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Al-Adl M, El-Said A, El-Sebaie A, Refaat S, Youssef MM. Association of CYP1A1 T3801C (rs4646903) variant with the susceptibility and progression of B-chronic lymphocytic Leukemia (B-CLL) in the Egyptian population. Gene 2023; 883:147673. [PMID: 37506988 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of hematological malignancies is increasing universally, and over the last few decades, a significant increase in the incidence of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) has been observed. Many studies have revealed the involvement of genetic predisposition along with environmental exposure to genotoxic xenobiotics in the leukemogenesis process of B-CLL. CYP1A1 is a vital member of the cytochromes P450 (CYPs) superfamily, which is involved in pro-carcinogens activation into reactive intermediates during phase I xenobiotic biotransformation. AIM This study aimed to determine the possible role of the CYP1A1*2A (T3801C, rs4646903) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) as a risk factor for developing B-CLL, as well as the impact of this SNP on the disease progression and the clinical outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 100 patients newly diagnosed with B-CLL, and 100 healthy individuals with matched ages and sex, served as the control group. CYP1A1 (T3801C) genotyping of all patient and control samples was performed using the PCR-based Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP-PCR) method. In addition, serum levels of both IL-6 and TNF-α were estimated by the ELISA technique. RESULTS Higher frequencies of the heterozygous carrier (TC) and homozygous variant (CC) genotypes of the CYP1A1 (T3801C) variant were observed in B-CLL patients compared to the controls (P < 0.001 for both). The frequencies of the CYP1A1 (T3801C) variant indicated a significant elevated risk of B-CLL under various genetic models, including allelic (OR = 8.8, P < 0.001) and dominant (OR = 9.3, P < 0.001) models. In addition, the median IL-6 level was significantly higher in patients with (TC) and (CC) genotypes than in patients with (TT) genotype (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). Also, the median TNF-α level was significantly higher in patients with (TC) and (CC) genotypes than in patients with (TT) genotype (P < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION Our results showed that the CYP1A1*2A (T3801C, rs4646903) SNP increases the susceptibility to B-CLL incidence and is associated with poor disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menna Al-Adl
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Afaf El-Said
- Genetics Department, Mansoura Children's Hospital, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Sebaie
- Hematology Unit, Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherif Refaat
- Medical Oncology Unit, Oncology Center Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Magdy M Youssef
- Division of Biochemistry, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Liu J, Zhang L, Tang M, Chen X, Yang C, Li Y, Feng J, Deng Y, Wang X, Zhang Y. Functional variant rs10175368 which affects the expression of CYP1B1 plays a protective role against breast cancer in a Chinese Han population. Eur J Cancer Prev 2023; 32:450-459. [PMID: 37038992 PMCID: PMC10373845 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cytochrome P450 1B1 ( CYP1B1 ) genetic variants are relevant in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Exploring the relationships between CYP1B1 functional variants and breast cancer could improve our understanding of breast cancer molecular pathophysiology. METHODS This is a two-stage hospital-based case-control study of a Chinese Han population. Genotyping was performed to identify candidate gene variants. 3DSNP, ANNOVAR, and RegulomeDB were used to determine functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The relationship between candidate variants and breast cancer risk was evaluated through unconditional logistic regression analysis. The PancanQTL platform was used to perform cis and trans expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis of positive SNPs. The GSCA platform was then used to compare the gene expression levels of potential target genes between breast cancer tissue and normal tissue adjacent to the cancer. RESULTS rs10175368-T acted as a protective factor against breast cancer based on an additive model [odds ratio (OR) = 0.722, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.613-0.850; P < 0.001], and was identified as a protective factor in the postmenopausal population (OR = 0.601; 95% CI, 0.474-0.764; P < 0.001). eQTL analysis and analysis of differential expression in carcinoma and paracancerous tissues revealed that the expression level of CYP1B1 - AS1 was associated with rs10175368 and that CYP1B1-AS1 had significantly higher expression levels in breast cancer tissues than in paracancerous tissues. CONCLUSION We show, for the first time in a Chinese Han population, that the functional variant rs10175368 plays a protective role against breast cancer, especially in the postmenopausal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarui Liu
