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Vu JP, Luong L, Sanford D, Oh S, Kuc A, Pisegna R, Lewis M, Pisegna JR, Germano PM. PACAP and VIP Neuropeptides' and Receptors' Effects on Appetite, Satiety and Metabolism. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1013. [PMID: 37508442 PMCID: PMC10376325 DOI: 10.3390/biology12071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The overwhelming increase in the prevalence of obesity and related disorders in recent years is one of the greatest threats to the global healthcare system since it generates immense healthcare costs. As the prevalence of obesity approaches epidemic proportions, the importance of elucidating the mechanisms regulating appetite, satiety, body metabolism, energy balance and adiposity has garnered significant attention. Currently, gastrointestinal (GI) bariatric surgery remains the only approach capable of achieving successful weight loss. Appetite, satiety, feeding behavior, energy intake and expenditure are regulated by central and peripheral neurohormonal mechanisms that have not been fully elucidated yet. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) are members of a family of regulatory peptides that are widely distributed in parallel with their specific receptors, VPAC1R, VPAC2R and PAC1R, in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the periphery, such as in the gastrointestinal tract and its associated organs and immune cells. PACAP and VIP have been reported to play an important role in the regulation of body phenotype, metabolism and homeostatic functions. The purpose of this review is to present recent data on the effects of PACAP, VIP, VPAC1R, VPAC2R and PAC1R on the modulation of appetite, satiety, metabolism, calorie intake and fat accumulation, to evaluate their potential use as therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Vu
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Leon Luong
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Daniel Sanford
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Suwan Oh
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Alma Kuc
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Rita Pisegna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Michael Lewis
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90078, USA
- Department of Pathology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
- Department of Pathology, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Department of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Patrizia M Germano
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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Positive allosteric regulation of PAC1-R up-regulates PAC1-R and its specific ligand PACAP. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:657-672. [PMID: 35593471 PMCID: PMC9828401 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PAC1-R is a recognized preferential receptor for the neuropeptide of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), which mediates neuroprotective and nerve regenerative activities of PACAP. In this study, we found that in both PAC1R-CHO cells with high expression of PAC1R-eGFP and retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5) with the natural expression of PAC1-R, oligo-peptide PACAP(28-38) and the positively charged arginine-rich penetrating peptide TAT, as positive allosteric modulators of PAC1-R, significantly trigger the nuclear translocation of PAC1-R. The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-PCR results show that the nuclear translocated PAC1-R binds with the promoter regions of PAC1-R and its specific ligand PACAP. The up-regulated promoter activities of PAC1-R and PACAP induced by PACAP(28-38) or TAT are positively correlative with the increase of the expression levels of PAC1-R and PACAP. Moreover, the nuclear translocation of PAC1-R induced by PACAP(28-38) or TAT is significantly inhibited by the mutation of PAC1-R on Cys25 and the palmitoylation inhibitor 2-bromopalmitate. Meanwhile, the increase in both PAC1-R and PACAP levels and the neuroprotective activities of PACAP(28-38) and TAT in MPP-induced cell model of Parkinson ' s disease are synchronously inhibited by 2-bromopalmitate, which are positively correlated with the nuclear translocation of PAC1-R induced by PACAP(28-38) or TAT. Bioinformatics analysis and motif enrichment analysis following ChIP-sequencing show that the transcription factors including SP1, Zic2, GATA1, REST and YY1 may be recruited by nuclear PAC1-R and involved in regulating the promoter activities of PAC1-R and PACAP. ChIP-sequencing and related bioinformatics analysis show that the downstream target genes regulated by the nuclear PAC1-R are mostly involved in the process of cellular stress and related to neuroprotection, neuronal genesis and development.
