1
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Zhang W, Zou M, Fu J, Xu Y, Zhu Y. Autophagy: A potential target for natural products in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116891. [PMID: 38865850 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease primarily affecting the mucosa of the colon and rectum. UC is characterized by recurrent episodes, often necessitating lifelong medication use, imposing a significant burden on patients. Current conventional and advanced treatments for UC have the disadvantages of insufficient efficiency, susceptibility to drug resistance, and notable adverse effects. Therefore, developing effective and safe drugs has become an urgent need. Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that plays an important role in intestinal homeostasis. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant autophagy is involved in the development of UC, and modulating autophagy can effectively alleviate experimental colitis. A growing number of studies have established that autophagy can interplay with endoplasmic reticulum stress, gut microbiota, apoptosis, and the NLRP3 inflammasome, all of which contribute to the pathogenesis of UC. In addition, a variety of intestinal epithelial cells, including absorptive cells, goblet cells, and Paneth cells, as well as other cell types like neutrophils, antigen-presenting cells, and stem cells in the gut, mediate the development of UC through autophagy. To date, many studies have found that natural products hold the potential to exert therapeutic effects on UC by regulating autophagy. This review focuses on the possible effects and pharmacological mechanisms of natural products to alleviate UC with autophagy as a potential target in recent years, aiming to provide a basis for new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- The First Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Menglong Zou
- The First Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China
| | - Yin Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China.
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410007, China.
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2
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Lin Z, Luo W, Zhang K, Dai S. Environmental and Microbial Factors in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Model Establishment: A Review Partly through Mendelian Randomization. Gut Liver 2024; 18:370-390. [PMID: 37814898 PMCID: PMC11096900 DOI: 10.5009/gnl230179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex condition resulting from environmental, microbial, immunologic, and genetic factors. With the advancement of Mendelian randomization research in IBD, we have gained new insights into the relationship between these factors and IBD. Many animal models of IBD have been developed using different methods, but few studies have attempted to model IBD by combining environmental factors and microbial factors. In this review, we examine how environmental factors and microbial factors affect the development and progression of IBD, and how they interact with each other and with the intestinal microbiota. We also summarize the current methods for creating animal models of IBD and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Based on the latest findings from Mendelian randomization studies on the role of environmental factors in IBD, we discuss which environmental and microbial factors could be used to construct a more realistic and reliable IBD experimental model. We propose that animal models of IBD should consider both environmental and microbial factors to better mimic human IBD pathogenesis and to reveal the underlying mechanisms of IBD at the immune and genetic levels. We highlight the importance of environmental and microbial factors in IBD pathogenesis and offer new perspectives and suggestions for improving experimental animal modeling. Our goal is to create a model that closely resembles the clinical picture of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zesheng Lin
- The First Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Luo
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijun Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, ChinaNational Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixue Dai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, ChinaNational Key Clinical Specialty, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Geriatric Center, National Regional Medical Center, Ganzhou Hospital Affiliated to Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Ganzhou, China
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3
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Roy T, Banang-Mbeumi S, Boateng ST, Ruiz EM, Chamcheu RCN, Kang L, King JA, Walker AL, Nagalo BM, Kousoulas KG, Esnault S, Huang S, Chamcheu JC. Dual targeting of mTOR/IL-17A and autophagy by fisetin alleviates psoriasis-like skin inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1075804. [PMID: 36741386 PMCID: PMC9889994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1075804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory skin disorder characterized by epidermal hyperplasia and aberrant immune response. In addition to aberrant cytokine production, psoriasis is associated with activation of the Akt/mTOR pathway. mTOR/S6K1 regulates T-lymphocyte activation and migration, keratinocytes proliferation and is upregulated in psoriatic lesions. Several drugs that target Th1/Th17 cytokines or their receptors have been approved for treating psoriasis in humans with variable results necessitating improved therapies. Fisetin, a natural dietary polyphenol with anti-oxidant and anti-proliferative properties, covalently binds mTOR/S6K1. The effects of fisetin on psoriasis and its underlying mechanisms have not been clearly defined. Here, we evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of fisetin on Th1/Th17-cytokine-activated adult human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa) and anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated