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Paschall L, Carrozzi S, Tabdanov E, Dhawan A, Szczesny SE. Cyclic loading induces anabolic gene expression in ACLs in a load-dependent and sex-specific manner. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:267-276. [PMID: 37602554 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are historically thought to be a result of a single acute overload or traumatic event. However, recent studies suggest that ACL failure may be a consequence of fatigue damage. Additionally, the remodeling response of ACLs to fatigue loading is unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the remodeling response of ACLs to cyclic loading. Furthermore, given that women have an increased rate of ACL rupture, we investigated whether this remodeling response is sex specific. ACLs were harvested from male and female New Zealand white rabbits and cyclically loaded in a tensile bioreactor mimicking the full range of physiological loading (2, 4, and 8 MPa). Expression of markers for anabolic and catabolic tissue remodeling, as well as inflammatory cytokines, was quantified using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We found that the expression of markers for tissue remodeling of the ACL is dependent on the magnitude of loading and is sex specific. Male ACLs activated an anabolic response to cyclic loading at 4 MPa but turned off remodeling at 8 MPa. These data support the hypothesis that noncontact ACL injury may be a consequence of failed tissue remodeling and inadequate repair of microtrauma resulting from elevated loading. Compared to males, female ACLs failed to increase anabolic gene expression with loading and exhibited higher expression of catabolic genes at all loading levels, which may explain the increased rate of ACL tears in women. Together, these data provide insight into load-induced ACL remodeling and potential causes of tissue rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Paschall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sabrina Carrozzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erdem Tabdanov
- Department of Pharmacology, The Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aman Dhawan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Spencer E Szczesny
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Li JT, Zeng N, Yan ZP, Liao T, Chen X, Ni GX. Nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study of rat serum after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19321. [PMID: 37935794 PMCID: PMC10630467 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury, a common sports injury, is associated with a high risk of subsequent osteoarthritis (OA), which can cause serious pain and disability. Understanding the detailed mechanism underlying the predisposition of knee with ACL injury to secondary OA at an early stage is key to preventing future degradation and progression to a clinically significant disease. A total of 56 male Sprague Dawley rats (age, 8 weeks; weight, 180-220 g) were randomly divided into three experimental groups: control, ACL transection (ACLT; where surgical procedure was performed with ACLT), and sham (where surgical procedure was performed without ACLT). The ACLT and sham groups were further divided into three subgroups based on when the rats were sacrificed: 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the surgical procedure. The control group and the aforementioned subgroups contained 8 rats each. We used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomic analysis to analyze rat serum samples for the metabolic characteristics and the underlying mechanisms. In total, 28 metabolites were identified in the NMR spectra of the rat sera. At 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, the sham group demonstrated metabolic profiles different from those of the ACLT group. However, this difference was not observed 12 weeks postoperatively. In total, five metabolites (acetate, succinate, sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, glucose, and phenylalanine) and five metabolic pathways (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; pyruvate metabolism; starch and sucrose metabolism; and histidine metabolism) demonstrated significant differences between the ACLT and sham groups. ACL injury was noted to considerably affect biochemical homeostasis and metabolism; however, these metabolic changes persisted briefly. Moreover, glucose was a characteristic metabolite, and several energy-related metabolic pathways were significantly disturbed. Therefore, an ACL injury may lead to considerable impairments in energy metabolism. Abnormal glucose levels facilitate chondrocyte function impairment and thereby lead to OA progression. Furthermore, lactate may aid in identifying metabolic changes specific to knee trauma not related to an ACL injury. Overall, the metabolic changes in rat serum after an ACL injury were closely related to disturbances in energy metabolism and amino acid metabolism. The current results may aid in understanding the pathogenesis of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ni Zeng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Yan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tao Liao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fuzhou Second Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Kano T, Minegish Y, Terada H, Takasu C, Kojima T, Oka Y, Kawabata S, Shimada N, Morishita Y, Murata K, Kanemura N. The infrapatellar fat pad contributes to spontaneous healing after complete anterior cruciate ligament injury. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:1895-1904. [PMID: 38149772 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231215921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have a very low healing capacity but have recently been shown to heal spontaneously with conservative treatment. This study examined the mechanism of spontaneous ACL healing by focusing on the intra-articular tissues of the knee joint. Skeletally mature Wistar rats (n = 70) were randomly assigned to two groups: the controlled abnormal movement (CAM) and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) groups. The ACL was completely transected at the mid-portion in both groups. Only the CAM group underwent extra-articular braking to control for abnormal tibial translation. The animals were allowed full cage activity until sacrifice for histological, and molecular biology analyses. The results showed that the behavior of the stump after ACL injury differed between models 12 h after injury. The femoral stump in the ACLT group retreated posteriorly and upwardly. Macrophage polarity analysis revealed that the stump immune response in the CAM group was more activated than that in the ACLT group 6 h after injury. Microarray analysis of the ACL parenchyma and infrapatellar fat pads suggested the involvement of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed that NF-κB gene expression in the infrapatellar fat pad was significantly increased in the CAM group than in the ACLT group. However, there was no difference in the gene expression levels in the ACL parenchyma between models. In conclusion, the healing response of the ACL was activated within 12 h of injury, resulting in differences in the healing response between the models. It has been suggested that infrapatellar fat pads are involved in the healing process and that angiogenesis and antiapoptotic effects through NF-κB signaling may contribute to this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Kano
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
- Soka Orthopedic Internal Medicine, Saitama 340-0016, Japan
- Yatsuka Orthopedic Internal Medicine, Saitama 340-0028, Japan
| | - Yuki Minegish
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nihon Institute of Medical Science, Saitama 350-0435, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Terada
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
- Yatsuka Orthopedic Internal Medicine, Saitama 340-0028, Japan
| | - Chiharu Takasu
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
- Yatsuka Orthopedic Internal Medicine, Saitama 340-0028, Japan
