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Derwich A, Sykutera M, Bromińska B, Rubiś B, Ruchała M, Sawicka-Gutaj N. The Role of Activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK Pathways in Aggressive Pituitary Adenomas-New Potential Therapeutic Approach-A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10952. [PMID: 37446128 PMCID: PMC10341524 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary tumors (PT) are mostly benign, although occasionally they demonstrate aggressive behavior, invasion of surrounding tissues, rapid growth, resistance to conventional treatments, and multiple recurrences. The pathogenesis of PT is still not fully understood, and the factors responsible for its invasiveness, aggressiveness, and potential for metastasis are unknown. RAF/MEK/ERK and mTOR signaling are significant pathways in the regulation of cell growth, proliferation, and survival, its importance in tumorigenesis has been highlighted. The aim of our review is to determine the role of the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary tumors. Additionally, we evaluate their potential in a new therapeutic approach to provide alternative therapies and improved outcomes for patients with aggressive pituitary tumors that do not respond to standard treatment. We perform a systematic literature search using the PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases (search date was 2012-2023). Out of the 529 screened studies, 13 met the inclusion criteria, 7 related to the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, and 7 to the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway (one study was used in both analyses). Understanding the specific factors involved in PT tumorigenesis provides opportunities for targeted therapies. We also review the possible new targeted therapies and the use of mTOR inhibitors and TKI in PT management. Although the RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways play a pivotal role in the complex signaling network along with many interactions, further research is urgently needed to clarify the exact functions and the underlying mechanisms of these signaling pathways in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas and their role in its invasiveness and aggressive clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Derwich
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
- Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-812 Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Sykutera
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Barbara Bromińska
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Błażej Rubiś
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchała
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
| | - Nadia Sawicka-Gutaj
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznan, Poland; (A.D.)
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Molecular Markers of Telomerase Complex for Patients with Pituitary Adenoma. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080980. [PMID: 35892421 PMCID: PMC9331889 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is the most common benign tumor of the pituitary gland. The pathogenesis of most PA is considered as a multifactorial process, that involves genetic mutations, alterations in gene transcription, and epigenetic factors. Their interaction promotes tumorigenesis. The processes are increasingly focused on changes in telomere length. Our study enrolled 126 patients with PA and 368 healthy subjects. DNA samples from peripheral blood leukocytes were purified by the DNA salting-out method. The RT-PCR carried out SNPs and relative leukocyte telomere lengths (RLTL). ELISA determined the level of TEP1 in blood serum. Binary logistic regression revealed that TERC rs35073794 is likely associated with increased odds of PA development and macro-PA development. It is also associated with decreased odds of active PA, non-invasive PA, and PA without relapse development. Also, we discovered that PA patients with at least one G allele of the TEP1 gene polymorphism rs1713418 have lower serum TEP1 levels than healthy individuals (p = 0.035). To conclude, the study revealed that TERC rs35073794 might be a potential biomarker for PA development.
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Wang H, Wu B, Wang H, Jiang C, Liu Z. LncRNA growth arrest specific transcript 5 inhibits the growth of pituitary neuroendocrine tumors via miR-27a-5p/cylindromatosis axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:10274-10286. [PMID: 35435104 PMCID: PMC9162025 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2062086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) has been reported to function as a suppressor in many cancers. However, the role and mechanism of lncRNA GAS5 in pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) remain unclear. Here, we found that lncRNA GAS5 and cylindromatosis (CYLD) expression was downregulated in invasive PitNET tissues and was negatively correlated with miR-27a-5p expression. LncRNA GAS5 overexpression inhibited proliferation of PitNETs cell line MMQ and GH3 cells and induced cell apoptosis, simultaneously, inhibited miR-27a-5p expression and increased CYLD expression. Moreover, miR-27a-5p mimic significantly decreased the luciferase activities of lncRNA GAS5 and CYLD luciferase reporter vector and downregulated CYLD expression, while miR-27a-5p inhibitor increased the expression of CYLD in MMQ and GH3 cells. Furthermore, RNA-immunoprecipitation assay revealed the direct binding between lncRNA GAS5 and miR-27a-5p. Additionally, miR-27a-5p mimic or silenced CYLD attenuated the effect of lncRNA GAS5 on MMQ and GH3 cell proliferation. In vivo lncRNA GAS5 overexpression inhibited GH3 cell tumor growth, while miR-27a-5p mimic or silenced CYLD attenuated the effect of lncRNA GAS5 on GH3 cell tumor growth. These results suggest that lncRNA GAS5 acts as an endogenous sponge by binding miR-27a-5p to increase the expression of its target gene CYLD, thereby inhibits PitNETs cell proliferation and tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyuan Wang
