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Park J, Purushothaman B, Hong S, Choi M, Jegal KH, Park M, Song JM, Kang KW. GRP78 blockade overcomes acquired resistance to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Life Sci 2024; 348:122681. [PMID: 38697281 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
AIMS While significant upregulation of GRP78 has been documented in lung cancer patients, its association with resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) remains underexamined. Our study aimed to elucidate the functional importance of GRP78 in acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic target. MAIN METHODS Immunoblot analysis or flow cytometry was employed to assess several markers for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. Ru(II) complex I and HA15, two known GRP78 inhibitors, were used to evaluate the functional role of GRP78. A Xenograft assay was performed to evaluate the in vivo anti-cancer effects of the GRP78 inhibitors. KEY FINDINGS We validated a significant increase in GRP78 protein levels in HCC827-GR, H1993-GR, and H1993-ER cells. The EGFR-TKI-resistant cells overexpressing GRP78 exhibited significantly higher cell proliferation rates than did their parental counterparts. Notably, GRP78 inhibition resulted in a more profound anti-proliferative and apoptotic response via heightened ER stress and subsequent reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in EGFR-TKI-resistant cell lines compared with their parental cells. In xenograft models implanted with HCC827-GR, both Ru(II) complex I and HA15 significantly suppressed tumor growth and reduced tumor weight. Additionally, we confirmed that GRP78 plays a critical role in the proliferation of H1975, an EGFR-TKI-resistant T790M-mutant cell line, relative to other NSCLC cell lines. SIGNIFICANCE Our findings strongly support targeting of GRP78 as a promising therapeutic strategy for NSCLC patients with acquired resistance to EGFR-TKIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaewoo Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskaran Purushothaman
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sera Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Munkyung Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Jegal
- Department of Korean Medical Classics, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Republic of Korea
| | - Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Myong Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kopsida M, Clavero AL, Khaled J, Balgoma D, Luna-Marco C, Chowdhury A, Nyman SS, Rorsman F, Ebeling Barbier C, Bergsten P, Lennernäs H, Hedeland M, Heindryckx F. Inhibiting the endoplasmic reticulum stress response enhances the effect of doxorubicin by altering the lipid metabolism of liver cancer cells. Mol Metab 2024; 79:101846. [PMID: 38030123 PMCID: PMC10755054 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2023.101846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a low and variable response to chemotherapeutic treatments. One contributing factor to the overall pharmacodynamics is the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways. This is a cellular stress mechanism that becomes activated when the cell's need for protein synthesis surpasses the ER's capacity to maintain accurate protein folding, and has been implicated in creating drug-resistance in several solid tumors. OBJECTIVE To identify the role of ER-stress and lipid metabolism in mediating drug response in HCC. METHODS By using a chemically-induced mouse model for HCC, we administered the ER-stress inhibitor 4μ8C and/or doxorubicin (DOX) twice weekly for three weeks post-tumor initiation. Histological analyses were performed alongside comprehensive molecular biology and lipidomics assessments of isolated liver samples. In vitro models, including HCC cells, spheroids, and patient-derived liver organoids were subjected to 4μ8C and/or DOX, enabling us to assess their synergistic effects on cellular viability, lipid metabolism, and oxygen consumption rate. RESULTS We reveal a pivotal synergy between ER-stress modulation and drug response in HCC. The inhibition of ER-stress using 4μ8C not only enhances the cytotoxic effect of DOX, but also significantly reduces cellular lipid metabolism. This intricate interplay culminates in the deprivation of energy reserves essential for the sustenance of tumor cells. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the interplay between lipid metabolism and ER-stress modulation in enhancing doxorubicin efficacy in HCC. This novel approach not only deepens our understanding of the disease, but also uncovers a promising avenue for therapeutic innovation. The long-term impact of our study could open the possibility of ER-stress inhibitors and/or lipase inhibitors as adjuvant treatments for HCC-patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kopsida
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Jaafar Khaled
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - David Balgoma
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden; Unidad de Excelencia, Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular (IBGM), Universidad de Valladolid - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | | | | | - Sofi Sennefelt Nyman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Rorsman
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Bergsten
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Hans Lennernäs
- Translational Drug Development and Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Kouroumalis E, Tsomidis I, Voumvouraki A. Pathogenesis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Interplay of Apoptosis and Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041166. [PMID: 37189787 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a multifactorial process that has not yet been fully investigated. Autophagy and apoptosis are two important cellular pathways that are critical for cell survival or death. The balance between apoptosis and autophagy regulates liver cell turnover and maintains intracellular homeostasis. However, the balance is often dysregulated in many cancers, including HCC. Autophagy and apoptosis pathways may be either independent or parallel or one may influence the other. Autophagy may either inhibit or promote apoptosis, thus regulating the fate of the liver cancer cells. In this review, a concise overview of the pathogenesis of HCC is presented, with emphasis on new developments, including the role of endoplasmic reticulum stress, the implication of microRNAs and the role of gut microbiota. The characteristics of HCC associated with a specific liver disease are also described and a brief description of autophagy and apoptosis is provided. The role of autophagy and apoptosis in the initiation, progress and metastatic potential is reviewed and the experimental evidence indicating an interplay between the two is extensively analyzed. The role of ferroptosis, a recently described specific pathway of regulated cell death, is presented. Finally, the potential therapeutic implications of autophagy and apoptosis in drug resistance are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Kouroumalis
- Department of Gastroenterology, PAGNI University Hospital, University of Crete School of Medicine, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Ioannis Tsomidis
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Crete Medical School, 71500 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
| | - Argyro Voumvouraki
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, 54621 Thessaloniki, Central Macedonia, Greece
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4
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Dos Santos NS, Gonçalves DR, Balbinot B, Visioli F. Is GRP78 (Glucose-regulated protein 78) a prognostic biomarker in differents types of cancer? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 242:154301. [PMID: 36610326 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
GRP78 is a chaperone with anti-apoptotic function associated with aggressive tumors. This systematic review aimed to evaluate GRP78 expression in cancer and its relation to prognosis outcomes. This review was conducted in different databases searching for human cancer studies assessing GRP78 immunohistochemical levels on tissue samples. A total of 98 manuscripts were included. In 62% of the studies, GRP78 was associated with a worse prognosis. A meta-analysis included 29 studies that detected a significantly higher expression of GRP78 in cancer tissues (RR= 2.35, 95% CI 1.75-3.15) compared to control. A meta-analysis of 3 and 5-years Overall Survival revealed an increased risk of death for tumors with high expression of GRP78 (RR=1.36, 95%CI 1.16-1,59, I2 = 57%) and (RR=1.65, 95%CI 1.22-2.21, I2 =64%), respectively. GRP78 is an important prognostic biomarker for different types of cancer and a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Souza Dos Santos
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Douglas Rodrigues Gonçalves
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Oral Medicine Unit, Otorhinolaryngology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bianca Balbinot
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Oral Pathology Department, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Experimental Center Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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5
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Bonsignore G, Martinotti S, Ranzato E. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Cancer: Could Unfolded Protein Response Be a Druggable Target for Cancer Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021566. [PMID: 36675080 PMCID: PMC9865308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive response which is used for re-establishing protein homeostasis, and it is triggered by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Specific ER proteins mediate UPR activation, after dissociation from chaperone Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78). UPR can decrease ER stress, producing an ER adaptive response, block UPR if ER homeostasis is restored, or regulate apoptosis. Some tumour types are linked to ER protein folding machinery disturbance, highlighting how UPR plays a pivotal role in cancer cells to keep malignancy and drug resistance. In this review, we focus on some molecules that have been revealed to target ER stress demonstrating as UPR could be a new target in cancer treatment.
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Paskeh MDA, Ghadyani F, Hashemi M, Abbaspour A, Zabolian A, Javanshir S, Razzazan M, Mirzaei S, Entezari M, Goharrizi MASB, Salimimoghadam S, Aref AR, Kalbasi A, Rajabi R, Rashidi M, Taheriazam A, Sethi G. Biological impact and therapeutic perspective of targeting PI3K/Akt signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma: Promises and Challenges. Pharmacol Res 2023; 187:106553. [PMID: 36400343 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancer progression results from activation of various signaling networks. Among these, PI3K/Akt signaling contributes to proliferation, invasion, and inhibition of apoptosis. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver cancer with high incidence rate, especially in regions with high prevalence of viral hepatitis infection. Autoimmune disorders, diabetes mellitus, obesity, alcohol consumption, and inflammation can also lead to initiation and development of HCC. The treatment of HCC depends on the identification of oncogenic factors that lead tumor cells to develop resistance to therapy. The present review article focuses on the role of PI3K/Akt signaling in HCC progression. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling promotes glucose uptake, favors glycolysis and increases tumor cell proliferation. It inhibits both apoptosis and autophagy while promoting HCC cell survival. PI3K/Akt stimulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increases matrix-metalloproteinase (MMP) expression during HCC metastasis. In addition to increasing colony formation capacity and facilitating the spread of tumor cells, PI3K/Akt signaling stimulates angiogenesis. Therefore, silencing PI3K/Akt signaling prevents aggressive HCC cell behavior. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling can confer drug resistance, particularly to sorafenib, and decreases the radio-sensitivity of HCC cells. Anti-cancer agents, like phytochemicals and small molecules can suppress PI3K/Akt signaling by limiting HCC progression. Being upregulated in tumor tissues and clinical samples, PI3K/Akt can also be used as a biomarker to predict patients' response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Deldar Abad Paskeh
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ghadyani
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hashemi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Abbaspour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center,Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Resident of department of Orthopedics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Javanshir
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnaz Razzazan
- Medical Student, Student Research Committee, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Entezari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shokooh Salimimoghadam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Translational Sciences, Xsphera Biosciences Inc. 6, Tide Street, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Alireza Kalbasi
- Department of Pharmacy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Romina Rajabi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Rashidi
- Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; The Health of Plant and Livestock Products Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Afshin Taheriazam
- Farhikhtegan Medical Convergence sciences Research Center, Farhikhtegan Hospital Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore.