| | - Takuma Kojima
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
- Soka Orthopedic Internal Medicine, Saitama 340-0016, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sora Kawabata
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
| | - Naoki Shimada
- Department of Health and Social Services, Graduate School of Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Murata
- Saitama Prefectural University, Saitama 343-8540, Japan
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Jacobs CA, Keller LE, Zhang S, Fu Q, Hunt ER, Stone AV, Conley CEW, Lattermann C, Fortier LA. Periostin regulation and cartilage degradation early after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Inflamm Res 2023; 72:387-394. [PMID: 36562795 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01678-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The purpose of this study was to explore pathological processes during the first 4 weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). SUBJECTS Sixteen ACL-injured patients (8 females/8 males, mean age = 19.1, mean BMI = 28.6). METHODS Arthrocentesis was performed 1 and 4 weeks after ACLR. Proteins in the synovial fluid were identified using nanoLC-ESI-MS/MS. Differentially up- or down-regulated proteins were identified and quantified, and a pathway analysis was performed. All identified proteins were mapped into a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and networks of PPIs with a combined score > 0.9 were then visualized. RESULTS Seven pathways were upregulated after ACLR: PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, extracellular matrix (ECM)-receptor interaction, focal adhesion, protein digestion and absorption, ameobiasis, and platelet activation. Network analyses identified 8 proteins that were differentially upregulated with strong PPI interactions (periostin and 7 collagen-related proteins). Increases in periostin moderately correlated with increases in a synovial fluid biomarker of type II cartilage degradation (ρ = 0.51, p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Pro-inflammatory pathways and periostin were upregulated after ACLR. Periostin demonstrated strong network connections with markers of collagen breakdown, and future work is needed to determine whether periostin may offer a biomarker of early cartilage degradation after ACLR and/or play an active role in early post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cale A Jacobs
- University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone, Suite K401, Lexington, KY, 40536-0284, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA.
- Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, 20 Patriot Pl, 3rd floor, 02035, Foxborough, MA, USA.
| | | | | | - Qin Fu
- Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Austin V Stone
- University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone, Suite K401, Lexington, KY, 40536-0284, USA
| | - Caitlin E W Conley
- University of Kentucky, 740 S. Limestone, Suite K401, Lexington, KY, 40536-0284, USA
| | - Christian Lattermann
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, MA, Boston, USA
- Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, 20 Patriot Pl, 3rd floor, 02035, Foxborough, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Sullivan B, Stone AV, Conley CEW, Hunt ER, Lattermann C, Jacobs CA. Human synovial fluid interleukin-6, but not type II collagen breakdown, positively correlated with pain after anterior cruciate ligament injury and reconstruction. J Orthop Res 2023; 41:300-306. [PMID: 35488724 PMCID: PMC9617804 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury initiates a biochemical cascade thought to contribute to the onset and progression of posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), IL-6, and C-telopeptide fragments of type II collagen (CTX-II) are implicated in joint inflammation and cartilage degradation following ACL injury; however, their association with pain is still being explored. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations between synovial fluid concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, and CTX-II with pain following ACL injury and reconstruction. We hypothesized that greater IL-1ß, IL-6, and CTX-II would correlate with greater Pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) scores. This was a secondary analysis of 23 patients (mean age = 18.4 years, BMI = 27.4, 13 females/10 males) with acute ACL tears who participated in a pilot randomized trial. Synovial fluid and VAS scores were collected on the day of initial presentation, at ACL reconstruction, and 1 and 4 weeks after surgery. Synovial fluid concentrations of IL-1ß, IL-6, and CTX-II were assessed using enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assays, and repeated measures correlations were used to assess the relationships between pain and synovial IL-1ß, IL-6, or CTX-II after ACL injury and reconstruction. Pain was positively correlated with synovial fluid IL-6 concentrations (r = 0.52, p < 0.001); however, pain was inversely correlated with CTX-II (r = -0.39, p = 0.002). IL-1ß had no significant correlation with pain. Statement of clinical relevance: PTOA has been described as a "silent killer" and these results suggest that early PTOA may have pro-inflammatory pathways that are not primarily associated with pain but still lead to progressive cartilage loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna Sullivan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Austin V Stone
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Caitlin E W Conley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Emily R Hunt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Lattermann
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cale A Jacobs
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Sha Y, Zhang B, Chen L, Hong H, Chi Q. Mechano Growth Factor Accelerates ACL Repair and Improves Cell Mobility of Mechanically Injured Human ACL Fibroblasts by Targeting Rac1-PAK1/2 and RhoA-ROCK1 Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084331. [PMID: 35457148 PMCID: PMC9026312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Exceeded mechanical stress leads to a sublethal injury to anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) fibroblasts, and it will hinder cell mobility and ACL regeneration, and even induce osteoarthritis. The mechano growth factor (MGF) could be responsible for mechanical stress and weakening its negative effects on cell physiological behaviors. In this study, effects of MGF on cell mobility and relevant molecules expression in injured ACL fibroblasts were detected. After an injurious mechanical stretch, the analysis carried out, at 0 and 24 h, respectively, showed that the cell area, roundness, migration, and adhesion of ACL fibroblasts were reduced. MGF (10, 100 ng/mL) treatment could improve cell area, roundness and promote cell migration and adhesion capacity compared with the injured group without MGF. Further study indicated that cell mobility-relevant molecules (PAK1/2, Cdc42, Rac1, RhoA, and ROCK1) expression in ACL fibroblasts was down-regulated at 0 or 24 h after injurious stretch (except Rac1 and RhoA at 0 h). Similarly, MGF improved cell mobility-relevant molecule expression, especially the ROCK1 expression level in ACL fibroblasts at 0 or 24 h after injurious stretch. Protein expression of ROCK1 in injured ACL fibroblasts was also reduced and could be recovered by MGF treatment. In a rabbit partial ACL transection (ACLT) model, ACL exhibited poor regenerative capacity in collagen and extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis after partial ACLT for 2 or 4 weeks, and MGF remarkably accelerated ACL regeneration and restored its mechanical loading capacity after partial ACLT for four weeks. Our findings suggest that MGF weakens the effects of pathological stress on cell mobility of ACL fibroblasts and accelerates ACL repair, and might be applied as a future treatment approach to ACL rupture in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Sha
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.Z.); (L.C.); (H.H.)