inflammatory CD4+ T cells and compared these activities with those of rapamycin (an mTOR inhibitor). Transcriptomic analysis of HEKa revealed 12,713 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the fisetin-treated group compared to 7,374 DEGs in the rapamycin-treated group, both individually compared to a cytokine treated group. Gene ontology analysis revealed enriched functional groups related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways, psoriasis, and epidermal development. Using in silico molecular modeling, we observed a high binding affinity of fisetin to IL-17A. In vitro, fisetin significantly inhibited mTOR activity, increased the expression of autophagy markers LC3A/B and Atg5 in HEKa cells and suppressed the secretion of IL-17A by activated CD4+ T lymphocytes or T lymphocytes co-cultured with HEKa. Topical administration of fisetin in an imiquimod (IMQ)-induced mouse psoriasis model exhibited a better effect than rapamycin in reducing psoriasis-like inflammation and Akt/mTOR phosphorylation and promoting keratinocyte differentiation and autophagy in mice skin lesions. Fisetin also significantly inhibited T-lymphocytes and F4/80+ macrophage infiltration into skin. We conclude that fisetin potently inhibits IL-17A and the Akt/mTOR pathway and promotes keratinocyte differentiation and autophagy to alleviate IMQ-induced psoriasis-like disease in mice. Altogether, our findings suggest fisetin as a potential treatment for psoriasis and possibly other inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tithi Roy
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Sergette Banang-Mbeumi
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
- School of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Louisiana Delta Community College, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Samuel T. Boateng
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Emmanuelle M. Ruiz
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Roxane-Cherille N. Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Lin Kang
- Biomedical Research, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, LA, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Judy A. King
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Anthony L. Walker
- School of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
| | - Bolni Marius Nagalo
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, AR, United States
- The Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, UAMS, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Stephane Esnault
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Shile Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Jean Christopher Chamcheu
- School of Basic Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA, United States
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, United States
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4
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Chen SL, Li CM, Li W, Liu QS, Hu SY, Zhao MY, Hu DS, Hao YW, Zeng JH, Zhang Y. How autophagy, a potential therapeutic target, regulates intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1087677. [PMID: 37168865 PMCID: PMC10165000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1087677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders that cause chronic inflammation in the intestines, with the primary types including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. The link between autophagy, a catabolic mechanism in which cells clear protein aggregates and damaged organelles, and intestinal health has been widely studied. Experimental animal studies and human clinical studies have revealed that autophagy is pivotal for intestinal homeostasis maintenance, gut ecology regulation and other aspects. However, few articles have summarized and discussed the pathways by which autophagy improves or exacerbates IBD. Here, we review how autophagy alleviates IBD through the specific genes (e.g., ATG16L1, IRGM, NOD2 and LRRK2), crosstalk of multiple phenotypes with autophagy (e.g., Interaction of autophagy with endoplasmic reticulum stress, intestinal antimicrobial defense and apoptosis) and autophagy-associated signaling pathways. Moreover, we briefly discuss the role of autophagy in colorectal cancer and current status of autophagy-based drug research for IBD. It should be emphasized that autophagy has cell-specific and environment-specific effects on the gut. One of the problems of IBD research is to understand how autophagy plays a role in intestinal tract under specific environmental factors. A better understanding of the mechanism of autophagy in the occurrence and progression of IBD will provide references for the development of therapeutic drugs and disease management for IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lan Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chun-Meng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing-Song Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuang-Yuan Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mao-Yuan Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong-Sen Hu
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Chengdu Xinan Women’s Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin-Hao Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Hao Zeng, ; Yi Zhang,
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Jin-Hao Zeng, ; Yi Zhang,
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5