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Departments of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haotian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunyan Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhonghui Liu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Xu D, Wang L. The Involvement of miRNAs in Pituitary Adenomas Pathogenesis and the Clinical Implications. Eur Neurol 2022; 85:171-176. [PMID: 35034033 DOI: 10.1159/000521388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas (PAs) account for the top three primary intracranial tumors in terms of total incidence rate. PAs can cause severe endocrine disorders and even malignant features, such as invasion, metastasis, and recurrence. Therefore, the early diagnosis and accurate prognosis would be greatly beneficial for clinical treatment of PAs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, protein-noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression posttranscriptionally. They regulate essential physiological processes, including proliferation, growth, and apoptosis, and also they involve in the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. At the tissue level, differential miRNA expression in endocrine malignancies including PAs has been reported. When miRNAs have been successfully detected in various biofluids and cell-free environments, their important roles as potential screening or prognostic biomarkers have been extensively investigated. The current work reviews recent studies on the emerging roles of miRNAs in PAs and the clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingkai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liangzhou Hospital, Wuwei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Liangzhou Hospital, Wuwei, China
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Huang T, Cai M, Chen C, Ling C, Zhang B, Zheng W, Luo L. LINC01116 boosts the progression of pituitary adenoma via regulating miR-744-5p/HOXB8 pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 536:111350. [PMID: 34098015 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenoma (PA) is one of the common intracranial tumors. In order to optimize status quo, seeking out potential biomarkers for pituitary adenoma diagnosis and treatment is urgent and important. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been related with progression of various cancers. Based on this reason and unknown role of long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1116 (LINC01116) in pituitary adenoma, we aimed to explore the function and molecular mechanism of LINC01116 in pituitary adenoma. The RT-qPCR analysis showed that LINC01116 was abnormally overexpressed in pituitary adenoma cells. Down-regulated LINC01116 effectively suppressed cell proliferation and migration as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) progression in pituitary adenoma. Additionally, LINC01116 could competitively sponge miR-744-5p as shown by RIP, RNA pull down and luciferase reporter assays. Similarly, we also proved that homeobox B8 (HOXB8) was the target gene of miR-744-5p in pituitary adenoma cells. In the end, the rescue assays unmasked that HOXB8 could effectually reverse inhibition effect of LINC016 knockdown on pituitary adenoma cells proliferation, migration and EMT, further suggesting that LINC01116 expedited the pituitary adenoma progression by up-regulating HOXB8. Taken together, LINC01116 boosted the progression of pituitary adenoma cells via regulating miR-744-5p/HOXB8 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengchao Huang
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Meiqin Cai
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Ling
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Baoyu Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenhan Zheng
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lun Luo
- Neurosurgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No.600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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Mao D, Jie Y, Lv Y. LncRNA SNHG6 Induces Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Pituitary Adenoma Via Suppressing MiR-944. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2020; 37:246-255. [PMID: 32935999 PMCID: PMC9127839 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2020.