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China;
- Correspondence:
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.Z.); (L.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Liping Chen
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.Z.); (L.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Huhai Hong
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China; (B.Z.); (L.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Qingjia Chi
- National Innovation and Attracting Talents “111” Base, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China;
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Structure, Hubei Key Laboratory of Theory and Application of Advanced Materials Mechanics, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Wen ZH, Huang JS, Lin YY, Yao ZK, Lai YC, Chen WF, Liu HT, Lin SC, Tsai YC, Tsai TC, Jean YH. Chondroprotective Effects of a Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor, Panobinostat, on Pain Behavior and Cartilage Degradation in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection-Induced Experimental Osteoarthritic Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147290. [PMID: 34298911 PMCID: PMC8306086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common articular degenerative disease characterized by chronic pain, joint inflammation, and movement limitations, which are significantly influenced by aberrant epigenetic modifications of numerous OA-susceptible genes. Recent studies revealed that both the abnormal activation and differential expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) might contribute to OA pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the chondroprotective effects of a marine-derived HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat, on anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)-induced experimental OA rats. The intra-articular administration of 2 or 10 µg of panobinostat (each group, n = 7) per week from the 6th to 17th week attenuates ACLT-induced nociceptive behaviors, including secondary mechanical allodynia and weight-bearing distribution. Histopathological and microcomputed tomography analysis showed that panobinostat significantly prevents cartilage degeneration after ACLT. Moreover, intra-articular panobinostat exerts hypertrophic effects in the chondrocytes of articular cartilage by regulating the protein expressions of HDAC4, HDAC6, HDAC7, runt-domain transcription factor-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-13. The study indicated that HDACs might have different modulations on the chondrocyte phenotype in the early stages of OA development. These results provide new evidence that panobinostat may be a potential therapeutic drug for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Z.-H.W.); (Z.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-F.C.)
| | - Jhy-Shrian Huang
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Antai Medical Care Corporation Anti Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, PingTong 92842, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-You Lin
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, No. 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung 40402, Taiwan;
| | - Zhi-Kang Yao
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Z.-H.W.); (Z.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-F.C.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81341, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lai
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Z.-H.W.); (Z.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-F.C.)
- Department of Orthopedics, Asia University Hospital, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Fu Chen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (Z.-H.W.); (Z.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-F.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tzu Liu
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97002, Taiwan;
| | - Sung-Chun Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Pingtung Christian Hospital, No. 60 Dalian Road, Pingtung 90059, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Chi Tsai
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 94450, Taiwan;
| | - Tsung-Chang Tsai
- Section of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Antai Medical Care Corporation Anti Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, Pingtung 92842, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Hsuan Jean
- Section of Orthopedics, Department of Surgery, Antai Medical Care Corporation Anti Tian-Sheng Memorial Hospital, PingTong 92842, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-8-8329966
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Malek S, Weng HY, Martinson SA, Rochat MC, Béraud R, Riley CB. Evaluation of serum MMP-2 and MMP-3, synovial fluid IL-8, MCP-1, and KC concentrations as biomarkers of stifle osteoarthritis associated with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242614. [PMID: 33211763 PMCID: PMC7676649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) -2 and MMP-3 in serum, and keratinocyte-derived chemoattractant (KC), interleukin 8 (IL-8) and monocyte chemoattractant 1 (MCP-1) in synovial fluid (SF) as stifle osteoarthritis (OA) biomarkers in dogs. Dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture (OA group) and healthy controls were recruited. Stifles with CrCL deficiency were surgically stabilized. Serum, SF, and synovial biopsy samples were collected from the OA group preoperatively, whereas samples were collected once from control dogs. A blinded veterinary pathologist graded synovial biopsies. Serum and SF analyses were performed using xMAP technology. General linear regression was used for statistical comparisons of serum biomarkers, and mixed linear regression for SF biomarkers and temporal concentration changes. The overall discriminative ability was quantified using area under curve (AUC). Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to assess correlations between synovial histology grades and the biomarkers. Samples from 62 dogs in the OA group and 50 controls were included. The MMP-2 and MMP-3 concentrations between the OA and control groups were not significantly different, and both with an AUC indicating a poor discriminative ability. All three SF biomarker concentrations were significantly different between the OA group and controls (P <0.05). The MCP-1 was the only biomarker showing an acceptable discriminative performance with an AUC of 0.91 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-0.98). The sum of the inflammatory infiltrate score was significantly correlated with all three SF biomarkers (P <0.01). Summed synovial stroma, and all scores combined were significantly correlated with IL-8 and MCP-1 concentrations (P <0.003), and the summed synoviocyte scores were significantly correlated with MCP-1 concentrations (P <0.001). Correlations between MCP-1 concentrations and synovial histopathologic grading and its discriminative ability suggest its potential as a synovitis biomarker in canine stifle OA associated with CrCL rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Malek