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Sun BY, Sun ZP, Pang ZC, Huang WT, Wu SP. Decreased synovial fluid pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) levels may reflect disease severity in post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Peptides 2019; 116:22-29. [PMID: 31039374 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-induced cartilage degeneration is the key risk factor for post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA).Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a common neuropeptide exerting a wide spectrum of functions, has been proved to inhibit inflammation and prevent cartilage degeneration. OBJECTIVE The current study was performed to investigate circulating and synovial fluid PACAP concentrations in ACL injury patients to determine their relationship with the disease progression of the severity of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA). METHODS 72 ACL injury patients receiving arthroscopical examination and surgery were enrolled in the study. Meanwhile, 60 gender-and-age non-traumatic patellar dislocation patients were enrolled as controls. The VAS score, Lysholm Score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score were all recorded to evaluate the clinical severity. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) PACAP levels were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The IL-1β and TNF-α levels were also investigated. The degree of meniscus injury was assessed by MR imaging. The modified Mankin score was recorded to examine the cartilage histopathological alternations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to discuss the diagnostic value of PACAP levels for the prediction of the radiographic grading in comparison with IL-1β and TNF-α. RESULTS Serum PACAP levels between PTKOA patients and patellar dislocation did not reach significant differences. However, SF PACAP levels were significantly lower in PTKOA patients than controls. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively associated with MRI imaging grade for meniscus injury and VAS score, and were positively associated with Lysholm and IKDC scores. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively related to Mankin score as well as the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α. ROC analysis curve showed that attenuated PACAP may serve as a favorable marker for the diagnosis of MRI for meniscus injury. CONCLUSIONS SF PACAP concentrations showed an independent and negative association with disease severity in PTKOA following ACL injury. Local treatment with PACAP may act as a possible adjuvant therapy for delaying the process of PTKOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China
| | - Zu-Cai Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Wei-Tao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Shao-Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China.
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Moody TW, Nuche-Berenguer B, Jensen RT. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide, and their receptors and cancer. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2016; 23:38-47. [PMID: 26702849 PMCID: PMC4844466 DOI: 10.1097/med.0000000000000218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the roles of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)/pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and their receptors (VPAC1, VPAC2, PAC1) in human tumors as well as their role in potential novel treatments. RECENT FINDINGS Considerable progress has been made in understanding of the effects of VIP/PACAP on growth of various tumors as well as in the signaling cascades involved, especially in the role of transactivation of the epidermal growth factor family. The overexpression of VPAC1/2 and PAC1 on a number of common neoplasms (breast, lung, prostate, central nervous system and neuroblastoma) is receiving increased attention both as a means of tumor imaging the location and extent of these tumors, as well as for targeted directed treatment, by coupling cytotoxic agents to VIP/PACAP analogues. SUMMARY VIP/PACAP has prominent growth effects on a number of common neoplasms, which frequently overexpressed the three subtypes of their receptors. The increased understanding of their signaling cascades, effect on tumor growth/differentiation and the use of the overexpression of these receptors for localization/targeted cytotoxic delivery are all suggesting possible novel tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W Moody
- aDepartment of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director bNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Disease, Digestive Diseases Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Padua D, Vu JP, Germano PM, Pisegna JR. The Role of Neuropeptides in Mouse Models of Colitis. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 59:203-10. [PMID: 26646243 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-015-0688-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) constitutes an important clinically significant condition that results in morbidity and mortality. IBD can be generally classified into either ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn's disease (CD) that differs in the clinical and histopathology. The role of neuropeptides in the pathogenesis of these conditions is becoming increasingly recognized for their importance in modulating the inflammatory state. Animal models provide the greatest insight to better understand the pathophysiology of both disorders which will hopefully allow for improved treatment strategies. This review will provide a better understanding of the role of murine models for studying colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Padua
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - John P Vu
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Patrizia M Germano
- Divisions of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
| | - Joseph R Pisegna