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7
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Pavlović N, Heindryckx F. Targeting ER stress in the hepatic tumor microenvironment. FEBS J 2022; 289:7163-7176. [PMID: 34331743 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of primary liver cancer. It currently ranks as one of the most aggressive and deadly cancers worldwide, with an increasing mortality rate and limited treatment options. An important hallmark of liver pathologies, such as liver fibrosis and HCC, is the accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which induces ER stress and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Upon accumulation of misfolded proteins, ER stress is sensed through three transmembrane proteins, IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6, which trigger the UPR to either alleviate ER stress or induce apoptosis. Increased expression of ER stress markers has been widely shown to correlate with fibrosis, inflammation, drug resistance, and overall HCC aggressiveness, as well as poor patient prognosis. While preclinical in vivo cancer models and in vitro approaches have shown promising results by pharmacologically targeting ER stress mediators, the major challenge of this therapeutic strategy lies in specifically and effectively targeting ER stress in HCC. Furthermore, both ER stress inducers and inhibitors have been shown to ameliorate HCC progression, adding to the complexity of targeting ER stress players as an anticancer strategy. More studies are needed to better understand the dual role and molecular background of ER stress in HCC, as well as its therapeutic potential for patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Pavlović
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden
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8
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Gundamaraju R, Wu J, William JNG, Lu W, Jha NK, Ramasamy S, Rao PV. Ascendancy of unfolded protein response over glioblastoma: estimating progression, prognosis and survival. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2022; 39:143-165. [PMID: 35904341 DOI: 10.1080/02648725.2022.2106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is presented with a poor prognosis. The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) has been implicated as a major contributor to disease progression and chemoresistance in GBM. Triggering ERS by chemical agents or genetic modulations is identified as some of the reasons for regulating gene expression and the pathogenesis of GBM. ERS initiates unfolded protein response (UPR), an integrated system useful in restoring homeostasis or inducing apoptosis. Modulation of UPR might have positive outcomes in GBM treatment as UPR inducers have been shown to alter cell survival and migration. In the current review, we have utilized GSE7806, a publicly available dataset from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), to evaluate the genes expressed during 6.5 hr and 18 hr, which can be comparable to the early and late-onset of the disease. Subsequently, we have elucidated the prognosis and survival information whilst the expression of these genes in the GBM was noted in previous studies. This is the first of its kind review summarizing the most recent gene information correlating UPR and GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Gundamaraju
- ER stress and Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jian Wu
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapy, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jonahunnatha Nesson George William
- Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences (DSMOB), Ageing Research Center and Translational medicine-CeSI-MeT, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Wenying Lu
- Respiratory Translational Research Group, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP, Indonesia
| | | | - Pasupuleti Visweswara Rao
- f Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413, India.,g Department of Biotechnology, School of applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, India.,h Cardiac Hypertrophy Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.,i Department of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.,j Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Abdurrab University, Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia
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9
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Drug Resistance and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11040632. [PMID: 35203283 PMCID: PMC8870354 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common and deadly cancers worldwide. It is usually diagnosed in an advanced stage and is characterized by a high intrinsic drug resistance, leading to limited chemotherapeutic efficacy and relapse after treatment. There is therefore a vast need for understanding underlying mechanisms that contribute to drug resistance and for developing therapeutic strategies that would overcome this. The rapid proliferation of tumor cells, in combination with a highly inflammatory microenvironment, causes a chronic increase of protein synthesis in different hepatic cell populations. This leads to an intensified demand of protein folding, which inevitably causes an accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This process is called ER stress and triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) in order to restore protein synthesis or—in the case of severe or prolonged ER stress—to induce cell death. Interestingly, the three different arms of the ER stress signaling pathways have been shown to drive chemoresistance in several tumors and could therefore form a promising therapeutic target. This review provides an overview of how ER stress and activation of the UPR contributes to drug resistance in HCC.
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Yu M, Lun J, Zhang H, Wang L, Zhang G, Zhang H, Fang J. Targeting UPR branches, a potential strategy for enhancing efficacy of cancer chemotherapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2021; 53:1417-1427. [PMID: 34664059 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are often exposed to cell intrinsic stresses and environmental perturbations that may lead to accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a cellular condition known as ER stress. In response to ER stress, the cells elicit an adaptive process called unfolded protein response (UPR) to cope with the stress, supporting cellular homeostasis and survival. The ER stress sensors inositol requiring protein 1α (IRE1α), eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (EIF2AK3, also called PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) constitute the three branches of UPR to resolve ER stress. IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 play an important role in tumor cell growth and survival. They are also involved in chemotherapy resistance of cancers. These have generated widespread interest in targeting these UPR branches for cancer treatment. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of IRE1α, PERK, and ATF6 in cancer progression and drug resistance and we summarize the research advances in targeting these UPR branches to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Oncology Department, Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- Center for Cancer Targeted Therapies, Signet Therapeutics Inc., Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266061, China
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11
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Pavlović N, Heindryckx F. Exploring the Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma through mining of the Human Protein Atlas. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070640. [PMID: 34356495 PMCID: PMC8301178 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma is a highly deadly primary liver cancer. It is usually diagnosed at a late stage, when therapeutic options are scarce, and the lack of predictive biomarkers poses a challenge for early detection. A known hallmark of hepatocellular carcinoma is the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), known as ER-stress. Growing experimental evidence suggests that ER-stress is involved in liver cancer initiation and progression. However, it remains unclear if ER-stress markers can be used as therapeutic targets or biomarkers for patients with liver cancer. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic value of proteins involved in managing ER-stress in liver cancer by mining a publicly available patient-derived database, the Human Protein Atlas. We thereby identified 44 ER-stress-associated proteins as prognostic markers in liver cancer. Furthermore, we discussed the expression of these markers in relation to disease stage, age, sex, ethnicity, and tissue localization. Abstract Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and actors of unfolded protein response (UPR) have emerged as key hallmarks of hepatocarcinogenesis. Numerous reports have shown that the main actors in the UPR pathways are upregulated in HCC and contribute to the different facets of tumor initiation and disease progression. Furthermore, ER-stress inducers and inhibitors have shown success in preclinical HCC models. Despite the mounting evidence of the UPR’s involvement in HCC pathogenesis, it remains unclear how ER-stress components can be used safely and effectively as therapeutic targets or predictive biomarkers for HCC patients. In an effort to add a clinical context to these findings and explore the translational potential of ER-stress in HCC, we performed a systematic overview of UPR-associated proteins as predictive biomarkers in HCC by mining the Human Protein Atlas database. Aside from evaluating the prognostic value of these markers in HCC, we discussed their expression in relation to patient age, sex, ethnicity, disease stage, and tissue localization. We thereby identified 44 UPR-associated proteins as unfavorable prognostic markers in HCC. The expression of these markers was found to be higher in tumors compared to the stroma of the hepatic HCC patient tissues.
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Knighton LE, Nitika, Wani TH, Truman AW. Chemogenomic and bioinformatic profiling of ERdj paralogs underpins their unique roles in cancer. Cell Stress Chaperones 2021; 27:135-147. [PMID: 35129801 PMCID: PMC8943095 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-022-01256-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ER-resident Hsp70 paralog BiP is important in cellular homeostasis as well as in cancer cell progression. Although several BiP inhibitors have been developed, they have not succeeded in clinical trials due to toxicity issues. ER-resident co-chaperones (ERdjs) tailor the activity and specificity of BiP. Here, we report multiple-cancer analyses of BiP and ERdj genomic alterations including mRNA expression from cancer patients using available data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We examine the individual roles of BiP co-chaperones ERdj1-8 in mediating anticancer drug resistance through chemogenomic screening of ERdj1-8 CRISPR KO cells. In keeping with the idea that ERdjs regulate distinct facets of proteostasis, we find that each ERdj KO displays a unique signature of drug resistance. Taken together, our results demonstrate a novel way to understand functional specificity of ERdjs, suggesting a future personalized medicine approach, whereby ERdj mutation status is assessed to design an effective anticancer treatment plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Knighton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Nitika
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Tasaduq H Wani
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA
| | - Andrew W Truman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, 28223, USA.