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Collard MK, Tourneur-Marsille J, Uzzan M, Albuquerque M, Roy M, Dumay A, Freund JN, Hugot JP, Guedj N, Treton X, Panis Y, Ogier-Denis E. The Appendix Orchestrates T-Cell Mediated Immunosurveillance in Colitis-Associated Cancer. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:665-687. [PMID: 36332814 PMCID: PMC9871441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although appendectomy may reduce colorectal inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), this surgical procedure has been suggested to be associated with an increased risk of colitis-associated cancer (CAC). Our aim was to explore the mechanism underlying the appendectomy-associated increased risk of CAC. METHODS Five-week-old male BALB/c mice underwent appendectomy, appendicitis induction, or sham laparotomy. They were then exposed to azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) to induce CAC. Mice were killed 12 weeks later, and colons were taken for pathological analysis and immunohistochemistry (CD3 and CD8 staining). Human colonic tumors from 21 patients with UC who underwent surgical resection for CAC were immunophenotyped and stratified according to appendectomy status. RESULTS Whereas appendectomy significantly reduced colitis severity and increased CAC number, appendicitis induction without appendectomy led to opposite results. Intratumor CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell densities were lower after appendectomy and higher after appendicitis induction compared with the sham laparotomy group. Blocking lymphocyte trafficking to the colon with the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody or a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist suppressed the inducing effect of the appendectomy on tumors' number and on CD3+/CD8+ intratumoral density. CD8+ or CD3+ T cells isolated from inflammatory neo-appendix and intravenously injected into AOM/DSS-treated recipient mice increased CD3+/CD8+ T-cell tumor infiltration and decreased tumor number. In UC patients with a history of appendectomy, intratumor CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell densities were decreased compared with UC patients without history of appendectomy. CONCLUSIONS In UC, appendectomy could suppress a major site of T-cell priming, resulting in a less efficient CAC immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime K Collard
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Chirurgie Colorectale, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France; Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Julien Tourneur-Marsille
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Uzzan
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Miguel Albuquerque
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Maryline Roy
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Anne Dumay
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Jean-Noël Freund
- Université de Strasbourg, Inserm, IRFAC / UMR-S1113, FHU ARRIMAGE, ITI InnoVec, FMTS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Guedj
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Anatomopathologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Xavier Treton
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France; Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Gastroentérologie, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - Yves Panis
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Chirurgie Colorectale, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France; Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France
| | - Eric Ogier-Denis
- Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, INSERM, U1149, CNRS, ERL8252, "Gut Inflammation", Paris, France; INSERM, Université Rennes, CLCC Eugène Marquis, «Chemistry, Oncogenesis, Stress Signaling» UMR_S 1242, Rennes, France.
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6
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Heuthorst L, Mookhoek A, Wildenberg ME, D'Haens GR, Bemelman WA, Buskens CJ. High prevalence of ulcerative appendicitis in patients with ulcerative colitis. United European Gastroenterol J 2021; 9:1148-1156. [PMID: 34750986 PMCID: PMC8672077 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have indicated that the appendix may be a priming site of ulcerative colitis (UC). Appendectomy is inversely associated with the development of UC, and is suggested to have a beneficial effect on the disease course in patients with refractory disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to assess histological features of appendices from patients with UC and their clinical relevance. METHODS Patients with UC in remission and active UC (therapy refractory) that underwent appendectomy between 2012 and 2019 were included. Histological features of UC appendices were compared to those of patients with acute appendicitis and colon carcinoma. The Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI) was used to assess appendiceal inflammation. In patients with active UC, histological and clinical characteristics were compared between patients with and without endoscopic response following appendectomy. RESULTS In total, 140 appendix specimens were assessed (n = 35 UC remission, n = 35 active UC, n = 35 acute appendicitis, n = 35 colon carcinoma). Histological features of appendices from UC patients looked like UC rather than acute appendicitis. The presence of active appendiceal inflammation was comparable between patients in remission versus active disease (53.7% vs. 46.3%, p = 0.45) and limited versus extensive disease (58.5% vs. 41.5%, p = 0.50). Endoscopic response (Mayo 0-1) following appendectomy, assessed in 28 therapy refractory patients, was more frequently seen in patients with higher RHI scores (RHI > 6: 81.8% vs. RHI ≤ 6: 9.1%, p = 0.03) and limited disease (proctitis/left sided 63.6% vs. pancolitis 36.4%, p = 0.02). CONCLUSION The presence of active appendiceal inflammation is common in UC and does not correlate with colonic disease activity. More than 50% of UC patients in remission showed active histological disease in the appendix. Favorable response to appendectomy for refractory UC was seen in cases with ulcerative appendicitis. These findings might support the role of the appendix as a pivotal organ in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Heuthorst
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart Mookhoek
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manon E Wildenberg
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Geert R D'Haens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem A Bemelman