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Vu JP, Goyal D, Luong L, Oh S, Sandhu R, Norris J, Parsons W, Pisegna JR, Germano PM. PACAP intraperitoneal treatment suppresses appetite and food intake via PAC1 receptor in mice by inhibiting ghrelin and increasing GLP-1 and leptin. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G816-25. [PMID: 26336928 PMCID: PMC4652141 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00190.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) is expressed within the gastroenteric system, where it has profound physiological effects. PACAP was shown to regulate food intake and thermogenesis centrally; however, PACAP peripheral regulation of appetite and feeding behavior is unknown. Therefore, we studied PACAP's effect on appetite and food intake control by analyzing feeding behavior and metabolic hormones in PAC1-deficient (PAC1-/-) and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice intraperitoneally injected with PACAP1-38 or PACAP1-27 before the dark phase of feeding. Food intake and feeding behavior were analyzed using the BioDAQ system. Active ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), leptin, peptide YY, pancreatic polypeptide, and insulin were measured following PACAP1-38 administration in fasted WT mice. PACAP1-38/PACAP1-27 injected into WT mice significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner cumulative food intake and reduced bout and meal feeding parameters. Conversely, PACAP1-38 injected into PAC1-/- mice failed to significantly change food intake. Importantly, PACAP1-38 reduced plasma levels of active ghrelin compared with vehicle in WT mice. In PAC1-/- mice, fasting levels of active ghrelin, GLP-1, insulin, and leptin and postprandial levels of active ghrelin and insulin were significantly altered compared with levels in WT mice. Therefore, PAC1 is a novel regulator of appetite/satiety. PACAP1-38/PACAP1-27 significantly reduced appetite and food intake through PAC1. In PAC1-/- mice, the regulation of anorexigenic/orexigenic hormones was abolished, whereas active ghrelin remained elevated even postprandially. PACAP significantly reduced active ghrelin in fasting conditions. These results establish a role for PACAP via PAC1 in the peripheral regulation of appetite/satiety and suggest future studies to explore a therapeutic use of PACAP or PAC1 agonists for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P. Vu
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Deepinder Goyal
- 2Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Leon Luong
- 3Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Suwan Oh
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Ravneet Sandhu
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Joshua Norris
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California;
| | - William Parsons
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,3Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California;
| | - Joseph R. Pisegna
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,3Molecular, Cellular & Integrative Physiology Program, University of California, Los Angeles, California; ,4Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Parenteral Nutrition, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,5CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and
| | - Patrizia M. Germano
- 1Research Service, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California; ,5CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California; and ,6Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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Sághy É, Payrits M, Helyes Z, Reglődi D, Bánki E, Tóth G, Couvineau A, Szőke É. Stimulatory effect of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 6-38, M65 and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide 6-28 on trigeminal sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2015; 308:144-56. [PMID: 26321242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) acts on G protein-coupled receptors: the specific PAC1 and VPAC1/VPAC2 receptors. PACAP6-38 was described as a potent PAC1/VPAC2 antagonist in several models, but recent studies reported its agonistic behaviors proposing novel receptorial mechanisms. Since PACAP in migraine is an important research tool, we investigated the effect of PACAP and its peptide fragments on trigeminal primary sensory neurons. Effect of the peptides was studied with ratiometric Ca-imaging technique using the fluorescent indicator fura-2 AM on primary cultures of rat and mouse trigeminal ganglia (TRGs) neurons. Specificity testing was performed on PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptor-expressing cell lines with both fluorescent and radioactive Ca-uptake methods. Slowly increasing intracellular free calcium concentration [Ca(2+)]i was detected after PACAP1-38, PACAP1-27, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and the selective PAC1 receptor agonist maxadilan administration on TRG neurons, but interestingly, PACAP6-38, VIP6-28 and the PAC1 receptor antagonist M65 also caused similar activation. The VPAC2 receptor agonist BAY 55-9837 induced similar activation, while the VPAC1 receptor agonist Ala(11,22,28)VIP had no significant effect on [Ca(2+)]i. It was proven that the Ca(2+)-influx originated from intracellular stores using radioactive calcium-45 uptake experiment and Ca-free solution. On the specific receptor-expressing cell lines the antagonists inhibited the stimulating actions of the respective agonists, but had no effects by themselves. PACAP6-38, M65 and VIP6-28, which were described as antagonists in numerous studies in several model systems, act as agonists on TRG primary sensory neurons. Currently unknown receptors or splice variants linked to distinct signal transduction pathways might explain these differences.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CHO Cells
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Cricetulus
- Humans
- Insect Proteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide/pharmacology
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide, Type II/metabolism
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/agonists
- Receptors, Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide, Type I/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/drug effects
- Sensory Receptor Cells/physiology
- Sensory System Agents/pharmacology
- TRPV Cation Channels/metabolism
- Trigeminal Ganglion/drug effects
- Trigeminal Ganglion/physiology
- Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/pharmacology
- Voltage-Sensitive Dye Imaging
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Affiliation(s)
- É Sághy
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - M Payrits
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - Zs Helyes
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - D Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - E Bánki
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE "Lendület" PACAP Research Team, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
| | - G Tóth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged-6720, Dugonics Street 13, Hungary.
| | - A Couvineau
- UMR 1149 INSERM/Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Paris Diderot, Faculte de Medecine Paris 7 - Site Bichat, 16 Rue Henri Huchard, 75890 Paris Cedex 18, France.
| | - É Szőke
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, MTA-PTE Chronic Pain Research Group, Szentágothai Research Center, University of Pécs, Pécs-7624, Szigeti Street 12, Hungary.