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common primary brain tumor with invasive properties. Despite that long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) small nucleolar RNA host gene 6 (SNHG6) exerts oncogenic function in cancer cells and that miR-944 inhibits epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cancer cells are well documented, few studies have explored the function and mechanism of SNHG6 and miR-944 in invasive pituitary adenoma (IPA). Materials and Methods: Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the expressions of SNHG6 and miR-944 in PA samples. Human PA cell line HP75 was used as a cell model. The biological effects of SNHG6 and miR-944 on HP75 cells were investigated with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, Transwell assay, and scratch healing assay in vitro, respectively. Markers of EMT, including E-cadherin and vimentin, were detected by Western blot. Interactions between SNHG6 and miR-944, miR-944 and RAB11A were determined by bioinformatics analysis, qRT-PCR, and dual luciferase reporter assay. Results: SNHG6 was significantly upregulated in IPA samples, whereas miR-944 was downregulated. SNHG6 markedly promoted viability, migration, invasion, and EMT of PA cells, whereas miR-944 transfection had the opposite effects. SNHG6 could downregulate miR-944, and there was a negative correlation between SNHG6 expression and miR-944 expression in IPA samples. Besides, it was confirmed that miR-944 could pair with the 3′-untranslated region of RAB11A and repress its expression. Conclusions: This study authenticates that the SNHG6/miR-994/RAB11A axis plays a crucial role in regulating proliferation, migration, invasion, and EMT of IPA cells. SNHG6 and miR-994 can serve as novel valuable therapeutic targets for IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Yuanqing Jie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Yao Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
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Vicchio TM, Aliquò F, Ruggeri RM, Ragonese M, Giuffrida G, Cotta OR, Spagnolo F, Torre ML, Alibrandi A, Asmundo A, Angileri FF, Esposito F, Polito F, Oteri R, Aguennouz MH, Cannavò S, Ferraù F. MicroRNAs expression in pituitary tumors: differences related to functional status, pathological features, and clinical behavior. J Endocrinol Invest 2020; 43:947-958. [PMID: 31939196 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-019-01178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level, having a role in many biological processes, such as control of cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell death. Altered miRNA expression has been reported in many neoplasms, including pituitary adenomas (PAs). PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to evaluate the expression of 20 miRNAs involved in pathways relevant to pituitary pathophysiology, in PAs and normal pituitary tissue and to correlate their expression profile with clinical and pathological features. METHODS Pituitary tumor samples were obtained during transphenoidal surgery from patients with non-functioning (NFPA, n = 12) and functioning (n = 11, 5 GH-, 3 ACTH-, 3 PRL-omas) PAs. The expression of selected miRNAs in PAs and in normal pituitary was analyzed by RT-qPCR. miRNAs expression was correlated with demographic, clinical, and neuroradiological data and with histopathological features including pituitary hormones immunostaining, Ki-67 proliferation index, and p53 immunohistochemistry evaluation. RESULTS All evaluated miRNAs except miR-711 were expressed in both normal and tumor pituitary tissue. Seventeen miRNAs were significantly down-regulated in pituitary tumors compared to normal pituitary. miRNAs were differentially expressed in functioning PAs or in NFPAs, as in the latter group miR-149-3p (p = 0.036), miR-130a-3p (p = 0.014), and miR-370-3p (p = 0.026) were significantly under expressed as compared to functioning tumors. Point-biserial correlation analysis demonstrated a negative correlation between miR-26b-5p and Ki-67 (p = 0.031) and between miR-30a-5p and 'atypical' morphological features (p = 0.038) or cavernous sinus invasion (p = 0.049), while 508-5p was inversely correlated with clinical aggressiveness (p = 0.043). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we found a significant down-regulation of 17 miRNAs in PAs vs normal pituitary, with differential expression profile related to functional status and tumor aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Vicchio
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - F Aliquò
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - R M Ruggeri
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M Ragonese
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - G Giuffrida
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - O R Cotta
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - F Spagnolo
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - M L Torre
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
| | - A Alibrandi
- Department of Economics, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - A Asmundo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F F Angileri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Esposito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental Sciences and Morpho-Functional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - F Polito
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi', University of Messina, UOC di Endocrinologia, Pad. H, 4° Piano, AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - R Oteri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - M H Aguennouz
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - S Cannavò
- Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital 'G. Martino', Messina, Italy
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi', University of Messina, UOC di Endocrinologia, Pad. H, 4° Piano, AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - F Ferraù
- Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood 'G. Barresi', University of Messina, UOC di Endocrinologia, Pad. H, 4° Piano, AOU Policlinico Gaetano Martino, Via Consolare Valeria, 1, 98125, Messina, Italy.