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13
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Identification of Long Noncoding RNA Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Single-Sample Networks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8579651. [PMID: 33299877 PMCID: PMC7700720 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8579651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Many studies have found that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and closely associated with the occurrence and prognosis of HCC. Since patients with HCC are usually diagnosed in late stages, more effective biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostic prediction are in urgent need. Methods The RNA-seq data of liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Differentially expressed lncRNAs and mRNAs were obtained using the edgeR package. The single-sample networks of the 371 tumor samples were constructed to identify the candidate lncRNA biomarkers. Univariate Cox regression analysis was performed to further select the potential lncRNA biomarkers. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, a 3-lncRNA-based risk score model was established on the training set. Then, the survival prediction ability of the 3-lncRNA-based risk score model was evaluated on the testing set and the entire set. Function enrichment analyses were performed using Metascape. Results Three lncRNAs (RP11-150O12.3, RP11-187E13.1, and RP13-143G15.4) were identified as the potential lncRNA biomarkers for LIHC. The 3-lncRNA-based risk model had a good survival prediction ability for the patients with LIHC. Multivariate Cox regression analysis proved that the 3-lncRNA-based risk score was an independent predictor for the survival prediction of patients with LIHC. Function enrichment analysis indicated that the three lncRNAs may be associated with LIHC via their involvement in many known cancer-associated biological functions. Conclusion This study could provide novel insights to identify lncRNA biomarkers for LIHC at a molecular network level.
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Ninkovic S, Harrison SJ, Quach H. Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) as a potential novel biomarker and therapeutic target in multiple myeloma. Expert Rev Hematol 2020; 13:1201-1210. [PMID: 32990063 DOI: 10.1080/17474086.2020.1830372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) is a stress-inducible molecular chaperone expressed within the endoplasmic reticulum where it acts as a master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. At times of ER stress, activation of the UPR, a multimolecular pathway, limits proteotoxicity induced by misfolded proteins. In malignancies, including multiple myeloma which is characterized by an accumulation of misfolded immunoglobulins, GRP78 expression is increased, with notable translocation of GRP78 to the cell surface. Studies suggest cell-surface GRP78 (csGRP78) to be of prognostic significance with emerging evidence that it interacts with a myriad of co-ligands to activate signaling pathways promoting cell proliferation and survival or apoptosis. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the role of ER and csGRP78 in physiology and oncogenesis in multiple myeloma, addressing factors that shift the balance in GRP78 signaling from survival to apoptosis. The role of GRP78 as a potential prognostic biomarker is explored and current therapeutics in development aimed at targeting csGRP78 are addressed. We conducted a PubMed literature search using the keywords 'GRP78,' 'multiple myeloma' reviewing studies prior to 2020. EXPERT OPINION Cell-surface GRP78 expression is a potential novel prognostic biomarker in myeloma and targeting of csGRP78 is promising and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavisa Ninkovic
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Simon J Harrison
- Clinical Haematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre and Royal Melbourne Hospital , Melbourne, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Dept of Oncology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Australia
| | - Hang Quach
- Department of Haematology, St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne , Fitzroy, Australia
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15
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A zinc finger family protein, ZNF263, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma resistance to apoptosis via activation of ER stress-dependent autophagy. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100851. [PMID: 32898766 PMCID: PMC7486481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is generally activated in HCC and is important for the sensitivity of HCC to anticancer drugs. ERS-dependent autophagy is a crucial mechanism affecting the sensitivity of HCC to anticancer drugs, but the mechanism by which ERS regulates autophagy is not well understood. Zinc finger protein 263 (ZNF263) is a transcription factor member of the zinc finger family. However, its functional role in HCC remains to be studied. In the current study, we investigated the role of ZNF263 in regulating ERS-induced chemoresistance in HCC and its possible mechanism. We found that ZNF263 was the most significant ERS-specific super-enhancer bounding transcriptional factor and was up-regulated in HCC patients and cell lines. Further, ZNF263 expression correlated with ERS, clinical stage and shorter survival in HCC patients. ZNF263 knockdown by RNA interference results in decreased proliferation, apoptosis resistance, and chemoresistance. Further study showed that ZNF263 increased chemoresistance by activating ERS-related autophagy. In conclusion, our study highlights ZNF263 as a functional ERS-related tumor activator and indicates it as a potential target for HCC therapy.
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16
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Liu H, Xie S, Fang F, Kalvakolanu DV, Xiao W. SHQ1 is an ER stress response gene that facilitates chemotherapeutics-induced apoptosis via sensitizing ER-stress response. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:445. [PMID: 32522979 PMCID: PMC7286909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2656-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SHQ1 was reported to control the biogenesis and assembly of H/ACA ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). It was independently isolated as a growth suppressor, GRIM1, in a genetic screen. Recent studies have indicated that SHQ1 inhibits prostate cancer growth and metastasis. SHQ1 facilitates MYC RNA splicing to promote T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) development. Thus, the mechanisms of SHQ1 in cancers remain largely unknown. We report here that SHQ1 promotes tumor apoptosis and chemo-sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In HCC tissues from patients, expression of SHQ1 was significantly decreased in the tumor compared to adjacent tissues. Experiments with HCC xenograft models revealed that restoring SHQ1 levels enhanced the anti-tumor activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducer tunicamycin (TM) and common chemotherapy drug paclitaxel (PTX). Mechanistically, SHQ1 is an ER-stress response gene which is regulated by p50ATF6 and XBP1s through an ER stress response like element located on the SHQ1 promoter. SHQ1 interacts with the ER chaperone GRP78 to release ER sensors PERK/IRE1α/ATF6 from GRP78/ER-sensor complexes, leading to hyper-activation of unfolded protein response (UPR). In the persistent ER stress conditions of a HepG2 xenograft tumor model, SHQ1-mediated hyper-activation of ER-sensor signaling induces apoptosis. Our study thus demonstrates a SHQ1-mediated ER-stress response feedback loop that promotes tumor sensitivity to chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Liu
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Siqi Xie
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China.
| | - Dhananjaya V Kalvakolanu
- Department of Microbiology and Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| | - Weihua Xiao
- Department of Oncology of the First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China. .,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China. .,Engineering Technology Research Center of Biotechnology Drugs Anhui, University of Science and Technology of China, 230027, Anhui, Hefei, China.
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17
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Activation of the PERK-ATF4 pathway promotes chemo-resistance in colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3210. [PMID: 30824833 PMCID: PMC6397152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is a major health problem worldwide. While chemotherapy remains a main approach for treating late-stage colon cancer patients, most, if not all, of them will develop drug resistance and die of uncontrollable disease progression eventually. Therefore, identification of mechanism of drug resistance and development of overcoming strategy hold great significance in management of colon cancer. In this study, we discovered that activation of the PERK branch of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways is required for colon cancer cells to survive treatment of 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), one of the first-line chemotherapeutics for late-stage colon cancer patients. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PERK or its downstream factors greatly sensitize colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Most importantly, in vivo use of PERK inhibitor synergizes with 5-FU in suppressing the growth of colon cancer cells in mouse models. In summary, our findings established a promising way to overcome resistance to chemotherapy in colon cancer.
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18
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The Role of the ER-Induced UPR Pathway and the Efficacy of Its Inhibitors and Inducers in the Inhibition of Tumor Progression. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:5729710. [PMID: 30863482 PMCID: PMC6378054 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5729710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the second most frequent cause of death worldwide. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous diseases, and there is still no effective treatment for many types of cancer. Since cancerous cells have a high proliferation rate, it is pivotal for their proper functioning to have the well-functioning protein machinery. Correct protein processing and folding are crucial to maintain tumor homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is one of the leading factors that cause disturbances in these processes. It is induced by impaired function of the ER and accumulation of unfolded proteins. Induction of ER stress affects many molecular pathways that cause the unfolded protein response (UPR). This is the way in which cells can adapt to the new conditions, but when ER stress cannot be resolved, the UPR induces cell death. The molecular mechanisms of this double-edged sword process are involved in the transition of the UPR either in a cell protection mechanism or in apoptosis. However, this process remains poorly understood but seems to be crucial in the treatment of many diseases that are related to ER stress. Hence, understanding the ER stress response, especially in the aspect of pathological consequences of UPR, has the potential to allow us to develop novel therapies and new diagnostic and prognostic markers for cancer.
