conclusion

In DCI patients, the levels of serum oxLDL/β2-GPI are significantly increased. Serum oxLDL/β2-GPI is an independent risk factor that affects the occurrence of DCI. In addition, the serum β2-GPI/oxLDL level implicates the lipid metabolism and inflammatory status of the internal environment of DCI patients to a certain extent.

Adoption of computerized tomography perfusion imaging in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarct under optimized deconvolution algorithm

Objectives:

To explore the significance of the hemodynamic parameters of Computerized Tomography Perfusion Imaging (CTPI) under the deconvolution optimization algorithm for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with acute cerebral infarct (ACI).

Methods:

A hundred and ten patients with ACI from December 2018 to September 2019 were selected for research, and CTPI was performed before and after Edaravone injection treatment. Then, the CTPI deconvolution algorithm based on the weighted adaptive (WA) total variation (TV) (WA-TV) optimization was constructed, which was compared with tensor total variation (TTV) and Motion-adaptive sparse parity (MASP). Brain Perfusion 4.0 was applied to obtain the relative time to peak (rTTP), the relative transit time of mean (rMTT), relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV), and relative cerebral blood flow (rCBF) of the core infarction area (CIA) and penumbra ischemic (PI).

Results:

In four parameters of rTTP, rMTT, rCBV, and CBF, the peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) of the WA-TV algorithm was higher than the MSAP and TTV algorithms, while the Mean Square Error (MSE) and Mean Absolute Error (MAE) were lower than MSAP and TTV algorithms (P<0.05); the parameters of rCBV (71.56±9.87), rCBF (43.17±7.06) of the CIA before treatment were higher than PI (23.66±7.22; 18.37±3.99), rMTT (124.83±9.73) and rTTP (122.57±7.41) were lower than the PI (183.17±10.16); 150.74±9.74) (P<0.05). After treatment, the rCBV and rCBF of PI were higher than before treatment, and rMTT and rTTP were lower than before treatment (P<0.05), and there was no obvious difference in rCBV, rCBF, rMTT, and rTTP before and after treatment in the CIA (P>0.05).

Conclusion:

Compared with TTV and MASP, the WA-TV algorithm performs better in noise reduction and artifact reduction. The CTPI parameters of rCBV, rCBF, rMTT, and rTTP are all important indications for the diagnosis of PI and ACI.

Edaravone Combined with Clopidogrel Is Beneficial to Improve Efficacy, Neurological Impairment, and Life Function in Acute Cerebral Infarction Patients

Objective

This research aimed at investigating the efficacy of edaravone combined with clopidogrel on acute cerebral infarction (ACI) and its influence on the neurological deficit and life function.

Methods

Totally, 154 ACI cases were included and then divided into the control group (CG) (n = 71) and research group (RG) (n = 83) according to the treatment methods. Patients in the CG were treated with clopidogrel alone, and those in the RG were under edaravone-clopidogrel combination therapy. The efficacy, adverse reactions, NIHSS score, cerebral hemodynamic indexes, and Fugl-Meyer scale (FMA) and Barthel index (BI) of activities of daily living (ADL) scores were observed.

Results

Compared with before treatment, the symptoms of both groups were improved after treatment: the NIHSS scores decreased, FMA and ADL scores increased, and cerebral hemodynamic indexes were improved. Compared with the CG, the efficacy and cerebral hemodynamic indexes of the RG were better, the adverse reactions were equivalent, the NIHSS score was lower, and the ADL and FMA scores were higher.

Conclusion

Edaravone combined with clopidogrel can effectively treat ACI and improve the neurological deficit and life function of patients.