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hsin-Yi Weng
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shannon A. Martinson
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Mark C. Rochat
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Romain Béraud
- Centre Vétérinaire Daubigny, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Wang Y, Gludish DW, Hayashi K, Todhunter RJ, Krotscheck U, Johnson PJ, Cummings BP, Su J, Reesink HL. Synovial fluid lubricin increases in spontaneous canine cruciate ligament rupture. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16725. [PMID: 33028842 PMCID: PMC7542452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73270-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lubricin is an important boundary lubricant and chondroprotective glycoprotein in synovial fluid. Both increased and decreased synovial fluid lubricin concentrations have been reported in experimental post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) animal models and in naturally occurring joint injuries in humans and animals, with no consensus about how lubricin is altered in different species or injury types. Increased synovial fluid lubricin has been observed following intra-articular fracture in humans and horses and in human late-stage osteoarthritis; however, it is unknown how synovial lubricin is affected by knee-destabilizing injuries in large animals. Spontaneous rupture of cranial cruciate ligament (RCCL), the anterior cruciate ligament equivalent in quadrupeds, is a common injury in dogs often accompanied by OA. Here, clinical records, radiographs, and synovial fluid samples from 30 dogs that sustained RCCL and 9 clinically healthy dogs were analyzed. Synovial fluid lubricin concentrations were nearly 16-fold greater in RCCL joints as compared to control joints, while IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α concentrations did not differ between groups. Synovial fluid lubricin concentrations were correlated with the presence of radiographic OA and were elevated in three animals sustaining RCCL injury prior to the radiographic manifestation of OA, indicating that lubricin may be a potential biomarker for early joint injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Wang
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - David W Gludish
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kei Hayashi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Rory J Todhunter
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ursula Krotscheck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Philippa J Johnson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | - Jin Su
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Heidi L Reesink
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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10
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Heilmeier U, Mamoto K, Amano K, Eck B, Tanaka M, Bullen JA, Schwaiger BJ, Huebner JL, Stabler TV, Kraus VB, Ma CB, Link TM, Li X. Infrapatellar fat pad abnormalities are associated with a higher inflammatory synovial fluid cytokine profile in young adults following ACL tear. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2020; 28:82-91. [PMID: 31526878 PMCID: PMC6935420 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the degree of knee fat pad abnormalities after acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear via magnetic resonance fat pad scoring and to assess cross-sectionally its association with synovial fluid biomarkers and with early cartilage damage as quantified via T1ρ and T2 relaxation time measurements. DESIGN 26 patients with acute ACL tears underwent 3T MR scanning of the injured knee prior to ACL reconstruction. The presence and degree of abnormalities of the infrapatellar (IPFP) and the suprapatellar (SPFP) fat pads were scored on MR images along with grading of effusion-synovitis and synovial proliferations. Knee cartilage composition was assessed by 3T MR T1ρ and T2 mapping in six knee compartments. We quantified concentrations of 20 biomarkers in synovial fluid aspirated at the time of ACL reconstruction. Spearman rank partial correlations with adjustments for age and gender were employed to evaluate correlations of MR, particularly cartilage composition and fat pad abnormalities, and biomarker data. RESULTS The degree of IPFP abnormality correlated positively with the synovial levels of the inflammatory cytokine markers IFN-γ (ρpartial = 0.64, 95% CI (0.26-0.85)), IL-10 (ρpartial = 0.47, 95% CI (0.04-0.75)), IL-6 (ρpartial = 0.56, 95% CI (0.16-0.81)), IL-8 (ρpartial = 0.49, 95% CI (0.06-0.76)), TNF-α (ρpartial = 0.55, 95% CI (0.14-0.80)) and of the chondrodestructive markers MMP-1 and -3 (MMP-1: ρpartial = 0.57, 95% CI (0.17-0.81); MMP-3: ρpartial = 0.60, 95% CI (0.21-0.83)). IPFP abnormalities were significantly associated with higher T1ρ and T2 values in the trochlear cartilage (T1ρ: ρpartial = 0.55, 95% CI (0.15-0.80); T2: ρpartial = 0.58, 95% CI (0.18-0.81)) and with higher T2 values in the medial femoral, medial tibial as well as in patellar cartilage (0.45 ≤ ρpartial ≤ 0.59). Correlations between SPFP abnormalities and synovial markers were not significant except for IL-6 (ρpartial = 0.57, 95% CI (0.17-0.81)). CONCLUSIONS This exploratory study suggests that acute ACL rupture can be associated with damage to knee tissues such as the inferior fat pad of the knee. Such fat pad injury could be partially responsible for the apparent post-injury pro-inflammatory response noted in ACL-injured individuals. However, future longitudinal studies are needed to link ACL-rupture associated fat pad injury with important patient outcomes such as the development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Heilmeier
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - K Mamoto
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Osaka City University Medical School, Osaka, Japan.