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19
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Shen K, Johnson DW, Vesey DA, McGuckin MA, Gobe GC. Role of the unfolded protein response in determining the fate of tumor cells and the promise of multi-targeted therapies. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:317-334. [PMID: 28952072 PMCID: PMC5904077 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there have been advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis and development of new treatments, cancer remains a common cause of death. Many regulatory pathways are incompletely understood in cancer development and progression, with a prime example being those related to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The pathological sequelae that arise from disruption of ER homeostasis are not well defined. The ER is an organelle that is responsible for secretory protein biosynthesis and the quality control of protein folding. The ER triggers an unfolded protein response (UPR) when misfolded proteins accumulate, and while the UPR acts to restore protein folding and ER homeostasis, this response can work as a switch to determine the death or survival of cells. The treatment of cancer with agents that target the UPR has shown promising outcomes. The UPR has wide crosstalk with other signaling pathways. Multi-targeted cancer therapies which target the intersections within signaling networks have shown synergistic tumoricidal effects. In the present review, the basic cellular and signaling pathways of the ER and UPR are introduced; then the crosstalk between the ER and other signaling pathways is summarized; and ultimately, the evidence that the UPR is a potential target for cancer therapy is discussed. Regulation of the UPR downstream signaling is a common therapeutic target for different tumor types. Tumoricidal effects achieved from modulating the UPR downstream signaling could be enhanced by phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. Largely untapped by Western medicine for cancer therapies are Chinese herbal medicines. This review explores and discusses the value of some Chinese herbal extracts as PDE5 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Shen
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
| | - David W Johnson
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David A Vesey
- Department of Nephrology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael A McGuckin
- Mucosal Disease Inflammatory Disease Biology and Therapeutics Group, UQ Mater Research Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Glenda C Gobe
- Kidney Disease Research Group, UQ Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, 4102, Australia.
- Centre for Health Services Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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20
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Wang D, Hou C, Cao Y, Cheng Q, Zhang L, Li H, Feng L, Shen Y. XBP1 activation enhances MANF expression via binding to endoplasmic reticulum stress response elements within MANF promoter region in hepatitis B. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 99:140-146. [PMID: 29649564 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related protein, mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is involved in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. However, the mechanisms of the transcriptional regulation of MANF is still undefined. Here, we showed that MANF expression was upregulated in hepatitis B tissues and hepatoma cells, and positively correlated with the spliced X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1s). Both overexpression of XBP1s and tunicamycin treatment were able to enhance MANF transcription. On the contrary, inhibition of XBP1 splicing by IRE1α endonuclease inhibitor or knockdown of XBP1s with siRNA attenuated MANF expression. Two ER stress-responsive elements (ERSE) were found in the promoter region of MANF (ERSE I and ERSE II). The chromatin immunoprecipitation and reporter gene assay showed that XBP1s mainly binds to ERSE I to promote MANF transcription. Moreover, MANF was found to interact with XBP1s to enhance its own expression. Our findings uncover a new mechanism of ERSE-dependent transcriptional regulation of MANF, as well as a key role of XBP1s in promoting the MANF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; Teaching & Research Section of Nuclear Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Chao Hou
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yajie Cao
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qiyao Cheng
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hong Li
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Lijie Feng
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yuxian Shen
- Biopharmaceutical Research Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
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21
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Avril T, Vauléon E, Chevet E. Endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling and chemotherapy resistance in solid cancers. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e373. [PMID: 28846078 PMCID: PMC5608920 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular program used by eukaryotic cells to cope with protein misfolding stress. During tumor development, cancer cells are facing intrinsic (oncogene activation) and extrinsic (limiting nutrient or oxygen supply) challenges, with which they must cope to survive. Moreover, chemotherapy represents an additional extrinsic challenge that cancer cells are facing and to which they adapt in the case of resistance. As of today, resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapies is one of the important issues that oncologists have to deal with for treating cancer patients. In this review, we first describe the key molecular mechanisms controlling the UPR and their implication in solid cancers. Then, we review the literature that connects cancer chemotherapy resistance mechanisms and activation of the UPR. Finally, we discuss the possible applications of targeting the UPR to bypass drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Avril
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - E Vauléon
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - E Chevet
- INSERM U1242, 'Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling', Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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22
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Meng Q, He X, Xie G, Tian Q, Shu X, Li J, Xiao Y. MEK inhibitor enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in multidrug resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:3089-3095. [PMID: 28928846 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway and multidrug resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay was used to determine the drug sensitivity of HepG2 and HepG2/ADM hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines in combination with the MAPK/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitor U0126. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the rate of apoptosis. The reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to determine P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 1 (MRP1) mRNA expression following treatment with various concentrations of U0126. P-gp and MRP1 expression levels were measured using Western blot analysis. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was markedly decreased in combination with U0126. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the expression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) and MRP1 in HepG2/ADM cells was increased 5.37- and 6-14-fold compared with that in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels in HepG2/ADM cells were decreased following U0126 treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of P-gp and MRP1 in HepG2/ADM cells was increased 2.68- and 2.76-fold compared with that in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, the expression levels in HepG/ADM cells were decreased following U0126 treatment in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study indicate that the MEK inhibitor U0126 enhances sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs by downregulating P-gp and MRP1 expression in resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. The combination of MEK inhibitor and conventional chemotherapeutic drugs may provide novel therapeutic prospects for the treatment of drug-resistant hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingliang Meng
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqi He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Guangwei Xie
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Qingzhong Tian
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Shu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Oncological Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Yong Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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23
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Yip CW, Lam CY, Poon TCW, Cheung TT, Cheung PFY, Fung SW, Wang XQ, Leung ICY, Ng LWC, Lo CM, Tsao GSW, Cheung ST. Granulin-epithelin precursor interacts with 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:409. [PMID: 28601093 PMCID: PMC5466756 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3399-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Granulin-epithelin precursor (GEP) is a secretory growth factor, which has been demonstrated to control cancer growth, invasion, drug resistance and immune escape. Our previous studies and others also demonstrated its potential in targeted therapy. Comprehensive characterization of GEP partner on cancer cells are warranted. We have previously shown that GEP interacted with heparan sulfate on the surface of liver cancer cells and the interaction is crucial for GEP-mediated signaling transduction. This study aims to characterize GEP protein partner at the cell membrane with the co-immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry approach. Methods The membrane fraction from liver cancer model Hep3B was used for capturing binding partner with the specific monoclonal antibody against GEP. The precipitated proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry. After identifying the GEP binding partner, this specific interaction was validated in additional liver cancer cell line HepG2 by co-immunoprecipitation using GRP78 and GEP antibodies, respectively, as the bait. GRP78 transcript levels in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) clinical samples (n = 77 pairs) were examined by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. GEP and GRP78 protein expressions were investigated by immunohistochemistry on paraffin sections. Results We identified the GEP-binding protein as 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78, also named heat shock 70-kDa protein 5, HSPA5). This interaction was validated in independent HCC cell lines. Increased GRP78 mRNA levels were demonstrated in liver cancer tissues compared with the paralleled liver tissues (t-test, P = 0.002). GRP78 and GEP transcript levels were significantly correlated (Spearman’s correlation, P = 0.001), and the proteins were also detectable in the cytoplasm of liver cancer cells by immunohistochemical staining. Conclusions GRP78 and GEP are interacting protein partners in liver cancer cells and may play a role in GEP-mediated cancer progression in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Wai Yip
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ching Yan Lam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Health, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Tan To Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Phyllis F Y Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sze Wai Fung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao Qi Wang
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Idy C Y Leung
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Linda W C Ng
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung Mau Lo
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - George S W Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Tim Cheung
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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24
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Zhang Y, Hu Y, Wang JL, Yao H, Wang H, Liang L, Li C, Shi H, Chen Y, Fang JY, Xu J. Proteomic identification of ERP29 as a key chemoresistant factor activated by the aggregating p53 mutant Arg282Trp. Oncogene 2017; 36:5473-5483. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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25
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Taguchi Y, Horiuchi Y, Kano F, Murata M. Novel prosurvival function of Yip1A in human cervical cancer cells: constitutive activation of the IRE1 and PERK pathways of the unfolded protein response. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2718. [PMID: 28358375 PMCID: PMC5386543 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are under chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to hypoxia, low levels of nutrients, and a high metabolic demand for proliferation. To survive, they constitutively activate the unfolded protein response (UPR). The inositol-requiring protein 1 (IRE1) and protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK) signaling branches of the UPR have been shown to have cytoprotective roles in cancer cells. UPR-induced autophagy is another prosurvival strategy of cancer cells, possibly to remove misfolded proteins and supply nutrients. However, the mechanisms by which cancer cells exploit the UPR and autophagy machinery to promote survival and the molecules that are essential for these processes remain to be elucidated. Recently, a multipass membrane protein, Yip1A, was shown to function in the activation of IRE1 and in UPR-induced autophagy. In the present study, we explored the possible role of Yip1A in activation of the UPR by cancer cells for their survival, and found that depletion of Yip1A by RNA interference (RNAi) induced apoptotic cell death in HeLa and CaSki cervical cancer cells. Intriguingly, Yip1A was found to activate the IRE1 and PERK pathways of the UPR constitutively in HeLa and CaSki cells. Yip1A mediated the phosphorylation of IRE1 and also engaged in the transcription of PERK. The activation of these signaling pathways upregulated the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins and autophagy-related proteins. These events might enhance resistance to apoptosis and promote cytoprotective autophagy in HeLa and CaSki cells. The present study is the first to uncover a key prosurvival modulator, Yip1A, which coordinates IRE1 signaling with PERK signaling to support the survival of HeLa and CaSki cervical cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Taguchi