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Lijia Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Mingwen Tang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Xinyu Chen
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Oncology, GuiZhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang
| | - Jin Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi
| | - Yan Deng
- Department of Scientific Research and Education, The First People's Hospital of Bijie city, Bijie Guizhou, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Hygiene Toxicology, School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Guizhou Province Preventive Medicine Experimental Teaching Demonstration Centre, Zunyi, Guizhou
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Kim HE, Kim J, Maeng S, Oh B, Hwang KT, Kim BS. Microbiota of Breast Tissue and Its Potential Association with Regional Recurrence of Breast Cancer in Korean Women. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:1643-1655. [PMID: 34584037 PMCID: PMC9705848 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2106.06039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have reported dysbiosis of the microbiome in breast tissue collected from patients with breast cancer and the association between the microbiota and disease progression. However, the role of the microbiota in breast tissue remains unclear, possibly due to the complexity of breast cancer and various factors, including racial and geographical differences, influencing microbiota in breast tissue. Here, to determine the potential role of microbiota in breast tumor tissue, we analyzed 141 tissue samples based on three different tissue types (tumor, adjacent normal, and lymph node tissues) from the same patients with breast cancer in Korea. The microbiota was not simply distinguishable based on tissue types. However, the microbiota could be divided into two cluster types, even within the same tissue type, and the clinicopathologic factors were differently correlated in the two cluster types. Risk of regional recurrence was also significantly different between the microbiota cluster types (p = 0.014). In predicted function analysis, the pentose and glucuronate interconversions were significantly different between the cluster types (q < 0.001), and Enterococcus was the main genus contributing to these differences (q < 0.01). Results showed that the microbiota of breast tissue could interact with the host and influence the risk of regional recurrence. Although further studies would be recommended to validate our results, this study could expand our understanding on the breast tissue microbiota, and the results might be applied to develop novel prediction methods and treatments for patients with breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Eun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongjin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Sejung Maeng
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjo Oh
- Department of Family Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors K.T. Hwang Phone: +82-2-870-2275 Fax: +82-2-831-2826 E-mail:
| | - Bong-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea,The Korean Institute of Nutrition, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea,
B.S. Kim Phone: +82-33-248-2093 Fax: +82-33-256-3420 E-mail:
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Ibrahem SQ, Ahmed HQ, Amin KM. Genetic Variations in Cytochrome P450 1A1 and 1B1 Genes in a Cohort of Patients from Iraq Diagnosed with Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer (Auckl) 2021; 15:11782234211050727. [PMID: 34671182 PMCID: PMC8521753 DOI: 10.1177/11782234211050727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant neoplasm in females. Genetic variations in the xenobiotic metabolising cytochrome enzymes; Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) and Family 1 Subfamily B Member 1 (CYP1B1) might play a role in the individual susceptibility to breast cancer and its prognosis. The goal of this study is to estimate the incidence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP1A1 (rs1048943, Ile462VaI, and rs4646903/MSP1) and in CYP1B1 (rs1056836, Leu432Val) genes in patients with breast cancer. This case-control study included 180 female patients with breast cancer and 180 healthy control subjects from Kirkuk/Iraq. Genomic DNA was extracted from venous blood samples and tested for SNPs by the direct DNA sequencing technique. A statistical analysis was done to identify if there is any association between SNPs and the increasing odd of breast cancer and its stage, grade and molecular subtype at diagnosis. The common (reference) genotype of CYP1A1 gene rs1048943 is AA. The AG and GG variant genotypes were significantly more common in the breast cancer patients and conferred an increased odd of breast cancer and its later stages (stages III and IV) and poor differentiation (P < .01) but not with the molecular subtypes. The common genotype of