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Ramos-Álvarez I, Mantey SA, Nakamura T, Nuche-Berenguer B, Moreno P, Moody TW, Maderdrut JL, Coy DH, Jensen RT. A structure-function study of PACAP using conformationally restricted analogs: Identification of PAC1 receptor-selective PACAP agonists. Peptides 2015; 66:26-42. [PMID: 25698233 PMCID: PMC4420714 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has widespread physiological/pathophysiological actions and there is increased interest for its use therapeutically, especially in the CNS (neuroprotection). Unfortunately, no selective PACAP-analogs exist for PACAP-preferring PAC1-receptors, primarily because of its high sequence identity to VIP and particularly, because of the inability of structure-function studies to separate the pharmacophore of PAC1-R from VPAC1-R, which has high affinity for PACAP and VIP. The present study attempted to develop PAC1-R-selective agonists primarily by making conformationally restricted PACAP-analogs in positions important for receptor-selectivity/affinity. Forty-six PACAP-related-analogs were synthesized with substitutions in positions 1-4, 14-17, 20-22, 28, 34, 38 and receptor-selectivity determined in PAC1-R,VPAC1-R,VPAC2-R-transfected or native cells from binding or cAMP-generation experiments. Fifteen PACAP-analogs had 6-78-fold higher affinities for PAC1-R than VPAC1-R and 13 were agonists. Although binding-affinities correlated significantly with agonist potency, the degree of receptor-spareness varied markedly for the different PACAP-analogs, resulting in selective potencies for activating the PAC1 receptor over the VPAC1 receptor from 0- to 103-fold. In addition, a number of PACAP-analogs were identified that had high selectivity for PAC1-R over VPAC2-R as well as PACAP-analogs that could prove more useful therapeutically because of substitutions known to extend their half-lives (substitutions at potential sites of proteolysis and attachment of long-chain fatty acids). This study provides for the first time a separation of the pharmacophores for PAC1-R and VPAC1-R, resulting in PACAP-related analogs that are PAC1-R-preferring. Some of these analogs, or their modifications, could prove useful as therapeutic agents for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos-Álvarez
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Samuel A Mantey
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Taichi Nakamura
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Bernardo Nuche-Berenguer
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Paola Moreno
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Terry W Moody
- Center for Cancer Research, Office of the Director, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States
| | - Jerome L Maderdrut
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - David H Coy
- Peptide Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112-2699, United States
| | - Robert T Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1804, United States.
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9
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Gasperini L, Piubelli C, Carboni L. Proteomics of rat hypothalamus, hippocampus and pre-frontal/frontal cortex after central administration of the neuropeptide PACAP. Mol Biol Rep 2011; 39:2921-35. [PMID: 21687973 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-011-1054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that exerts pleiotropic functions, acting as a hypophysiotropic factor, a neurotrophic and a neuroprotective agent. The molecular pathways activated by PACAP to exert its physiological roles in brain are incompletely understood. In this study, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), prolactin, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), brain-derived neurotrophic factor and corticosterone blood levels were determined before and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after PACAP intracerebroventricular administration. PACAP treatment increased ACTH, corticosterone, LH and FSH blood concentrations, while it decreased TSH levels. A proteomics investigation was carried out in hypothalamus, hippocampus and pre-frontal/frontal cortex (P/FC) using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis at 120 min, the end-point suggested by studies on PACAP hypophysiotropic activities. Spots showing statistically significant alterations after PACAP treatment were identified by Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Time of flight mass spectrometry. Identified proteins were consistent with PACAP involvement in different molecular processes in brain. Altered expression levels were observed for proteins involved in cytoskeleton modulation and synaptic plasticity: actin in the hypothalamus; stathmin, dynamin, profilin and cofilin in hippocampus; synapsin in P/FC. Proteins involved in cellular differentiation were also modulated: glutathione-S-transferase α and peroxiredoxin in hippocampus; nucleoside diphosphate kinase in P/FC. Alterations were detected in proteins involved in neuroprotection, neurodegeneration and apoptosis: ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase isozyme L1 and heat shock protein 90-β in hypothalamus; α-synuclein in hippocampus; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and prohibitin in P/FC. This proteomics study identified new proteins involved in molecular mechanisms mediating PACAP functions in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gasperini