- Laboratory of Frontier Image Analysis, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Yuta Horiuchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Fumi Kano
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Masayuki Murata
- Laboratory of Frontier Image Analysis, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan.,Cell Biology Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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26
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Burris HA, Bakewell S, Bendell JC, Infante J, Jones SF, Spigel DR, Weiss GJ, Ramanathan RK, Ogden A, Von Hoff D. Safety and activity of IT-139, a ruthenium-based compound, in patients with advanced solid tumours: a first-in-human, open-label, dose-escalation phase I study with expansion cohort. ESMO Open 2017; 1:e000154. [PMID: 28848672 PMCID: PMC5548977 DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2016-000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This phase I clinical study (NCT01415297) evaluated the safety, tolerability, maximum-tolerated dose (MTD), pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of IT-139 (formerly NKP-1339) monotherapy in patients with advanced solid tumours. IT-139, sodium trans-(tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole)ruthenate(III)), is a novel small molecule that suppresses the stress induction of GRP78 in tumour cells. GRP78 is a key regulator of misfolded protein processing, and its upregulation in tumours is associated with intrinsic and drug-induced resistance. METHODS Forty-six patients with advanced solid tumours refractory to treatment received intravenous infusions of IT-139 on days 1, 8 and 15 for every 28 days, and doses were evaluated across nine cohorts at 20, 40, 80, 160, 320, 420, 500, 625 and 780 mg/m2. RESULTS Overall, IT-139 was well tolerated. The treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs) occurring in ≥20% of patients were nausea, fatigue, vomiting, anaemia and dehydration. The majority of patients had AEs that were ≤grade 2, regardless of relationship with the study drug. Of the total 38 efficacy-evaluable patients, one patient with a carcinoid tumour achieved a durable partial response. Nine additional patients achieved stable disease . The MTD was determined to be 625 mg/m2. IT-139 exhibited first-order linear pharmacokinetics. CONCLUSIONS IT-139 demonstrated a manageable safety profile at the MTD and modest anti-tumour activity in this study of patients with solid tumours refractory to treatment. The lack of dose-limiting haematological toxicity and the absence of neurotoxicity position IT-139 well for use in combination with a broad spectrum of anticancer drugs. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01415297.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - David R Spigel
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Glen J Weiss
- Cancer Treatment Centers of America, Western Regional Medical Center, Goodyear, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Angela Ogden
- Novateur Ventures,Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Daniel Von Hoff
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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27
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Papaioannou A, Chevet E. Driving Cancer Tumorigenesis and Metastasis Through UPR Signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2017; 414:159-192. [PMID: 28710693 DOI: 10.1007/82_2017_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells encounter both external and internal factors that can lead to the accumulation of improperly folded proteins in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) lumen, thus causing ER stress. When this happens, an adaptive mechanism named the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is triggered to help the cell cope with this change and restore protein homeostasis in the ER. Sequentially, one would expect that the activation of the three UPR branches, driven namely by IRE1, PERK, and ATF6, are crucial for the adaptation of cancer cells to the changing environment and thus for their survival and further propagation. Indeed, in the last few years, an increasing amount of studies has shown the implication of UPR signaling in different aspects of carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Features such as sustaining proliferation and resistance to cell death, genomic instability, altered metabolism, increased inflammation and tumor-immune infiltration, invasion and metastasis, and angiogenesis, defined as "the hallmarks of cancer", can be regulated by the UPR machinery. At the same time, new potential therapeutic interventions applicable to different kinds of cancers are being revealed. In order to describe the emerging role of UPR in cancer biology, these are the points that will be discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Papaioannou
- Inserm U1242 «Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling», University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Avenue de la bataille Flandres Dunkerque, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm U1242 «Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress and Signaling», University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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28
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Yoo JJ, Lee DH, Cho Y, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Yu SJ, Kim YJ, Kim CY, Yoon JH. Differential sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to suppression of hepatocystin transcription under hypoxic conditions. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2016; 48:581-590. [PMID: 27640193 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-016-9677-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene encoding hepatocystin/80 K-H (PRKCSH) cause autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease. Hepatocystin deficiency impairs glucosidase II activity, which is critical for processing and folding glycoproteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Hypoxia is known as a strong stimulus for generating survival signals in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. However, hypoxia may induce cell apoptosis under conditions of severe ER stress. Thus, we hypothesized that suppression of hepatocystin transcription induces HCC cell death under hypoxic conditions due to excessive ER stress. A new human HCC cell line, SNU-3058, was established following primary culture of tumor cells harvested from a Korean patient with rapidly growing hypovascular HCC. In cell culture, human HCC cells (Huh-7, SNU-761, and SNU-3058) were treated with control siRNA or hepatocystin siRNA with or without doxorubicin under hypoxic conditions. Cell viability, ER stress, unfolded protein response (UPR), and apoptosis were assessed using the MTS assay, immunoblot assay, and RT-PCR. Suppression of hepatocystin transcription attenuated proliferation in Huh-7 and SNU-761 cells, while proliferation was amplified in SNU-3058 cells. Similar results were observed following treatment with doxorubicin. Hepatocystin siRNA transfection increased cell death in Huh-7 and decreased cell death in SNU-3058. In SNU-3058, hepatocystin siRNA amplified GRP78, known as a pro-survival and cyto-protective signal, and attenuated the pro-apoptotic signal CHOP. These findings suggest that suppression of hepatocystin transcription induce the UPR, which alleviates damage associated with ER stress in SNU-3058. UPR had a limited role in protecting SNU-761 cells, resulting in cell death through apoptosis. In addition, blocking of pro-survival UPR signal by bacitracin or GRP78 knockdown, attenuated hepatocystin siRNA-induced proliferation in SNU-3058 cells under hypoxia. In this study, we demonstrated that different sensitivities to hepatocystin siRNA among human HCC cell lines are dependent on appropriate UPRs to hypoxia-induced ER stress following hepatocystin siRNA transfection. Because UPR is the main evasive mechanism for apoptosis induced by suppression of hepatocystin, targeting hepatocystin via UPR suppression could be a strategy for treating HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Gyeonggi do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuri Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-dong, Chongno-gu, Seoul, 110-744, Republic of Korea.
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29
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Le Reste PJ, Avril T, Quillien V, Morandi X, Chevet E. Reprint of: Signaling the Unfolded Protein Response in primary brain cancers. Brain Res 2016; 1648:542-552. [PMID: 27362469 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular program used by eukaryotic cells to cope with protein misfolding stress in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). During tumor development, cancer cells are facing intrinsic (oncogene activation) and extrinsic (limiting nutrient or oxygen supply; exposure to chemotherapies) challenges, with which they must cope to survive. Primary brain tumors are relatively rare but deadly and present a significant challenge in the determination of risk factors in the population. These tumors are inherently difficult to cure because of their protected location in the brain. As such surgery, radiation and chemotherapy options carry potentially lasting patient morbidity and incomplete tumor cure. Some of these tumors, such as glioblastoma, were reported to present features of ER stress and to depend on UPR activation to sustain growth, but to date there is no clear general representation of the ER stress status in primary brain tumors. In this review, we describe the key molecular mechanisms controlling the UPR and their implication in cancers. Then we extensively review the literature reporting the status of ER stress in various primary brain tumors and discuss the potential impact of such observation on patient stratification and on the possibility of developing appropriate targeted therapies using the UPR as therapeutic target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Le Reste
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Tony Avril
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Quillien
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Morandi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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30
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Le Reste PJ, Avril T, Quillien V, Morandi X, Chevet E. Signaling the Unfolded Protein Response in primary brain cancers. Brain Res 2016; 1642:59-69. [PMID: 27016056 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is an adaptive cellular program used by eukaryotic cells to cope with protein misfolding stress in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER). During tumor development, cancer cells are facing intrinsic (oncogene activation) and extrinsic (limiting nutrient or oxygen supply; exposure to chemotherapies) challenges, with which they must cope to survive. Primary brain tumors are relatively rare but deadly and present a significant challenge in the determination of risk factors in the population. These tumors are inherently difficult to cure because of their protected location in the brain. As such surgery, radiation and chemotherapy options carry potentially lasting patient morbidity and incomplete tumor cure. Some of these tumors, such as glioblastoma, were reported to present features of ER stress and to depend on UPR activation to sustain growth, but to date there is no clear general representation of the ER stress status in primary brain tumors. In this review, we describe the key molecular mechanisms controlling the UPR and their implication in cancers. Then we extensively review the literature reporting the status of ER stress in various primary brain tumors and discuss the potential impact of such observation on patient stratification and on the possibility of developing appropriate targeted therapies using the UPR as therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Jean Le Reste
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France; Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Tony Avril
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Quillien
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Xavier Morandi
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- Inserm ERL440 "Oncogenesis, Stress, Signaling", Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France; Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
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31
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Melanoma and the Unfolded Protein Response. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8030030. [PMID: 26927180 PMCID: PMC4810114 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8030030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The UPR (unfolded protein response) has been identified as a key factor in the progression and metastasis of cancers, notably melanoma. Several mediators of the UPR are upregulated in cancers, e.g., high levels of GRP78 (glucose-regulator protein 78 kDa) correlate with progression and poor outcome in melanoma patients. The proliferative burden of cancer induces stress and activates several cellular stress responses. The UPR is a tightly orchestrated stress response that is activated upon the accumulation of unfolded proteins within the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). The UPR is designed to mediate two conflicting outcomtes, recovery and apoptosis. As a result, the UPR initiates a widespread signaling cascade to return the cell to homeostasis and failing to achieve cellular recovery, initiates UPR-induced apoptosis. There is evidence that ER stress and subsequently the UPR promote tumourigenesis and metastasis. The complete role of the UPR has yet to be defined. Understanding how the UPR allows for adaption to stress and thereby assists in cancer progression is important in defining an archetype of melanoma pathology. In addition, elucidation of the mechanisms of the UPR may lead to development of effective treatments of metastatic melanoma.