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christianne J Buskens
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Yang B, Ji R, Li X, Fang W, Chen Q, Chen Q, Xu W, Mai K, Ai Q. Activation of Autophagy Relieves Linoleic Acid-Induced Inflammation in Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea). Front Immunol 2021; 12:649385. [PMID: 34276647 PMCID: PMC8279755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.649385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of soybean oil (SO) in fish diets enriched with linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) could induce strong inflammation. However, the molecular mechanism underlying LA-induced inflammation in the liver of large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) has not been elucidated. Based on previous research, autophagy has been considered a new pathway to relieve inflammation. Therefore, the present study was performed to investigate the role of autophagy in regulating LA-induced inflammation in the liver of large yellow croaker in vivo and in vitro. The results of the present study showed that activation of autophagy in liver or hepatocytes could significantly reduce the gene expression of proinflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin 1β (IL1β). The results of the present study also showed that inhibition of autophagy could upregulate the gene expression of proinflammatory factors and downregulate the gene expression of anti-inflammatory factors in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, autophagy could alleviate LA-induced inflammatory cytokine gene expression in vivo and in vitro, while inhibition of autophagy obtained the opposite results. In conclusion, our study shows that autophagy could regulate inflammation and alleviate LA-induced inflammation in the liver of large yellow croaker in vivo and in vitro for the first time, which may offer considerable benefits to the aquaculture industry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Renlei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiuchi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs) & Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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8
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Cheluvappa R. Identification of New Potential Therapies for Colitis Amelioration Using an Appendicitis-Appendectomy Model. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:436-444. [PMID: 30329049 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The appendix contains copious lymphoid tissue and is constantly exposed to gut flora. Appendicitis followed by appendectomy (AA), when done at a young age, prevents or significantly ameliorates inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) in later life. Inflammatory bowel disease comprises Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Our unique murine AA model is the only existing experimental model of AA. Herein, the appendiceal pathology closely resembles the pathological features of human appendicitis. Our AA model protects against experimental colitis in an age-, bacteria- and antigen-dependent manner. Appendicitis-appendectomy performed in the most proximal colon curbs T helper 17 (Th17) cell activity, diminishes autophagy, modulates interferon activity-associated molecules, and suppresses endothelin vasoactivity-mediated immunopathology in the most distal colon. These changes induced by AA contribute to limiting colitis pathology. Manipulating and modulating various aspects of these pathways, pathophysiology, and molecular interactions will assist the development of novel therapeutic options to manage IBD. Competitive inhibition of the Th17 cell recruitment factor CCL20 or the chemokine CCL17 with antibodies, combinatorial peptides, or small molecules may limit colitic pathology. The chemokines CCL5 and CXCL11 could be investigated as potential therapies. Inhibition of the autophagy-associated molecules VPS15, LAMP2, LC3A, XBP1, or ULK1 may decrease colitic pathology. Curtailing endothelin-activity may decrease colitic impact. The antiproliferative, immunomodulatory molecules IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, and IFI44 may have direct therapeutic value in ameliorating colitis. The molecules IRF4, IRF8, IRF2BP1, IFRD1, and IFRD2 are potentially good target molecules to competitively inhibit towards curbing colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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9
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Roles of Autophagy-Related Genes in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010077. [PMID: 30669622 PMCID: PMC6356351 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular catabolic process that is essential for a variety of cellular responses. Due to its role in the maintenance of biological homeostasis in conditions of stress, dysregulation or disruption of autophagy may be linked to human diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a complicated inflammatory colitis disorder; Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are the principal types. Genetic studies have shown the clinical relevance of several autophagy-related genes (ATGs) in the pathogenesis of IBD. Additionally, recent studies using conditional knockout mice have led to a comprehensive understanding of ATGs that affect intestinal inflammation, Paneth cell abnormality and enteric pathogenic infection during colitis. In this review, we discuss the various ATGs involved in macroautophagy and selective autophagy, including ATG16L1, IRGM, LRRK2, ATG7, p62, optineurin and TFEB in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Although advances have been made regarding the involvement of ATGs in maintaining intestinal homeostasis, determining the precise contribution of autophagy has remained elusive. Recent efforts based on direct targeting of ATGs and autophagy will further facilitate the development of new therapeutic opportunities for IBD.