| | - K Amano
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - B Eck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - M Tanaka
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - J A Bullen
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - B J Schwaiger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - J L Huebner
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - T V Stabler
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - V B Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - C B Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - T M Link
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - X Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Musculoskeletal Quantitative Imaging Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Program of Advanced Musculoskeletal Imaging (PAMI), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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11
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The meniscus plays a vital role in the normal biomechanics of the knee. However, it is not well studied at the molecular level. The purpose of this study was to determine whether molecular and pathological changes in the meniscal tissue vary depending on the presence or absence of meniscal and/or anterior cruciate ligament tear (ACL). METHODS Six normal menisci (group A), seven simple torn menisci (group B) and seven torn menisci with concomitant anterior cruciate ligament tears (group C) were collected. We observed the pathological changes in the menisci and used real-time polymerase chain reaction along with immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridisation to examine the levels of ACAN, ADAMTS5, COL10A1, CEBPβ, MMP13 and miR-381-3p, miR-455-3p, miR-193b-3p, miR-92a-3p, respectively. Patients were scored preoperatively and postoperatively using the Lysholm Knee Scoring Scale and International Knee Documentation Committee Subjective Knee Evaluation Form. RESULTS Compared with group A, the expression levels of ADAMTS5, COL10A1, CEBPβ, and MMP13 and all the miRNAs were increased while ACAN was down-regulated in groups B and C. Additionally, the gene expression and miRNA levels were higher in group C than that in group B, except for ACAN, which was lower. Several fibrochondrocytes strongly expressed ADAMTS5, CEBPβ, and MMP13 in groups B and C and had high levels of miR-381-3p and miR-455-3p than that in group A. Postoperative Lysholm and IKDC scores were higher in group B than in group C. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the meniscus tended to degenerate after it was injured, especially when combined with a torn ACL. The miRNAs investigated in this study might also contribute to meniscus degeneration. Patients with a combined injury patterns might have relatively worse joint function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Long
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Shao Yang, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - Jingping Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, The Central Hospital of Shao Yang, Shaoyang, 422000, Hunan, China
| | - Zhi-Qi Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ziji Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
| | - Aishan He
- Department of Joint Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China.
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12
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Hahn J, Schulze-Tanzil G, Schröpfer M, Meyer M, Gögele C, Hoyer M, Spickenheuer A, Heinrich G, Breier A. Viscoelastic Behavior of Embroidered Scaffolds for ACL Tissue Engineering Made of PLA and P(LA-CL) After In Vitro Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4655. [PMID: 31546928 PMCID: PMC6770114 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most common knee ligament injury. Current applied reconstruction methods have limitations in terms of graft availability and mechanical properties. A new approach could be the use of a tissue engineering construct that temporarily reflects the mechanical properties of native ligament tissues and acts as a carrier structure for cell seeding. In this study, embroidered scaffolds composed of polylactic acid (PLA) and poly(lactic-co-ε-caprolactone) (P(LA-CL)) threads were tested mechanically for their viscoelastic behavior under in vitro degradation. The relaxation behavior of both scaffold types (moco: mono-component scaffold made of PLA threads, bico: bi-component scaffold made of PLA and P(LA-CL) threads) was comparable to native lapine ACL. Most of the lapine ACL cells survived 32 days of cell culture and grew along the fibers. Cell vitality was comparable for moco and bico scaffolds. Lapine ACL cells were able to adhere to the polymer surfaces and spread along the threads throughout the scaffold. The mechanical behavior of degrading matrices with and without cells showed no significant differences. These results demonstrate the potential of embroidered scaffolds as an ACL tissue engineering approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Hahn
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Michaela Schröpfer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK) gGmbH, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Michael Meyer
- Forschungsinstitut für Leder und Kunststoffbahnen (FILK) gGmbH, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Clemens Gögele
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical Private University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, 90419 Nuremberg, Germany.
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Mariann Hoyer
- Amedes MVZ für Laboratoriumsdiagnostik und Mikrobiologie Halle/Leipzig GmbH, 06112 Halle, Germany.
| | - Axel Spickenheuer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Gert Heinrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
- Technische Universität Dresden, Faculty of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Institute of Textile Machinery and High Performance Material Technology, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Annette Breier
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e. V., 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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13
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Sun BY, Sun ZP, Pang ZC, Huang WT, Wu SP. Decreased synovial fluid pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) levels may reflect disease severity in post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis after anterior cruciate ligament injury. Peptides 2019; 116:22-29. [PMID: 31039374 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been demonstrated that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury-induced cartilage degeneration is the key risk factor for post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA).Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a common neuropeptide exerting a wide spectrum of functions, has been proved to inhibit inflammation and prevent cartilage degeneration. OBJECTIVE The current study was performed to investigate circulating and synovial fluid PACAP concentrations in ACL injury patients to determine their relationship with the disease progression of the severity of post-traumatic knee osteoarthritis (PTKOA). METHODS 72 ACL injury patients receiving arthroscopical examination and surgery were enrolled in the study. Meanwhile, 60 gender-and-age non-traumatic patellar dislocation patients were enrolled as controls. The VAS score, Lysholm Score and International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score were all recorded to evaluate the clinical severity. Serum and synovial fluid (SF) PACAP levels were investigated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The IL-1β and TNF-α levels were also investigated. The degree of meniscus injury was assessed by MR imaging. The modified Mankin score was recorded to examine the cartilage histopathological alternations. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was performed to discuss the diagnostic value of PACAP levels for the prediction of the radiographic grading in comparison with IL-1β and TNF-α. RESULTS Serum PACAP levels between PTKOA patients and patellar dislocation did not reach significant differences. However, SF PACAP levels were significantly lower in PTKOA patients than controls. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively associated with MRI imaging grade for meniscus injury and VAS score, and were positively associated with Lysholm and IKDC scores. In addition, SF PACAP levels were negatively related to Mankin score as well as the expressions of IL-1β and TNF-α. ROC analysis curve showed that attenuated PACAP may serve as a favorable marker for the diagnosis of MRI for meniscus injury. CONCLUSIONS SF PACAP concentrations showed an independent and negative association with disease severity in PTKOA following ACL injury. Local treatment with PACAP may act as a possible adjuvant therapy for delaying the process of PTKOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yin Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Zheng-Ping Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China
| | - Zu-Cai Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Wei-Tao Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (ShunDe District Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Foshan City), Foshan, Guang Dong Province, 528333, China
| | - Shao-Peng Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guang Dong Province Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guang Dong Province, 510095, China.