- Neurosciences CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Via A Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
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Moody TW, Ito T, Osefo N, Jensen RT. VIP and PACAP: recent insights into their functions/roles in physiology and disease from molecular and genetic studies. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:61-7. [PMID: 21157320 PMCID: PMC3075877 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e328342568a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as well as the three classes of G-protein-coupled receptors mediating their effects, are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues. These peptides are reported to have many effects in different tissues, which are physiological or pharmacological, and which receptor mediates which effect, has been difficult to determine, primarily due to lack of potent, stable, selective agonists/antagonists. Recently the use of animals with targeted knockout of the peptide or a specific receptor has provided important insights into their role in normal physiology and disease states. RECENT FINDINGS During the review period, considerable progress and insights has occurred in the understanding of the role of VIP/PACAP as well as their receptors in a number of different disorders/areas. Particularly, insights into their roles in energy metabolism, glucose regulation, various gastrointestinal processes including gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions and motility and their role in the CNS as well as CNS diseases has greatly expanded. SUMMARY PACAP/VIP as well as their three classes of receptors are important in many physiological/pathophysiological processes, some of which are identified in these studies using knockout animals. These studies may lead to new novel treatment approaches. Particularly important are their roles in glucose metabolism and on islets leading to possible novel approaches in diabetes; their novel anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective effects, their CNS neuroprotective effects, and their possible roles in diseases such as schizophrenia and chronic depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Moody
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tetsuhide Ito
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nuramy Osefo
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Cancer Institute Office of the Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert T. Jensen
- Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Zhang W, Smith A, Liu JP, Cheung NS, Zhou S, Liu K, Li QT, Duan W. GSK3β modulates PACAP-induced neuritogenesis in PC12 cells by acting downstream of Rap1 in a caveolae-dependent manner. Cell Signal 2009; 21:237-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Agonistic Behavior of PACAP6-38 on Sensory Nerve Terminals and Cytotrophoblast Cells. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:270-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pirger Z, Nemeth J, Hiripi L, Toth G, Kiss P, Lubics A, Tamas A, Hernadi L, Kiss T, Reglodi D. PACAP has anti-apoptotic effect in the salivary gland of an invertebrate species, Helix pomatia. J Mol Neurosci 2008; 36:105-14. [PMID: 18473188 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-008-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) shows a remarkable sequence similarity among species and several studies provide evidence that the functions of PACAP have also been conserved among vertebrate species. Relatively little is known about its presence and functions in invertebrates. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the well-known anti-apoptotic effect of PACAP can also be demonstrated in invertebrates. This effect was studied in the salivary gland of a molluscan species, Helix pomatia. In this work, we first showed the presence of PACAP-like immunoreactivity in the Helix salivary gland by means of immunohistochemistry. Radioimmunoassay measurements showed that PACAP38-like immunoreactivity dominated in the salivary gland of both active and inactive snails and its concentration was higher in active than in inactive animals in contrast to PACAP27-like immunoreactivity, which did not show activity-dependent changes. PACAP induced a significant elevation of cAMP level in salivary gland extracts. Application of apoptosis-inducing agents, dopamine and colchicine, led to a marked increase in the number of terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive apoptotic cells in the salivary gland, which was significantly attenuated by PACAP treatment. In a similar manner, the number of caspase-positive cells was reduced after co-application of dopamine and PACAP. Taken together, the data indicate that PACAP activates cAMP in a molluscan species and we show, for the first time, that PACAP is anti-apoptotic in the invertebrate Helix pomatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Pirger
- Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Tihany, Hungary
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Beebe X, Darczak D, Davis-Taber RA, Uchic ME, Scott VE, Jarvis MF, Stewart AO. Discovery and SAR of hydrazide antagonists of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptor type 1 (PAC1-R). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:2162-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.01.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 01/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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