CYP1A1 rs4646903 is TT. The variant genotypes TC and CC are not associated either with increased risk of breast cancer (P > .05) or with its stage, grade or molecular subtypes (P > .05). The GG genotype of CYP1B1 rs1056836 was the common genotype. The CG and CC variant genotypes were not associated with the increased risks of breast cancer (P > .05) or its stage, grade or molecular subtypes (P > .05). In conclusion, variants genotypes of CYP1A1 rs1048943 might play a role in breast cancer pathogenesis and prognosis and can have a place in cancer screening and tailored medicine in the future in the Iraqi population. Future larger scale studies including other genes might help to better understand the role of the SNP in breast risk and its prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salih Q Ibrahem
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Hussien Q Ahmed
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
| | - Khalida M Amin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
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Abstract
Human cytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1) is an extrahepatic heme-containing monooxygenase. CYP1B1 contributes to the oxidative metabolism of xenobiotics, drugs, and endogenous substrates like melatonin, fatty acids, steroid hormones, and retinoids, which are involved in diverse critical cellular functions. CYP1B1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, hormone-related cancers and is responsible for anti-cancer drug resistance. Inhibition of CYP1B1 activity is considered as an approach in cancer chemoprevention and cancer chemotherapy. CYP1B1 can activate anti-cancer prodrugs in tumor cells which display overexpression of CYP1B1 in comparison to normal cells. CYP1B1 involvement in carcinogenesis and cancer progression encourages investigation of CYP1B1 interactions with its ligands: substrates and inhibitors. Computational methods, with a simulation of molecular dynamics (MD), allow the observation of molecular interactions at the binding site of CYP1B1, which are essential in relation to the enzyme’s functions.
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Zhao F, Hao Z, Zhong Y, Xu Y, Guo M, Zhang B, Yin X, Li Y, Zhou X. Discovery of breast cancer risk genes and establishment of a prediction model based on estrogen metabolism regulation. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:194. [PMID: 33632172 PMCID: PMC7905915 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-07896-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple common variants identified by genome-wide association studies have shown limited evidence of the risk of breast cancer in Chinese individuals. In this study, we aimed to uncover the relationship between estrogen levels and the genetic polymorphism of estrogen metabolism-related enzymes in breast cancer (BC) and establish a risk prediction model composed of estrogen-metabolizing enzyme genes and GWAS-identified breast cancer-related genes based on a polygenic risk score. Methods Unrelated BC patients and healthy subjects were recruited for analysis of estrogen levels and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding estrogen metabolism-related enzymes. The polygenic risk score (PRS) was used to explore the combined effect of multiple genes, which was calculated using a Bayesian approach. An independent sample t-test was used to evaluate the differences between PRS scores of BC and healthy subjects. The discriminatory accuracy of the models was compared using the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results The estrogen homeostasis profile was disturbed in BC patients, with parent estrogens (E1, E2) and carcinogenic catechol estrogens (2/4-OHE1, 2-OHE2, 4-OHE2) significantly accumulating in the serum of BC patients. We then established a PRS model to evaluate the role of SNPs in multiple genes. PRS model 1 (M1) was established from SNPs in 6 GWAS-identified high risk genes. On the basis of M1, we added SNPs from 7 estrogen metabolism enzyme genes to establish PRS model 2 (M2). The independent sample t-test results showed that there was no difference between BC and healthy subjects in M1 (P = 0.17); however, there was a significant difference between BC and healthy subjects in M2 (P = 4.9*10− 5). The ROC curve results showed that the accuracy of M2 (AUC = 62.18%) in breast cancer risk identification was better than that of M1 (AUC = 54.56%). Conclusion Estrogen and related metabolic enzyme gene polymorphisms are closely related to BC. The model constructed by adding estrogen metabolic enzyme gene SNPs has a good predictive ability for breast cancer risk, and the accuracy is greatly improved compared with that of the PRS model that only includes GWAS-identified gene SNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhixiang Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yanan Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Yinxue Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xueyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tongshan Road, Xuzhou, 221004, China.