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14
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Brophy RH, Rothermich MA, Tycksen ED, Cai L, Rai MF. Presence of meniscus tear alters gene expression profile of anterior cruciate ligament tears. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2612-2621. [PMID: 29668032 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears occur in isolation or in tandem with other intra-articular injuries such as meniscus tears. The impact of injury pattern on the molecular biology of the injured ACL is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the biological response of the ACL to injury varies based on the presence or absence of concomitant meniscus tear. We performed RNA-seq on 28 ACL tears remnants (12 isolated, 16 combined). In total, 16,654 transcripts were differentially expressed between isolated and combined injury groups at false discovery rate of 0.05. Due to the large number of differentially expressed transcripts, we undertook an Ensembl approach to discover features that acted as hub genes that did not necessarily have large fold changes or high statistical significance, but instead had high biological significance. Our data revealed a negatively correlated module containing 5,960 transcripts (down-regulated in combined injury) and a positively correlated module containing 2,260 transcripts (up-regulated in combined injury). TNS1, MEF2D, NOTCH3, SOGA1, and MLXIP were highly-connected hub genes in the negatively correlated module and SCN2A, CSMD3, LRC44, USH2A, and LRP1B were critical hub genes in the positively correlated module. Transcripts in the negatively correlated module were associated with biological adhesion, actin-filament organization, cell junction assembly, and cell matrix adhesion. The positively correlated module transcripts were enriched for neuron migration and exocytosis regulation. These findings indicate genes and pathways reflective of healing deficiency and gain of neurogenic signaling in combined ACL and meniscus tears, suggesting their diminished repair potential. The biological response of ACL to injury could have implications for healing potential of the ligament and the long term health of the knee. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2612-2621, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Brophy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Marcus A Rothermich
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Eric D Tycksen
- Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Technology Access Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Lei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
| | - Muhammad Farooq Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Musculoskeletal Research Center, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
- Department of Cell Biology & Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, 63110
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15
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Sample SJ, Racette MA, Hans EC, Volstad NJ, Schaefer SL, Bleedorn JA, Little JP, Waller KR, Hao Z, Block WF, Muir P. Use of a platelet-rich plasma-collagen scaffold as a bioenhanced repair treatment for management of partial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197204. [PMID: 29920524 PMCID: PMC6008044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Dogs are commonly affected with cruciate ligament rupture (CR) and associated osteoarthritis (OA), and frequently develop a second contralateral CR. Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is a component of whole blood that contains numerous growth factors, which in combination with a collagen scaffold may act to promote bioenhanced primary repair of ligament. This study tested the hypothesis that treatment of partial stable CR stifles with an intra-articular collagen scaffold and PRP would decrease the disease progression, synovitis and risk of complete CR over a 12-month study period. We conducted a prospective cohort study of 29 client-owned dogs with an unstable stifle due to complete CR and stable contralateral stifle with partial CR. All dogs were treated with tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) on the unstable stifle and a single intra-articular application of PRP-collagen in the stable partial CR stifle. Dogs were evaluated at the time of diagnosis, and at 10-weeks and 12-months after treatment. We evaluated correlation between both development of complete CR and time to complete CR with diagnostic tests including bilateral stifle radiographs, 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and bilateral stifle arthroscopy. Additionally, histologic evaluation of synovial biopsies, C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in serum and synovial fluid, and synovial total nucleated cell count, were determined. Results indicated that a single application of PRP-collagen in partial CR stifles of client owned dogs is not an effective disease-modifying therapy for the prevention of progression to complete CR. Radiographic effusion, arthroscopic evaluation of cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) damage, and MR assessment of ligament fiber tearing in partial CR stifles correlated with progression to complete CR over the 12-month follow-up period. We determined that the best predictive model for development of complete CR in PRP-collagen treated partial CR stifles included variables from multiple diagnostic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah J. Sample
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Molly A. Racette
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Hans
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Nicola J. Volstad
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Susan L. Schaefer
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jason A. Bleedorn
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey P. Little
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth R. Waller
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Zhengling Hao
- Comparative Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Walter F. Block
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Peter Muir
- Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Chinzei N, Brophy RH, Duan X, Cai L, Nunley RM, Sandell LJ, Rai MF. Molecular influence of anterior cruciate ligament tear remnants on chondrocytes: a biologic connection between injury and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2018; 26:588-599. [PMID: 29391276 PMCID: PMC5871587 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury initiates a cascade of events often leading to osteoarthritis (OA). ACL reconstruction does not alter the course of OA, suggesting that heightened OA risk is likely due to factors in addition to the joint instability. We showed that torn ACL remnants express periostin (POSTN) in the acute phase of injury. Considering that ACL injury predisposes to OA and that POSTN is associated with cartilage metabolism, we hypothesize that ACL injury affects chondrocytes via POSTN. DESIGN Cartilage was obtained from osteoarthritic patients and ACL remnants were collected from patients undergoing ACL reconstruction. Crosstalk between ACL remnants and chondrocytes was studied in a transwell co-culture system. Expression of POSTN and other anabolic and catabolic genes was assessed via real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Immunostaining for periostin was performed in human and mouse cartilage. The impact of exogenous periostin and siRNA-mediated ablation of periostin on matrix metabolism and cell migration was examined. Furthermore, the effect of anabolic (transforming growth factor beta 1 [TGF-β1]) and catabolic (interleukin 1 beta [IL-1β]) factors on POSTN expression was investigated. RESULTS ACL remnants induced expression of POSTN, MMP13 and ADAMTS4. Periostin levels were significantly higher in osteoarthritic compared to normal cartilage. Exogenous periostin induced MMP13 expression and cell migration, and repressed COL1A1 expression while POSTN knockdown inhibited expression of both anabolic and catabolic genes and impeded cell migration. TGF-β1 and IL-1β treatment did not alter POSTN expression but influenced chondrocyte metabolism as determined by quantification of anabolic and catabolic genes via real-time PCR. CONCLUSIONS ACL remnants can exert paracrine effects on cartilage, altering cellular homeostasis. Over time, this metabolic imbalance could contribute to OA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chinzei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - R H Brophy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - X Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - L Cai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - R M Nunley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| | - L J Sandell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University School of Engineering and Applied Science, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