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32
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Liu X, Li L, Li J, Cheng Y, Chen J, Shen M, Zhang S, Wei H. Insulin resistance contributes to multidrug resistance in HepG2 cells via activation of the PERK signaling pathway and upregulation of Bcl-2 and P-gp. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3018-24. [PMID: 26935266 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver tumorigenesis frequently causes insulin resistance which may be used as an independent risk factor for evaluation of survival and post-surgery relapse of liver cancer patients. In the present study, HepG2/IR, an insulin resistant HepG2 cell line, was established by exposing HepG2 cells to 0.5 µmol/l of insulin for 72 h, and comparison of HepG2/IR with the parental HepG2 cells indicated that the HepG2/IR cells showed significantly enhanced resistance to the most frequently used chemotherapeutics for solid tumors, such as cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, vincristine and mitomycin. Flow cytometric analysis of cisplatin-treated HepG2/IR cells showed a significantly decreased hypodiploid peak and a significantly downregulated expression level of pro-apoptotic protein caspase-3 compared with the parental HepG2 cells. Our data further showed swollen endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in the cisplatin-treated HepG2/IR cells with significantly increased levels of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), phosphorylated protein kinase R-like ER kinase (p-PERK) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). There was also an upregulated expression of anti-apoptotic protein B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) whereas no significant change was observed for CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which is known to be induced by ER stress and to mediate apoptosis. Our results demonstrated that insulin resistance in HepG2 cells promoted a protective unfolded protein response and upregulated the expression of ER chaperone protein GRP78, which resulted in the phosphorylation of PERK kinase to activate the PERK-mediated ER stress signal transduction pathway and the upregulation of Bcl-2 and P-gp, leading to the inhibition of the caspase-3-dependent apoptosis pathway and to the survival of liver tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Linjing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Experimental Center, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Shen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Shangdi Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The Second Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Hulai Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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33
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Chevet E, Hetz C, Samali A. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-activated cell reprogramming in oncogenesis. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:586-97. [PMID: 25977222 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-14-1490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Stress induced by the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is observed in many human diseases, including cancers. Cellular adaptation to ER stress is mediated by the unfolded protein response (UPR), which aims at restoring ER homeostasis. The UPR has emerged as a major pathway in remodeling cancer gene expression, thereby either preventing cell transformation or providing an advantage to transformed cells. UPR sensors are highly regulated by the formation of dynamic protein scaffolds, leading to integrated reprogramming of the cells. Herein, we describe the regulatory mechanisms underlying UPR signaling upon cell intrinsic or extrinsic challenges, and how they engage cell transformation programs and/or provide advantages to cancer cells, leading to enhanced aggressiveness or chemoresistance. We discuss the emerging cross-talk between the UPR and related metabolic processes to ensure maintenance of protein homeostasis and its impact on cell transformation and tumor growth. SIGNIFICANCE ER stress signaling is dysregulated in many forms of cancer and contributes to tumor growth as a survival factor, in addition to modulating other disease-associated processes, including cell migration, cell transformation, and angiogenesis. Evidence for targeting the ER stress signaling pathway as an anticancer strategy is compelling, and novel agents that selectively inhibit the UPR have demonstrated preliminary evidence of preclinical efficacy with an acceptable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chevet
- Oncogenesis, Stress, Cancer, University of Rennes, Rennes, France. Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France.
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Santiago, Chile. Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Afshin Samali
- Apoptosis Research Centre, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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34
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Huang H, Liu H, Liu C, Fan L, Zhang X, Gao A, Hu X, Zhang K, Cao X, Jiang K, Zhou Y, Hou J, Nan F, Li J. Disruption of the unfolded protein response (UPR) by lead compound selectively suppresses cancer cell growth. Cancer Lett 2015; 360:257-68. [PMID: 25721085 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Identifying chemotherapy candidates with high selectivity against cancer cells is a major challenge in cancer treatment. Tumor microenvironments cause chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) as an adaptive response. Here, one novel small-molecule compound, 17#, was discovered as a potent pan-UPR inhibitor. It exhibited good selection for growth inhibition when cancer cells were cultured in 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), mimicking an in vitro glucose-deprived status. Additionally, 17# alone could mildly suppress the growth of HeLa tumor xenografts, and a synergistic anti-cancer effect was observed when 17# was combined with 2DG. A mechanistic study showed that 17#-induced selective anti-cancer effects were highly dependent on UPR inhibition, and overexpressing GRP78 or XBP1s reversed the 17#-induced growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest, partially by delaying the downregulation of the cell cycle regulator cyclin B1. Furthermore, 17# improved the sensitivity of anti-cancer drugs such as doxorubicin or etoposide. Our study presents evidence that disrupting the UPR has selective therapeutic potential and may enhance drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejing Huang
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201203, China; National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Changmei Liu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lixia Fan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Anhui Gao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaobei Hu
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kunzhi Zhang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xianchao Cao
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kailong Jiang
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jian Hou
- Department of Hematology, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Fajun Nan
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jia Li
- National Center for Drug Screening, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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OU XIANHONG, LU YOU, LIAO LIUFENG, LI DANNI, LIU LIMIN, LIU HUAGANG, XU HENG. Nitidine chloride induces apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through a pathway involving p53, p21, Bax and Bcl-2. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1264-74. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Gong J, Fang L, Liu R, Wang Y, Xing J, Chen Y, Zhuang R, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yang A, Zhang X, Jin B, Chen L. UPR decreases CD226 ligand CD155 expression and sensitivity to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity in hepatoma cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:3758-67. [PMID: 25209846 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
NK cells play important roles in anti-tumor immunity. CD226 is a major NK-cell activating receptor, which transduces activating signals after binding ligands CD155 and CD112. Here, we demonstrated that activated unfolded protein response (UPR) attenuated the sensitivity of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) to NK-cell cytotoxicity by decreasing the expression level of CD226 ligand CD155 in HCC. The decreased expression level of CD155 was due to the involvement of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) pathways. In addition, the IRE1α pathway contributed to the increased expression level of the ER-associated degradation (ERAD)-related molecule HRD1 and facilitated the degradation of CD155. Moreover, we found that low levels of CD155 expression were significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Thus, our results provide molecular, cellular, and clinical evidence demonstrating a novel NK cell-associated immune evasion mechanism, and indicate that targeting this immune evasion pathway may be meaningful in treating patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuyu Gong
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; No. 150 Central Hospital of PLA, Luoyang, Henan, China
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress sensitizes cells to DNA damage-induced apoptosis through p53-dependent suppression of p21CDKN1A. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5067. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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Vandewynckel YP, Laukens D, Bogaerts E, Paridaens A, Van den Bussche A, Verhelst X, Van Steenkiste C, Descamps B, Vanhove C, Libbrecht L, De Rycke R, Lambrecht BN, Geerts A, Janssens S, Van Vlierberghe H. Modulation of the unfolded protein response impedes tumor cell adaptation to proteotoxic stress: a PERK for hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. Hepatol Int 2014; 9:93-104. [PMID: 25598862 PMCID: PMC4289530 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Functional disturbances of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lead to activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is involved in the consecutive steps of carcinogenesis. In human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the UPR is shown to be activated; however, little is known about the UPR kinetics and effects of UPR modulation in HCC. Methods We sequentially monitored the UPR over time in an orthotopic mouse model for HCC and explored the effects of UPR modulation on cell viability and proliferation in vitro and in the mouse model. Results The expression of ER-resident chaperones peaked during tumor initiation and increased further during tumor progression, predominantly within the nodules. A peak in Ire1 signaling was observed during tumor initiation. The Perk pathway was activated during tumor progression, and the proapoptotic target Chop was upregulated from week 5 and continued to rise, especially in the tumors. The Atf6 pathway was modestly activated only after tumor initiation. Consistent with the UPR activation, electron microscopy demonstrated ER expansion and reorganization in HCC cells in vivo. Strikingly, under ER stress or hypoxia, the Perk inhibitor and not the Ire1 inhibitor reduced cell viability and proliferation via escalating proteotoxic stress in vitro. Notably, the Perk inhibitor significantly decreased tumor burden in the mouse model. Conclusion We provide the first evaluation of the UPR dynamics in a long-term cancer model and identified a small molecule inhibitor of Perk as a promising strategy for HCC therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s12072-014-9582-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 6/genetics
- Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/ultrastructure
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Chaperone BiP
- HSP40 Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics
- Hep G2 Cells
- Humans
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/chemistry
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/ultrastructure
- Male
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Mice
- Oxidative Stress
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Signal Transduction
- Transcription Factor CHOP/analysis
- Transcription Factor CHOP/genetics
- Tunicamycin/pharmacology
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
- eIF-2 Kinase/antagonists & inhibitors
- eIF-2 Kinase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves-Paul Vandewynckel
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Debby Laukens
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eliene Bogaerts
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Paridaens
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Van den Bussche
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xavier Verhelst
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christophe Van Steenkiste