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Cheng S, Wu J, Li C, Li Y, Liu C, Li G, Li W, Hu S, Ying X, Zhang Y. Predicting the regrowth of clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma with a statistical model. J Transl Med 2019; 17:164. [PMID: 31109334 PMCID: PMC6528212 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-1915-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with clinically functioning pituitary adenoma (FPA), clinically non-functioning pituitary adenoma (NFPA) lacks of detectable hypersecreting serum hormones and related symptoms which make it difficult to predict the prognosis and monitoring for postoperative tumour regrowth. We aim to investigate whether the expression of selected tumour-related proteins and clinical features could be used as tumour markers to effectively predict the regrowth of NFPA. METHOD Tumour samples were collected from 295 patients with NFPA from Beijing Tiantan Hospital. The expression levels of 41 tumour-associated proteins were assessed using tissue microarray analyses. Clinical characteristics were analysed via univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Logistic regression algorithm was applied to build a prediction model based on the expression levels of selected proteins and clinical signatures, which was then assessed in the testing set. RESULTS Three proteins and two clinical signatures were confirmed to be significantly related to the regrowth of NFPA, including cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A/p16), WNT inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1), tumour growth factor beta (TGF-β), age and tumour volume. A prediction model was generated on the training set, which achieved a fivefold predictive accuracy of 81.2%. The prediction ability was validated on the testing set with an accuracy of 83.9%. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) for the signatures were 0.895 and 0.881 in the training and testing sets, respectively. CONCLUSION The prediction model could effectively predict the regrowth of NFPA, which may facilitate the prognostic evaluation and guide early interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Cheng
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Wu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated To Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumour Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangfang Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Liu
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated To Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumour Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guilin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wuju Li
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuofeng Hu
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Ying
- Institute of Military Cognition and Brain Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, No. 27, Taiping Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100850 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Neurosurgery, Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated To Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumour Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Key Laboratory of Central Nervous System Injury Research, Beijing, 100070 People’s Republic of China
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Lim JS, Lee MK, Choi E, Hong N, Il Jee S, Kim SH, Lee EJ. Hormonal aggressiveness according to the expression of cellular markers in corticotroph adenomas. Endocrine 2019; 64:147-156. [PMID: 30474823 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1815-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The molecular mechanisms underlying tumor growth in Cushing's disease (CD) still remain a challenge. Moreover, clinical manifestations of CD may vary depending on hormonal activity; however, factors involved in the hormonal aggressiveness of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumors have not been fully clarified. We investigated the association between the expression of cellular markers regarding pituitary tumor progression and initial or postoperative hormone levels in patients with CD. METHODS Tumor tissues from 28 corticotroph adenomas (female 26, male 2, mean age 39.21 ± 10.39 years) were subject to immunohistochemical study using the following antibodies: pituitary tumor-transforming gene 1 (PTTG1), cyclin D1, p16, p27, brahma related-gene 1 (Brg1), and Ki-67. We then analyzed the relationship between each cellular marker expression and hormone levels, including 24 h urinary free cortisol (UFC), plasma ACTH, and serum cortisol. RESULTS PTTG1 and Ki-67 were expressed in 100% and 50% of patients, respectively. However, the levels did not reflect initial hormonal activity. The cyclin D1-negative group showed higher serum cortisol levels compared to the cyclin D1-positive group (p = 0.01). The 24 h UFC levels were significantly higher in the p27-negative group than in the p27-positive group (p = 0.04), whereas the Brg1-positive group revealed higher serum cortisol levels than in the Brg1-negative group (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Although PTTG1 and Ki-67 play an essential role in developing ACTH-secreting tumors, cyclin D1, p27, and Brg1 may be better biomarkers to determine hormonal aggressiveness of the tumor. Further research is needed to understand the influence of cellular markers on hormonal activity in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Evidence-based Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eunhee Choi
- Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA
| | - Namki Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Il Jee
- Department of Pathology, National Health Insurance Service, Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sun Ho Kim
- Neurosurgery and Yonsei Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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10
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Yang Q, Li X. Molecular Network Basis of Invasive Pituitary Adenoma: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:7. [PMID: 30733705 PMCID: PMC6353782 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases with pituitary adenoma comprise 10-25% of intracranial neoplasm, being the third most common intracranial tumor, most of the adenomas are considered to be benign. About 35% of pituitary adenomas are invasive. This review summarized the known molecular basis of the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The study pointed out that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, pituitary tumor transforming gene, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor-2, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs, mainly MMP-2, and MMP-9) are core molecules responsible for the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas. The reason is that these molecules have the ability to directly or indirectly induce cell proliferation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, degradation, and remodeling of extracellular matrix. HIF-1α induced by hypoxia or apoplexy inside the adenoma might be the initiating factor of invasive transformation, followed with angiogenesis for overexpressed VEGF, EMT for overexpressed PTTG, degradation of ECM for overexpressed MMPs, creating a suitable microenvironment within the tumor. Together, they form a complex interactive network. More investigations are required to further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the invasiveness of pituitary adenomas.