| | - M F Rai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
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17
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Fu X, Qiu R, Tang C, Wang X, Cheng X, Yin M. Effects of GGCX overexpression on anterior cruciate ligament transection-induced osteoarthritis in rabbits. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:3821-3828. [PMID: 29257344 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective therapeutic methods for osteoarthritis (OA) are lacking. γ‑glutamyl carboxylase (GGCX) is a key enzyme that regulates carboxylation of cartilage matrix Gla protein (MGP). Whether GGCX overexpression protects against OA remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of GGCX overexpression on anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT)‑induced OA and its mechanisms in Japanese white rabbits. ACLT surgery was used to establish an OA model in rabbits. A total of 48 rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: Sham, OA model + GGCX overexpression plasmid, OA model + saline and OA model + empty vector. The expression of uncarboxylated MGP (ucMGP), carboxylated MGP (cMGP), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑13, collagen type X, collagen type II, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interleukin (IL)‑1β were detected by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Morphological changes to tibial cartilage were assessed by Giemsa and safranin O‑fast green staining, respectively. Compared with the Sham control, GGCX expression was significantly decreased in the OA Model group. GGCX expression was increased by injection of a lentivirus‑carried overexpression plasmid that encoded GGCX. GGCX overexpression ameliorated ATLC‑induced damage in articular cartilage. OA Model rabbits exhibited significantly decreased expression levels of cMGP and collagen type II, and increased expression of ucMGP, collagen type X, MMP‑13, IL‑1β and TNF‑α. Notably, these expression levels were reversed by GGCX overexpression in OA Model rabbits. Results from the present study indicated that GGCX expression was decreased in OA Model rabbits, whereas overexpression of GGCX was able to promote carboxylation of MGP, reduce inflammation, decrease MMP‑13 expression and regulate collagen expression. The results also indicated that GGCX may serve as a therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ruiyun Qiu
- College of Information Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P.R. China
| | - Chunfang Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 341099, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xigao Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Cuellar V, Strauss E. Molecular Biomarkers of Knee Pathology. Bull Hosp Jt Dis (2013) 2017; 75:30-36. [PMID: 28214459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The identification of biomarkers has become increasingly important in our fundamental understanding of the molecular basis for disease and subsequently in the advancement of modern medicine. Biomarkers have been identified in a plethora of normal and pathologic conditions and are most often found in blood, tissue, or synovial fluid. Orthopaedic research has more recently focused on biomarkers of cartilage and joint diseases, with an emphasis on understanding the molecular underpinnings of their pathophysiology. This article focuses on the biomarkers identified to date in several select knee pathologies and how further research can contribute to new diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics.
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Jungmann PM, Baum T, Nevitt MC, Nardo L, Gersing AS, Lane NE, McCulloch CE, Rummeny EJ, Link TM. Degeneration in ACL Injured Knees with and without Reconstruction in Relation to Muscle Size and Fat Content-Data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166865. [PMID: 27918596 PMCID: PMC5137877 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anterior cruciate ligaments (ACL) injuries represent a major risk factor for early osteoarthritis (OA). Purpose To evaluate the prevalence and 4-year progression of knee OA measured with 3T MR-imaging in individuals with ruptured, reconstructed or normal ACL and to assess the impact of thigh muscle characteristics. Methods A total of 54 knees (23/54 male, 31/54 female) were recruited from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). At baseline, 15/54 subjects had prevalent ACL ruptures and 15/54 subjects had prevalent ACL reconstruction (24/54 normal ACL). Western Ontario and McMasters Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) scores, Physical Activity Scores of the Elderly (PASE) and thigh muscle characteristics including strength, fat infiltration (Goutallier score) and thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) MR measurements were obtained at baseline. Whole-organ MR-imaging Scores (WORMS) were obtained at baseline and at a 4-year follow-up time-point. Multivariate regression models, adjusting for covariates (age, gender, body mass index), were used for statistical analysis. Results At baseline, subjects with prevalent ACL ruptures had worse WORMS total scores (mean±SEM, 44.1±3.5) than subjects with ACL reconstruction (30.8±4.0; P = 0.015) and worse than subjects with normal ACL (21.3±3.0; P<0.001). Cartilage scores were worse in both femorotibial compartments in ACL injured knees than in knees with normal ACL (P<0.05). Knees with ACL reconstruction showed an increased degeneration of the medial meniscus (P = 0.036), cartilage degeneration at the medial femoral condyle (P = 0.011). In a multivariate regression model, including both ACL groups and total muscle characteristics as influence parameters, high thigh muscle CSA, high muscle/ fat ratio and low Goutallier scores were associated with less degenerative changes at the knee, independent of ACL status. Knees with ACL reconstruction showed an increased progression of cartilage degeneration at the medial tibia compared to the normal ACL group (P = 0.027). Conclusions High thigh muscle CSA is associated with less degenerative changes at the knee, independent of the ACL status and may potentially be advantageous in the prevention of early OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia M. Jungmann
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Baum
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael C. Nevitt
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lorenzo Nardo
- Musculoskeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | | | - Nancy E. Lane
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Charles E. McCulloch
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ernst J. Rummeny
- Department of Radiology, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Link