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Cheluvappa R, Thomas DG, Selvendran S. The Role of Specific Chemokines in the Amelioration of Colitis by Appendicitis and Appendectomy. Biomolecules 2018; 8:biom8030059. [PMID: 30037025 PMCID: PMC6165111 DOI: 10.3390/biom8030059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The appendix contains abundant lymphoid tissue and is constantly exposed to gut flora. When completed at a young age, appendicitis followed by appendectomy (AA) prevents or significantly ameliorates Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBDs) in later life. Inflammatory bowel disease comprises Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Our murine AA model is the only existing experimental model of AA. In our unique model, AA performed in the most proximal colon limits colitis pathology in the most distal colon by curbing T-helper 17 cell activity, diminishing autophagy, modulating interferon activity-associated molecules, and suppressing endothelin vaso-activity-mediated immunopathology. In the research presented in this paper, we have examined the role of chemokines in colitis pathology with our murine AA model. Chemokines are a family of small cytokines with four conserved cysteine residues. Chemokines induce chemotaxis in adjacent cells with corresponding receptors. All 40 known chemokine genes and 24 chemokine receptor genes were examined for gene expression levels in distal colons three days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. At 28 days post-AA, the chemokine gene CCL5 was significantly upregulated. Furthermore, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) showed upregulation of seven CCL5-associated gene-sets 28 days post-AA in contrast to just one gene-set downregulated at the same time-point. The chemokine gene CXCL11 was significantly upregulated three days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. Evaluation using GSEA showed upregulation of six CXCL11-associated gene sets but no downregulation of any gene set. At 28 days post-AA, CCL17 gene expression was significantly downregulated. There was no expression of any chemokine receptor gene three days post-AA, but CCR10 was the only chemokine receptor gene that displayed differential gene expression (upregulation) 28 days post-AA. No CCR10-associated gene set was upregulated in GSEA in contrast to one downregulated gene set. Our analysis resulted in identifying three new therapeutic targets towards ameliorating colitis: CCL5, CXCL11, and CCL17. While CCL5 and CXCL11 are good therapeutic chemokine candidates to be exogenously administered, CCL17 is a good candidate chemokine to competitively inhibit or limit colitis pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Dennis G Thomas
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Selwyn Selvendran
- Department of Surgery, St. George Hospital, Kogarah, NSW 2217, Australia.
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Girard-Madoux MJ, Gomez de Agüero M, Ganal-Vonarburg SC, Mooser C, Belz GT, Macpherson AJ, Vivier E. The immunological functions of the Appendix: An example of redundancy? Semin Immunol 2018; 36:31-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Appendectomy and the Risk of Colectomy in Ulcerative Colitis: A National Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol 2017; 112:1311-1319. [PMID: 28653667 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease usually responding well to anti-inflammatory drugs but many patients will still need colectomy. Appendectomy is associated with a lower risk of later developing UC. We aimed to assess the longitudinal relationship between appendectomy, appendicitis, and disease course in UC patients. METHODS A national cohort of UC patients with a diagnosis in 1964-2010 was identified from the Swedish National Patient Register that also provided information regarding appendicitis and/or appendectomy before or after the UC diagnosis. The risk for colectomy and UC-related hospital admissions was evaluated. RESULTS Among 63,711 UC patients, 2,143 had appendectomy and 7,690 underwent colectomy. Appendectomy for appendicitis before 20 years of age and for non-appendicitis at all ages before UC diagnosis was associated with a lower risk of colectomy (hazard ratio (HR) 0.44, 0.27-0.72 and HR 0.62, 0.43-0.90, respectively), and fewer hospital admissions (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.73 and IRR 0.54, 0.47-0.63, respectively). Appendectomy for appendicitis after the UC diagnosis was associated with a higher risk of colectomy (HR 1.56, 1.20-2.03), whereas no such association was found for other pathology (HR 1.40, 0.79-2.47). CONCLUSIONS Appendectomy early in life and before developing UC is associated with a lower risk of colectomy as well as UC-related hospital admissions. Appendectomy for appendicitis after established UC appears associated with a worse disease course, with an increased rate of subsequent colectomy.