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Martínez-Ramírez OC, Castro-Hernández C, Pérez-Morales R, Casas-Ávila L, de Lorena RGM, Salazar-Piña A, Rubio J. Pathological characteristics, survival, and risk of breast cancer associated with estrogen and xenobiotic metabolism polymorphisms in Mexican women with breast cancer. Cancer Causes Control 2021; 32:369-378. [PMID: 33515362 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-021-01393-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to estrogens is the main factor associated with the risk and prognosis of breast cancer (BC). The genes involved in the biotransformation of estrogens and xenobiotics have allelic variants with modified enzymatic activities. We investigated the association of nine polymorphisms of some genes from the classical estrogen pathway with the risk of breast cancer and their role in the clinicopathological characteristics of poor clinical prognosis in a sample of Mexican women with BC. METHODS We included 150 controls and 150 cases matched by age. To analyze the selected polymorphisms, TaqMan assays and high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis were used. RESULTS The polymorphisms of the genes ERα, CYP1A1, CYP1B1, COMT, MGMT, and XRCC1 were positively associated with the BC risk. We found negative associations between CYP1B1G/G genotype and tumor size, and status of lymph node, estrogen receptor, triple negative, and survival. CONCLUSIONS The polymorphisms included in this study are associated not only with the risk of BC, but also with some clinicopathological characteristics for poor prognosis of patients with breast cancer, highlighting the important role of CYP1B1 Leu432Val polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- O C Martínez-Ramírez
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Río Iztacihuatl S/N. Col. Vista Hermosa,, C.P. 62350, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| | - C Castro-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica Y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, Postal 70228, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R Pérez-Morales
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Juárez del Estado de Durango, C.P. j35010, Durango, Mexico
| | - L Casas-Ávila
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, C.P. 14389, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Ramos-García M de Lorena
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Río Iztacihuatl S/N. Col. Vista Hermosa,, C.P. 62350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - A Salazar-Piña
- Facultad de Nutrición, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Río Iztacihuatl S/N. Col. Vista Hermosa,, C.P. 62350, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J Rubio
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica Y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado, Postal 70228, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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Intake of total cruciferous vegetable and its contents of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferases polymorphisms and breast cancer risk: a case-control study in China. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:548-557. [PMID: 32308174 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables contain high levels of glucosinolates (GSL) and isothiocyanates (ITC). ITC are known to induce glutathione S-transferases (GST) and thus exert their anticarcinogenic effects. This study explored the combined effects of cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intake and GST polymorphisms on breast cancer risk. A total of 737 breast cancer cases and 756 controls were recruited into this case-control study. OR and 95 % CI were assessed by multivariable logistic regression. Higher cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk, with adjusted OR of 0·48 (95 % CI 0·35, 0·65), 0·54 (95 % CI 0·40, 0·74) and 0·62 (95 % CI 0·45, 0·84), respectively. Compared with women carrying the GSTP1 rs1695 wild AA genotype and high cruciferous vegetable, GSL or ITC intake, carriers of the AA genotype with low cruciferous vegetable, GSL and ITC intake had greater risk of breast cancer, with adjusted OR of 1·43 (95 % CI 1·01, 1·87), 1·34 (95 % CI 1·02, 1·75) and 1·37 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·80), respectively. Persons with the GSTM1-null genotype and lower intake of cruciferous vegetables, GSL and ITC had higher risk of breast cancer than those with the GSTM1-present genotype and higher intake, with OR of 1·42 (95 % CI 1·04, 1·95), 1·43 (95 % CI 1·05, 1·96) and 1·45 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·98), respectively. Among women possessing the GSTT1-present genotype, low intake of cruciferous vegetables, GSL or ITC was associated with higher risk of breast cancer. But these interactions were non-significant. This study indicated that there were no significant interactions between cruciferous vegetable, GSL or ITC intake and GST polymorphisms on breast cancer risk.
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