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Abstract
Pituitary adenomas are unique in multiple ways. They are rarely malignant in terms of metastases; yet, they may be aggressive. Their cancerous potential is defined in a classic oncological way by the ability to metastasise, and therefore, it has been crucial to differentiate this process from aggressive behaviour, characterised as a particularly invasive and/or recurrent behaviour and resistance to common modalities of therapy. Recently, however, important changes have been introduced to the diagnosis and management of aggressive and malignant pituitary tumours including the 4th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification for endocrine tumours (2017) as well as ESE Clinical Guidelines (2018), although an attempt to establish predictive and/or prognostic markers of clinical aggressiveness remains difficult. In this review, we focus on a group of pituitary tumours causing significant problems in clinical practice and requiring multidisciplinary input. We summarise updates in definitions of tumour invasiveness, aggressiveness and malignant transformation, as well as histological classification, and emphasise the new considerations regarding aggressive and malignant potential and its relationship to therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dworakowska
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetes, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
- Guys Richard Dimbleby Department of Cancer Research, Kings College London, London, UK
- Endocard LTD, London, UK
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, London, UK
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12
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Targeting the ERK pathway for the treatment of Cushing's disease. Oncotarget 2018; 7:69149-69158. [PMID: 27708250 PMCID: PMC5342466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that the orphan nuclear receptor testicular receptor 4 (TR4) is a potent regulator of corticotroph tumor growth and hormone secretion. The Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK pathway is commonly overactivated in human tumors and we have demonstrated that corticotroph tumor TR4 is activated by ERK1/2-mediated phosphorylation. We evaluated effects of MEK-162, a selective, non-ATP-competitive allosteric inhibitor of MEK1/2, on murine and human in vitro and in vivo corticotroph tumor proliferation and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) secretion. MEK-162 treatment dose-dependently inhibited corticotroph tumor proliferation, induced apoptosis, reduced pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA levels and inhibited ACTH secretion in vitro. Similar findings were obtained in human corticotroph tumor primary cultures (n = 5). These actions of MEK-162 were augmented in the presence of TR4 overexpression, suggesting that TR4 levels may serve as a predictive biomarker of MEK-162 corticotroph tumor responsiveness. Additionally, MEK-162 treatment reduced TR4 protein expression and blocked recruitment of TR4 to bind its consensus site on the POMC promoter (−854bp to −637bp), elucidating multiple mechanisms to control TR4 corticotroph tumor actions. In a murine corticotroph tumor in vivo model of Cushing's disease, MEK-162 treatment inhibited tumor growth and reduced tumor-derived circulating plasma ACTH, and corticosterone levels. These results demonstrate the potent actions of MEK-162 to inhibit corticotroph tumor growth and hormone secretion in vitro and in vivo via TR4-dependent and independent mechanisms, and raise the possibility of MEK-162 as a novel therapy for Cushing's disease.
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Li J, Li C, Wang J, Song G, Zhao Z, Wang H, Wang W, Li H, Li Z, Miao Y, Li G, Zhang Y. Genome-wide analysis of differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs in primary gonadotrophin adenomas by RNA-seq. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4585-4606. [PMID: 27992366 PMCID: PMC5354857 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have received increased research interest owing to their participation via distinct mechanisms in the biological processes of nonfunctional pituitary adenomas. However, changes in the expression of lncRNAs in gonadotrophin adenoma, which is the most common nonfunctional pituitary adenomas, have not yet been reported. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs and mRNAs obtained from gonadotrophin adenoma patients’ samples and normal pituitary tissues using RNA-seq. The differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were identified using fold-change filtering. We identified 839 lncRNAs and 1015 mRNAs as differentially expressed. Gene Ontology analysis indicated that the biological functions of differentially expressed mRNAs were related to transcription regulator activity and basic metabolic processes. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was performed to identify 64 canonical pathways that were significantly enriched in the tumor samples. Furthermore, to investigate the potential regulatory roles of the differentially expressed lncRNAs on the mRNAs, we constructed general co-expression networks for 100 coding and 577 non-coding genes that showed significantly correlated expression patterns in tumor cohort. In particular, we built a special sub-network of co-expression involving 186 lncRNAs interacting with 15 key coding genes of the mTOR pathway, which might promote the pathogenesis of gonadotrophin tumor. This is the first study to explore the patterns of genome-wide lncRNAs expression and co-expression with mRNAs, which might contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of gonadotrophin adenoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Chuzhong Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China
| | - Guidong Song
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenye Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhou Miao
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Guilin Li
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Capital Medical University, Tiantan Xili, Dongcheng District, Beijing, China
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Brain Tumor Center, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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14
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Caimari F, Korbonits M. Novel Genetic Causes of Pituitary Adenomas. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5030-5042. [DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Florio T. FGFR4 Polymorphism as Molecular Determinant of the Efficacy of mTOR Inhibitors In GH-Secreting Pituitary Adenomas. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3400-1. [PMID: 27580808 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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