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Nyboe Andersen N, Gørtz S, Frisch M, Jess T. Reduced risk of UC in families affected by appendicitis: a Danish national cohort study. Gut 2017; 66:1398-1402. [PMID: 27196591 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-311131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The possible aetiological link between appendicitis and UC remains unclear. In order to investigate the hereditary component of the association, we studied the risk of UC in family members of individuals with appendicitis. DESIGN A cohort of 7.1 million individuals was established by linkage of national registers in Denmark with data on kinship and diagnoses of appendicitis and UC. Poisson regression models were used to calculate first hospital contact rate ratios (RR) for UC with 95% CIs between individuals with or without relatives with a history of appendicitis. RESULTS During 174 million person-years of follow-up between 1977 and 2011, a total of 190 004 cohort members developed appendicitis and 45 202 developed UC. Individuals having a first-degree relative with appendicitis before age 20 years had significantly reduced risk of UC (RR 0.90; 95% CI 0.86 to 0.95); this association was stronger in individuals with a family predisposition to UC (RR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51 to 0.83). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with a first-degree relative diagnosed with appendicitis before age 20 years are at reduced risk of UC, particularly when there is a family predisposition to UC. Our findings question a previously hypothesised direct protective influence of appendicitis on inflammation of the large bowel. Rather, genetic or environmental factors linked to an increased risk of appendicitis while being protective against UC may explain the repeatedly reported reduced relative risk of UC in individuals with a history of appendicitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nynne Nyboe Andersen
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Sanne Gørtz
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Morten Frisch
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Tine Jess
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen S, Denmark
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Ke P, Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Wei W, Han BZ, Chen XW, Su DF, Liu C. Activation of Cannabinoid Receptor 2 Ameliorates DSS-Induced Colitis through Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome in Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155076. [PMID: 27611972 PMCID: PMC5017608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2R) ameliorates inflammation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In the present study, we examined whether activation of CB2R could suppress the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. In peritoneal macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice, LPS/DSS challenge for 24 h increased the expression of the components of NLRP3 inflammasome NLRP3, Casp-1 p20/Casp-1 p45 ratio, proIL-1β and IL-1β and also enhanced autophagy (LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, Beclin-1 and SQSTM1). Pretreatment of peritoneal macrophages with HU 308, a selective CB2R agonist, attenuated LPS/DSS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, but further enhanced autophagy. In comparison with wild-type (WT) control, peritoneal macrophages from CB2R knockout (KO) mice had more robust NLRP3 inflammasome activation and attenuated autophagy upon LPS/DSS challenge. Knockdown autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) with a siRNA in peritoneal macrophages attenuated the inhibitory effects of HU 308 on LPS/DSS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro. In vivo, HU308 treatment attenuated DSS-induced colitis mice associated with reduced colon inflammation and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activation in wild-type mice. In CB2R KO mice, DSS-induced inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation were more pronounced than those in WT control. Finally, we demonstrated that AMPK-mTOR-P70S6K signaling pathway was involved in this CB2R-mediated process. We conclude that activation of CB2R ameliorates DSS-induced colitis through enhancing autophagy that may inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ke
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin-Ze Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Wen Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19140, United States of America
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Harnoy Y, Bouhnik Y, Gault N, Maggiori L, Sulpice L, Cazals-Hatem D, Boudjema K, Panis Y, Ogier-Denis E, Treton X. Effect of appendicectomy on colonic inflammation and neoplasia in experimental ulcerative colitis. Br J Surg 2016; 103:1530-8. [PMID: 27500367 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ulcerative colitis (UC) promotes cancer, and can be ameliorated by early appendicectomy for appendicitis. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of appendicectomy on colitis and colonic neoplasia in an animal model of colitis and a cohort of patients with UC.
Methods
Five-week old IL10/Nox1DKO mice with nascent colitis and 8-week-old IL10/Nox1DKO mice with established colitis underwent appendicectomy (for experimental appendicitis or no appendicitis) or sham laparotomy. The severity and extent of colitis was assessed by histopathological examination, and a clinical disease activity score was given. From a cohort of consecutive patients with UC who underwent colectomy, the prevalence of appendicectomy and pathological findings were collected from two institutional databases.