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Benedicte Descamps
- />Infinity Imaging Lab, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chris Vanhove
- />Infinity Imaging Lab, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />GROUP-ID Consortium, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Louis Libbrecht
- />Department of Pathology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riet De Rycke
- />GROUP-ID Consortium, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- />GROUP-ID Consortium, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anja Geerts
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sophie Janssens
- />GROUP-ID Consortium, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
- />Unit Immunoregulation and Mucosal Immunology, VIB Inflammation Research Center, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Van Vlierberghe
- />Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 1K12 IE, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Fang L, Gong J, Wang Y, Liu R, Li Z, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Song C, Yang A, Ting JPY, Jin B, Chen L. MICA/B expression is inhibited by unfolded protein response and associated with poor prognosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:76. [PMID: 25228093 PMCID: PMC4174668 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-014-0076-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background MICA/B are major ligands for NK cell activating receptor NKG2D and previous studies showed that the serum level of soluble MICA (sMICA) is an independent prognostic factor for advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the correlation between cellular MICA/B expression pattern and human hepatocellular carcinoma progression has not been well explored. The unfolded protein response is one of the main causes of resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy in tumor cells. However, whether the UPR in HCC could regulate the expression levels of MICA/B and affect the sensitivity of HCC cells to NK cell cytolysis has not been established yet. Methods MICA/B expression pattern was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was done to explore the relationship between MICA/B expression level and patient survival. The protein and mRNA expression levels of MICA/B in SMMC7721 and HepG2 cells treated by tunicamycin were evaluated by flow cytometry, Western Blot and RT-PCR. The cytotoxicity analysis was performed with the CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive LDH Cytotoxicity Assay. Results MICA/B was highly expressed in human hepatocellular carcinoma and the expression level was significantly and negatively associated with tumor-node metastasis (TNM) stages. Patients with low level of MICA/B expression showed a trend of shorter survival time. The unfolded protein response (UPR) downregulated the expression of MICA/B. This decreased protein expression occurred via post-transcriptional regulation and was associated with proteasomal degradation. Moreover, decreased expression level of MICA/B led to the attenuated sensitivity of human HCC to NK cell cytotoxicity. Conclusion These new findings of the connection of MICA/B, UPR and NK cells may represent a new concrete theory of NK cell regulation in HCC, and suggest that targeting this novel NK cell-associated immune evasion pathway may be meaningful in treating patients with HCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-014-0076-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Nagelkerke A, Bussink J, Sweep FCGJ, Span PN. The unfolded protein response as a target for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:277-84. [PMID: 25069067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Various physiological and pathological conditions generate an accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This results in ER stress followed by a cellular response to cope with this stress and restore homeostasis: the unfolded protein response (UPR). Overall, the UPR leads to general translational arrest and the induction of specific factors to ensure cell survival or to mediate cell death if the stress is too severe. In multiple cancers, components of the UPR are overexpressed, indicating increased dependence on the UPR. In addition, the UPR can confer resistance to anti-cancer treatment. Therefore, modification of the UPR should be explored for its anti-cancer properties. This review discusses factors associated with the UPR that represent potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nagelkerke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Bussink
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fred C G J Sweep
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Mujumdar N, Banerjee S, Chen Z, Sangwan V, Chugh R, Dudeja V, Yamamoto M, Vickers SM, Saluja AK. Triptolide activates unfolded protein response leading to chronic ER stress in pancreatic cancer cells. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G1011-20. [PMID: 24699326 PMCID: PMC4042112 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00466.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease with a survival rate of <5%. Moreover, pancreatic cancer aggressiveness is closely related to high levels of prosurvival mediators, which can ultimately lead to rapid disease progression. One of the mechanisms that enables tumor cells to evade cellular stress and promote unhindered proliferation is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response. Disturbances in the normal functions of the ER lead to an evolutionarily conserved cell stress response, the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR initially compensates for damage, but it eventually triggers cell death if ER dysfunction is severe or prolonged. Triptolide, a diterpene triepoxide, has been shown to be an effective compound against pancreatic cancer. Our results show that triptolide induces the UPR by activating the PKR-like ER kinase-eukaryotic initiation factor 2α axis and the inositol-requiring enzyme 1α-X-box-binding protein 1 axis of the UPR and leads to chronic ER stress in pancreatic cancer. Our results further show that glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), one of the major regulators of ER stress, is downregulated by triptolide, leading to cell death by apoptosis in MIA PaCa-2 cells and autophagy in S2-VP10 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nameeta Mujumdar
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Sulagna Banerjee
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Veena Sangwan
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Rohit Chugh
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Vikas Dudeja
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and
| | - Masato Yamamoto
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and ,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Selwyn M. Vickers
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and ,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ashok K. Saluja
- 1Division of Basic and Translational Research, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; and ,2Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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HKH40A downregulates GRP78/BiP expression in cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1240. [PMID: 24853418 PMCID: PMC4047900 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
HKH40A, the 8-methoxy analog of WMC79, is a synthetic agent with promising in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity, especially against solid tumors. However, molecular mechanisms underlying its antitumor effects are poorly understood. Here, we report that HKH40A markedly reduces the level of GRP78/BiP protein in cancer cell lines of various origin. In this study, we show that HKH40A not only downregulates transcription of GRP78 but also directly binds to the isolated protein and induces its proteosomal degradation. Knockdown of BiP increased the efficacy of the drug and overexpression of BiP diminished its activity. BiP is generally highly elevated in solid tumors having a pivotal role in cancer cell survival and chemoresistance, and has been suggested as a novel target for therapeutic intervention. We show that reduction of BiP level by HKH40A impairs its function and induces unfolded protein response as evidenced by the activation of IRE1α, ATF6 and PERK. This leads to a series of downstream events, including sustained eIF2α phosphorylation, increased abundance of spliced XBP1 mRNA and protein levels of ATF4 and CHOP. We also demonstrate that HKH40A inhibited tumor formation in an in vivo xenograft tumor model. Collectively, our data show that HKH40A reduces BiP levels and this could have an important role in the activity of HKH40A against cancer cells.
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Scortegagna M, Kim H, Li JL, Yao H, Brill LM, Han J, Lau E, Bowtell D, Haddad G, Kaufman RJ, Ronai ZA. Fine tuning of the UPR by the ubiquitin ligases Siah1/2. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004348. [PMID: 24809345 PMCID: PMC4014425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) responds to changes in intracellular homeostasis through activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Yet, it is not known how UPR-signaling coordinates adaptation versus cell death. Previous studies suggested that signaling through PERK/ATF4 is required for cell death. We show that high levels of ER stress (i.e., ischemia-like conditions) induce transcription of the ubiquitin ligases Siah1/2 through the UPR transducers PERK/ATF4 and IRE1/sXBP1. In turn, Siah1/2 attenuates proline hydroxylation of ATF4, resulting in its stabilization, thereby augmenting ER stress output. Conversely, ATF4 activation is reduced upon Siah1/2 KD in cultured cells, which attenuates ER stress-induced cell death. Notably, Siah1a(+/-)::Siah2(-/-) mice subjected to neuronal ischemia exhibited smaller infarct volume and were protected from ischemia-induced death, compared with the wild type (WT) mice. In all, Siah1/2 constitutes an obligatory fine-tuning mechanism that predisposes cells to death under severe ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Scortegagna
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hyungsoo Kim
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Hang Yao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laurence M. Brill
- Proteomics Facility, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jaeseok Han
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eric Lau
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - David Bowtell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cancer Genomics and Genetics, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gabriel Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Randal J. Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (ZAR)
| | - Ze'ev A. Ronai
- Tumor Initiation and Maintenance Program, Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RJK); (ZAR)
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Corwin WL, Baust JM, Baust JG, Van Buskirk RG. Characterization and modulation of human mesenchymal stem cell stress pathway response following hypothermic storage. Cryobiology 2014; 68:215-26. [PMID: 24508650 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) research has grown exponentially in the last decade. The ability to process and preserve these cells is vital to their use in stem cell therapy. As such, understanding the complex, molecular-based stress responses associated with biopreservation is necessary to improve outcomes and maintain the unique stem cell properties specific to hMSC. In this study hMSC were exposed to cold storage (4°C) for varying intervals in three different media. The addition of resveratrol or salubrinal was studied to determine if either could improve cell tolerance to cold. A rapid elevation in apoptosis at 1h post-storage as well as increased levels of necrosis through the 24h of recovery was noted in samples. The addition of resveratrol resulted in significant improvements to hMSC survival while the addition of salubrinal revealed a differential response based on the media utilized. Decreases in both apoptosis and necrosis together with decreased cell stress/death signaling protein levels were observed following modulation. Further, ER stress and subsequent unfolded protein response (UPR) stress pathway activation was implicated in response to hMSC hypothermic storage. This study is an important first step in understanding hMSC stress responses to cold exposure and demonstrates the impact of targeted molecular modulation of specific stress pathways on cold tolerance thereby yielding improved outcomes. Continued research is necessary to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in hypothermic-induced hMSC cell death. This study has demonstrated the potential for improving hMSC processing and storage through targeting select cell stress pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Corwin
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY 13827, United States; Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States.
