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Kibirige D, Chamba N, Andia-Biraro I, Kilonzo K, Laizer SN, Sekitoleko I, Kyazze AP, Ninsiima S, Ssekamatte P, Bongomin F, Mrema LE, Olomi W, Mbunda TD, Ntinginya NE, Sabi I, Sharples K, Hill P, Te Brake L, VandeMaat J, vanCrevel R, Critchley JA. Indicators of optimal diabetes care and burden of diabetes complications in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e060786. [PMID: 36351737 PMCID: PMC9644326 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Contemporary data on the attainment of optimal diabetes treatment goals and the burden of diabetes complications in adult populations with type 2 diabetes in Africa are lacking. We aimed to document the current status of attainment of three key indicators of optimal diabetes care and the prevalence of five diabetes complications in adult African populations with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We systematically searched Embase, PubMed and the Cochrane library for published studies from January 2000 to December 2020. Included studies reported any information on the proportion of attainment of optimal glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure (BP) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) goals and/or prevalence of five diabetes complications (diabetic peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, foot ulcers and peripheral arterial disease). Random effect model meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled proportion of attainment of the three treatment goals and the prevalence of five diabetes complications. RESULTS In total, 109 studies with a total of 63 890 participants (53.3% being females) were included in the meta-analysis. Most of the studies were conducted in Eastern African countries (n=44, 40.4%). The pooled proportion of attainment of an optimal HbA1c, BP and LDLC goal was 27% (95% CI 24 to 30, I2=94.7%), 38% (95% CI 30 to 46, I2=98.7%) and 42% (95% CI 32 to 52, I2=97.4%), respectively. The pooled prevalence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, peripheral arterial disease and foot ulcers was 38% (95% CI 31 to 45, I2=98.2%), 32% (95% CI 28 to 36, I2=98%), 31% (95% CI 22 to 41, I2=99.3%), 19% (95% CI 12 to 25, I2=98.1%) and 11% (95% CI 9 to 14, I2=97.4%), respectively. CONCLUSION Attainment of optimal diabetes treatment goals, especially HbA1c, in adult patients with type 2 diabetes in Africa remains a challenge. Diabetes complications, especially diabetic peripheral neuropathy and retinopathy, are highly prevalent in adult populations with type 2 diabetes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis Kibirige
- Department of Medicine, Lubaga Hospital, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Nyasatu Chamba
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Irene Andia-Biraro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Immunomudation and Vaccines, MRC/UVRI and LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Kajiru Kilonzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
- Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Sweetness Naftal Laizer
- Department of Medicine, Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Moshi, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
| | - Isaac Sekitoleko
- Non-Communicable Diseases Program, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute & London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Andrew Peter Kyazze
- Department of Internal Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sandra Ninsiima
- Department of Immunology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Phillip Ssekamatte
- Department of Immunology, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Felix Bongomin
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Lucy Elauteri Mrema
- Department of Medicine, NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Willyhelmina Olomi
- Department of Medical Statistics, NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Theodora D Mbunda
- Department of Medicine, NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | | | - Issa Sabi
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, NIMR-Mbeya Medical Research Programme, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Katrina Sharples
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Philip Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lindsey Te Brake
- Department of Pharmacology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Josephine VandeMaat
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
| | - Reinout vanCrevel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Gelderland, The Netherlands
- University of Oxford Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Owolabi EO, Goon DT, Ajayi AI, Adeniyi OV, Chu KM. Coverage of diabetes complications screening in rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: A cross-sectional survey. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2022; 64:e1-e6. [PMID: 35532128 PMCID: PMC10064524 DOI: 10.4102/safp.v64i1.5447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a paucity of data on the coverage of diabetes mellitus (DM) complications screening in primary healthcare facilities in South Africa (SA). This study assesses the extent of screening for DM complications among individuals with type 2 DM attending primary health facilities in rural Eastern Cape (EC), SA. METHODS The study adopted a descriptive, cross-sectional design and obtained data from 372 individuals with type 2 diabetes attending six selected primary healthcare centres (PHCs) in two EC districts. Demographic and clinical data were obtained through questionnaire-based interviews and reviews of medical records. We assessed the extent of screening for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), fasting lipogram, eye examination, foot examination and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in the past year. RESULTS Participants mean age was 62 (standard deviation [s.d.] ± 11) years, and their mean duration of diagnosis was 9 (s.d. ± 8) years. In the past year, HbA1c result was available for 71 (19.1%) of the participants; 60 (16.1%) had eGFR results, while only 33 (8.9%) had documented lipid results. In total, 52 (14.0%) had carried out eye examinations, while only 9 (2.3%) had undergone foot examinations in the past year. About two-thirds of the participants (59.9%) had not undergone any form of complication screening in the past year, and none had undergone the complete screening panel. CONCLUSION The coverage of screening for DM complications was low across all indicators. Studies to understand barriers to and facilitators of DM complications screening at PHCs are required. Also, interventions to improve diabetes complication screening in the region are needed and should target the primary healthcare providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyitayo O Owolabi
- Centre for Global Surgery, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town.
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