- Musculoskeletal and Quantitative Imaging Research, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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20
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Boyan BD, Hyzy SL, Pan Q, Scott KM, Coutts RD, Healey R, Schwartz Z. 24R,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Protects against Articular Cartilage Damage following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Transection in Male Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161782. [PMID: 27575371 PMCID: PMC5019362 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) in humans is associated with low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3]. In vitamin D replete rats, radiolabeled 24R,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [24R,25(OH)2D3] accumulates in articular cartilage following injection of [3H]-25(OH)D3. Previously, we showed that 24R,25(OH)2D3 blocks chondrocyte apoptosis via phospholipase D and p53, suggesting a role for 24R,25(OH)2D3 in maintaining cartilage health. We examined the ability of 24R,25(OH)2D3 to prevent degenerative changes in articular cartilage in an OA-like environment and the potential mechanisms involved. In vitro, rat articular chondrocytes were treated with IL-1β with and without 24R,25(OH)2D3 or 1α,25(OH)2D3. 24R,25(OH)2D3 but not 1α,25(OH)2D3 blocked the effects of IL-1β in a dose-dependent manner, and its effect was partially mediated through the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. In vivo, unilateral anterior cruciate ligament transections were performed in immunocompetent rats followed by intra-articular injections of 24R,25(OH)2D3 or vehicle (t = 0, 7, 14, 21 days). Tissues were harvested on day 28. Joints treated with vehicle had changes typical of OA whereas joints treated with 24R,25(OH)2D3 had less articular cartilage damage and levels of inflammatory mediators. These results indicate that 24R,25(OH)2D3 protects against OA, and suggest that it may be a therapeutic approach for preventing trauma-induced osteoarthritis.
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MESH Headings
- 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3/administration & dosage
- 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/drug therapy
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/etiology
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/genetics
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/metabolism
- Cartilage, Articular/cytology
- Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
- Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Injections, Intra-Articular
- Interleukin-1beta/adverse effects
- Male
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/prevention & control
- Rats
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/metabolism
- Vitamins/administration & dosage
- Vitamins/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D. Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sharon L. Hyzy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Qingfen Pan
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Scott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Richard D. Coutts
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Robert Healey
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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21
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Cheng P, Han P, Zhao C, Zhang S, Zhang X, Chai Y. Magnesium inference screw supports early graft incorporation with inhibition of graft degradation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26434. [PMID: 27210585 PMCID: PMC4876376 DOI: 10.1038/srep26434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction surgery commonly encounters graft failure in the initial phase of rehabilitation. The inhibition of graft degradation is crucial for the successful reconstruction of the ACL. Here, we used biodegradable high-purity magnesium (HP Mg) screws in the rabbit model of ACL reconstruction with titanium (Ti) screws as a control and analyzed the graft degradation and screw corrosion using direct pull-out tests, microCT scanning, and histological and immunohistochemical staining. The most noteworthy finding was that tendon graft fixed by HP Mg screws exhibited biomechanical properties substantially superior to that by Ti screws and the relative area of collagen fiber at the tendon-bone interface was much larger in the Mg group, when severe graft degradation was identified in the histological analysis at 3 weeks. Semi-quantitative immunohistochemical results further elucidated that the MMP-13 expression significantly decreased surrounding HP Mg screws with relatively higher Collagen II expression. And HP Mg screws exhibited uniform corrosion behavior without displacement or loosening in the femoral tunnel. Therefore, our results demonstrated that Mg screw inhibited graft degradation and improved biomechanical properties of tendon graft during the early phase of graft healing and highlighted its potential in ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Pei Han
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Changli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaoxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Suzhou Origin Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215513, China
| | - Xiaonong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Suzhou Origin Medical Technology Co. Ltd., Suzhou 215513, China
| | - Yimin Chai
- Department of Orthopaedic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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22
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Trocan I, Ceausu RA, Jitariu AA, Haragus H, Damian G, Raica M. Healing Potential of the Anterior Cruciate Ligament Remnant Stump. In Vivo 2016; 30:225-230. [PMID: 27107079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to analyze the microstructural architecture and cellular differentiation of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) stumps in different stages after injury, as this could augment graft biointegration. MATERIALS AND METHODS The histological appearance and immunoreaction for cluster of differentiation 34 antigen (CD34) of 54 biopsies from 27 remnants were compared to 10 biopsies from 5 normal cruciate ligaments. RESULTS CD34 reaction in endothelial cells, fibroblasts and fibrocytes was consistently positive in small synovial vessels. Remnants also exhibited CD34(+) cells among collagen fibers. Blood vessel density varied between specimens. The mean vascular microdensity was 43 per ×200 field in remnants compared to 15.2 in controls. A total of 94.44% of remnant ACL samples had significant hyperplasia of stellate and fusiform stromal cells, CD34(+); 22.4% had developed capillary vessels inside the ligament; 33% exhibited ongoing angiogenesis. CONCLUSION Significant differences exist between torn and intact ACL regarding microvascularization. The remnants contain stellate stromal cells and CD34(+) fibrocytes, and display angiogenesis both at synovia as well as in the ligament itself. These findings underline the potential contribution to neoligament healing when remnants are preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilie Trocan
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Raluca A Ceausu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Andreea A Jitariu
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Horia Haragus
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Gratian Damian
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmacy, Vasile Goldis Western University, Arad, Romania
| | - Marius Raica
- Department of Microscopic Morphology/Histology, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania Angiogenesis Research Center, Victor Babes University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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