| | - John M Baust
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY 13827, United States; Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - John G Baust
- Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
| | - Robert G Van Buskirk
- CPSI Biotech, 2 Court St, Owego, NY 13827, United States; Institute of Biomedical Technology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902, United States
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Nagelkerke A, Sieuwerts AM, Bussink J, Sweep FCGJ, Look MP, Foekens JA, Martens JWM, Span PN. LAMP3 is involved in tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells through the modulation of autophagy. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:101-12. [PMID: 24434718 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) is a member of the LAMP-family of proteins, which are involved in the process of autophagy. Autophagy is induced by tamoxifen in breast cancer cells and may contribute to tamoxifen resistance. In this study, the significance of LAMP3 for tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer was examined. The methods employed included use of clonogenic assays to assess the survival of MCF7 breast cancer cells with LAMP3 knockdown after tamoxifen treatment and of quantitative real-time PCR of LAMP3 to evaluate its predictive value for first-line tamoxifen treatment in patients with advanced breast cancer. Results show that tamoxifen treatment of MCF7 cells induced LAMP3 mRNA expression. LAMP3 knockdown in these cells increased tamoxifen sensitivity. Evaluation of expression of the autophagy markers, LC3B and p62, after LAMP3 knockdown showed increased expression levels, indicating that cells with LAMP3 knockdown have a suppressed ability to complete the autophagic process. In addition, knockdown of autophagy-associated genes resulted in sensitization to tamoxifen. Next, tamoxifen-resistant MCF7 cells were cultured. These cells had a sevenfold higher LAMP3 mRNA expression, showed elevated basal autophagy levels, and could be significantly resensitized to tamoxifen by LAMP3 knockdown. In patients treated with first-line tamoxifen for advanced disease (n=304), high LAMP3 mRNA expression was associated with shorter progression-free survival (P=0.003) and shorter post-relapse overall survival (P=0.040), also in multivariate analysis. Together, these results indicate that LAMP3 contributes to tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer. Tamoxifen-resistant cells are resensitized to tamoxifen by the knockdown of LAMP3. Therefore, LAMP3 may be clinically relevant to countering tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Nagelkerke
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute and Cancer Genomics Netherlands, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Zeindl-Eberhart E, Brandl L, Liebmann S, Ormanns S, Scheel SK, Brabletz T, Kirchner T, Jung A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition induces endoplasmic-reticulum-stress response in human colorectal tumor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87386. [PMID: 24498091 PMCID: PMC3909180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells are stressed by unfavorable environmental conditions like hypoxia or starvation. Driven by the resulting cellular stress tumor cells undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Additionally, cellular stress is accompanied by endoplasmic reticulum-stress which induces an unfolded protein response. It is unknown if epithelial-mesenchymal transition and endoplasmic reticulum-stress are occurring as independent parallel events or if an interrelationship exists between both of them. Here, we show that in colorectal cancer cells endoplasmic reticulum-stress depends on the induction of ZEB-1, which is a main factor of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In the absence of ZEB-1 colorectal cancer cells cannot mount endoplasmic reticulum-stress as a reaction on cellular stress situations like hypoxia or starvation. Thus, our data suggest that there is a hierarchy in the development of cellular stress which starts with the presence of environmental stress that induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition which allows finally endoplasmic reticulum-stress. This finding highlights the central role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition during the process of tumorigenesis as epithelial-mesenchymal transition is also associated with chemoresistance and cancer stemness. Consequently, endoplasmic reticulum-stress might be a well suited target for chemotherapy of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lydia Brandl
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Steffen Ormanns
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Brabletz
- Department of Visceral Surgery, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Silencing glucose-regulated protein 78 induced renal cell carcinoma cell line G1 cell-cycle arrest and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:29.e1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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48
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Epple LM, Dodd RD, Merz AL, Dechkovskaia AM, Herring M, Winston BA, Lencioni AM, Russell RL, Madsen H, Nega M, Dusto NL, White J, Bigner DD, Nicchitta CV, Serkova NJ, Graner MW. Induction of the unfolded protein response drives enhanced metabolism and chemoresistance in glioma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73267. [PMID: 24039668 PMCID: PMC3748289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-based cytoprotective mechanism acting to prevent pathologies accompanying protein aggregation. It is frequently active in tumors, but relatively unstudied in gliomas. We hypothesized that UPR stress effects on glioma cells might protect tumors from additional exogenous stress (ie, chemotherapeutics), postulating that protection was concurrent with altered tumor cell metabolism. Using human brain tumor cell lines, xenograft tumors, human samples and gene expression databases, we determined molecular features of glioma cell UPR induction/activation, and here report a detailed analysis of UPR transcriptional/translational/metabolic responses. Immunohistochemistry, Western and Northern blots identified elevated levels of UPR transcription factors and downstream ER chaperone targets in gliomas. Microarray profiling revealed distinct regulation of stress responses between xenograft tumors and parent cell lines, with gene ontology and network analyses linking gene expression to cell survival and metabolic processes. Human glioma samples were examined for levels of the ER chaperone GRP94 by immunohistochemistry and for other UPR components by Western blotting. Gene and protein expression data from patient gliomas correlated poor patient prognoses with increased expression of ER chaperones, UPR target genes, and metabolic enzymes (glycolysis and lipogenesis). NMR-based metabolomic studies revealed increased metabolic outputs in glucose uptake with elevated glycolytic activity as well as increased phospholipid turnover. Elevated levels of amino acids, antioxidants, and cholesterol were also evident upon UPR stress; in particular, recurrent tumors had overall higher lipid outputs and elevated specific UPR arms. Clonogenicity studies following temozolomide treatment of stressed or unstressed cells demonstrated UPR-induced chemoresistance. Our data characterize the UPR in glioma cells and human tumors, and link the UPR to chemoresistance possibly via enhanced metabolism. Given the role of the UPR in the balance between cell survival and apoptosis, targeting the UPR and/or controlling metabolic activity may prove beneficial for malignant glioma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Epple
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rebecca D. Dodd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Merz
- Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anjelika M. Dechkovskaia
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Matthew Herring
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Benjamin A. Winston
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Alex M. Lencioni
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Rae L. Russell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Helen Madsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Meheret Nega
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nathaniel L. Dusto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason White
- Department of Neurosurgery, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Darell D. Bigner
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher V. Nicchitta
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Natalie J. Serkova
- Cancer Center Metabolomics Core, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Graner
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Cancer Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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MA TAI, LI YUANYUAN, ZHU JIE, FAN LULU, DU WEIDONG, WU CHANGHAO, SUN GUOPING, LI JIABIN. Enhanced autophagic flux by endoplasmic reticulum stress in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells contributes to the maintenance of cell viability. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:433-40. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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50
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Activation of the unfolded protein response bypasses trastuzumab-mediated inhibition of the PI-3K pathway. Cancer Lett 2012. [PMID: 23200669 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
HER2-positive breast cancer initially responds to trastuzumab treatment, but over time, resistance develops and rapid cancer progression occurs, for which various explanations have been proposed. Here we tested the hypothesis that induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) could override HER2 inhibition by trastuzumab, leading to the re-activation of growth signaling and the activation of the downstream target Lipocalin 2 (LCN2). Trastuzumab significantly inhibited the basal expression of LCN2 in HER2 (+) SKBr3 human breast cancer cells. The induction of the UPR completely abrogated trastuzumab-mediated LCN2 downregulation, and, in fact caused an increase in transcription and secretion of LCN2 over baseline. Reduction of the UPR using 4-phenyl butyric acid (PBA) a chemical chaperone that ameliorates ER stress, restored trastuzumab-mediated inhibition. Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in trastuzumab-treated/UPR-induced SKBr3 cells partially reduced the upregulation of LCN2. These results suggest that the UPR is a possible way to override the effect of trastuzumab in HER2(+) cancer cells.
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