Fuzzy C-Means Clustering Algorithm-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging Image Segmentation for Analyzing the Effect of Edaravone on the Vascular Endothelial Function in Patients with Acute Cerebral Infarction

This paper aimed to discuss the denoising ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images based on fuzzy C-means clustering (FCM) algorithm and the influence of Butylphthalide combined with Edaravone treatment on nerve function and vascular endothelial function in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI). Based on FCM algorithm, Markov Random Field (MRF) model algorithm was introduced to obtain a novel algorithm (NFCM), which was compared with FCM and MRF algorithm in terms of misclassification rate (MCR) and difference of Kappa index (KI). 90 patients with ACI diagnosed in hospital from December 2018 to December 2019 were selected as subjects, who were divided into combined treatment group (conventional treatment + Edaravone + Butylphthalide) and Edaravone group (conventional treatment + Edaravone) randomly, each consisting of 45 cases. The National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score and endothelial function index level such as plasma nitric oxide (NO), human endothelin-1 (ET-1), and vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) were compared before and after treatment between the two groups. The results showed that the MCR of NFCM was evidently inferior to FCM and MRF, and the KI was notably higher relative to the other two algorithms. After treatment, the NIHSS score of the combined treatment group was (9.09 ± 1.86) points and that of Edaravone group was (14.97 ± 3.44) points, with evident difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). After treatment, the NO of the combined treatment was (54.63 ± 4.85), and that of Edaravone group was (41.54 ± 5.27), which was considerably different (P < 0.01), and the VEGF and ET-1 of combined treatment group were greatly inferior to Edaravone group (P < 0.01). It was revealed that the novel algorithm based on FCM can obtain more favorable quality and segmentation accuracy of MRI images. Moreover, Butylphthalide combined with Edaravone treatment can effectively improve nerve function, vascular endothelial function, and short-term prognosis in ACI, which was safe and worthy of clinical adoption.

Circulating Biomarkers Reflecting Destabilization Mechanisms of Coronary Artery Plaques: Are We Looking for the Impossible?

Despite significant strides to mitigate the complications of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), this clinical entity still represents a major global health burden. It has so far been well-established that most of the plaques leading to ACS are not a result of gradual narrowing of the vessel lumen, but rather a result of sudden disruption of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. As most of the developed imaging modalities for vulnerable plaque detection are invasive, multiple biomarkers were proposed to identify their presence. Owing to the pivotal role of lipids and inflammation in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis, most of the biomarkers originated from one of those processes, whereas recent advancements in molecular sciences shed light on the use of microRNAs. Yet, at present there are no clinically implemented biomarkers or any other method for that matter that could non-invasively, yet reliably, diagnose the vulnerable plaque. Hence, in this review we summarized the available knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of plaque instability, the current evidence on potential biomarkers associated with plaque destabilization and finally, we discussed if search for biomarkers could one day bring us to non-invasive, cost-effective, yet valid way of diagnosing the vulnerable, rupture-prone coronary artery plaques.

Evaluation of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, serum amyloid A, and fibrinogen as diagnostic biomarkers for patients with acute cerebral infarction

Objective

The aim of this study was to explore the clinical values of combined detection of lipoprotein‐associated phospholipase A2 (Lp‐PLA2), serum amyloid A (SAA), and plasma fibrinogen (FIB) in the diagnosis of acute cerebral infarction (ACI).

Methods

A case‐control study including 100 hospitalized patients with ACI and 47 healthy controls was carried out. The level of Lp‐PLA2, SAA, and FIB was detected, respectively, and their clinical values were analyzed. Carotid lesions and neurological impairment were also analyzed in each patient.

Results

The level of Lp‐PLA2, SAA, and FIB in the ACI group was significantly higher than that of the controls, and the three biomarkers showed a significant positive correlation and were considered as risk factors for ACI. The area under the curve (AUC) for Lp‐PLA2, SAA, and FIB was 0.858, 0.743, and 0.672, respectively. When three biomarkers were used in combination, the AUC was 0.879. Compared with the other groups, the levels of three biomarkers in bilateral carotid plaque ACI group were all significantly higher. In addition, the level of Lp‐PLA2 and SAA in ACI patients with severe neurological impairment was also significantly higher than that of the mild‐to‐moderate group.

Conclusion

Lp‐PLA2 combined with SAA and FIB had a high clinical value for rapid diagnosis and prediction of ACI. These biomarkers were also significantly associated with the formation of bilateral carotid atherosclerotic plaques and the severe neurological impairment in ACI patients.