Results
Appendicectomy for appendicitis ameliorated experimental colitis in the mice; the effect was more pronounced in the 5-week-old animals. Appendicectomy in the no-appendicitis group was associated with an increased rate of colonic high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or cancer compared with rates in sham and appendicitis groups (13 of 20 versus 0 of 20 and 0 of 20 respectively; P < 0·001). Fifteen of 232 patients who underwent colectomy for UC had previously had an appendicectomy, and nine of these had colonic cancer or HGD. Thirty (13·8 per cent) of 217 patients with the appendix in situ had colonic neoplastic lesions. Multivariable analysis showed that previous appendicectomy was associated with colorectal neoplasia (odds ratio 16·88, 95 per cent c.i. 3·32 to 112·69).
Conclusion
Appendicectomy for experimental appendicitis ameliorated colitis. The risk of colorectal neoplasia appeared to increase following appendicectomy without induced appendicitis in a mouse model of colitis, and in patients with UC who had undergone appendicectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Harnoy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX (Institute of Inflammatory Diseases), Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Colorectal Surgery Service, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD) Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
- Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Y Bouhnik
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX (Institute of Inflammatory Diseases), Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Gastroenterology Service, Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques Intestinales et d'Assistance Nutritive, PMAD Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - N Gault
- Department of Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Pôle Santé Publique, Recherche Clinique et Information Médicale Unité de Recherche Clinique Paris Nord, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - L Maggiori
- Colorectal Surgery Service, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD) Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - L Sulpice
- Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - D Cazals-Hatem
- Anatomopathology Service, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - K Boudjema
- Hepatobiliary and Intestinal Surgery Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôpital Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Y Panis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX (Institute of Inflammatory Diseases), Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Colorectal Surgery Service, Pôle des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif (PMAD) Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
| | - E Ogier-Denis
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX (Institute of Inflammatory Diseases), Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - X Treton
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Excellence INFLAMEX (Institute of Inflammatory Diseases), Pôle de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot – Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Gastroenterology Service, Maladies Inflammatoires Chroniques Intestinales et d'Assistance Nutritive, PMAD Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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Vindigni SM, Zisman TL, Suskind DL, Damman CJ. The intestinal microbiome, barrier function, and immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: a tripartite pathophysiological circuit with implications for new therapeutic directions. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2016; 9:606-25. [PMID: 27366227 PMCID: PMC4913337 DOI: 10.1177/1756283x16644242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We discuss the tripartite pathophysiological circuit of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), involving the intestinal microbiota, barrier function, and immune system. Dysfunction in each of these physiological components (dysbiosis, leaky gut, and inflammation) contributes in a mutually interdependent manner to IBD onset and exacerbation. Genetic and environmental risk factors lead to disruption of gut homeostasis: genetic risks predominantly affect the immune system, environmental risks predominantly affect the microbiota, and both affect barrier function. Multiple genetic and environmental 'hits' are likely necessary to establish and exacerbate disease. Most conventional IBD therapies currently target only one component of the pathophysiological circuit, inflammation; however, many patients with IBD do not respond to immune-modulating therapies. Hope lies in new classes of therapies that target the microbiota and barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Vindigni
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy L. Zisman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David L. Suskind
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children’s Hospital and University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cheluvappa R, Eri R, Luo AS, Grimm MC. Endothelin and vascular remodelling in colitis pathogenesis--appendicitis and appendectomy limit colitis by suppressing endothelin pathways. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:1321-8. [PMID: 25085204 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-1974-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Appendicitis and appendectomy(AA), when done at a young age, offer protection against inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) development in later life. However, IBD pathogenesis involves both immunological and vascular abnormalities. Using the first murine model of AA (developed by us), we aimed to determine the role of AA in modulating vascular remodelling mediated by endothelin activity in IBD. METHODS Mice with two laparotomies each served as controls (sham-sham or SS). Distal colons were harvested (four AA group colons, four SS group colons), and RNA extracted from each. The RNA was subjected to microarray analysis and RT-PCR validation. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) software was used to further analyze the microarray data. RESULTS Gene expression of seven genes closely associated with endothelin activity was examined in distal colons 3 days post-AA and 28 days post-AA. While there were no gene expression changes 3 days post-AA, the genes EDN1 (0.7-fold), EDN2 (0.8-fold) and ECE2 (0.8-fold) were downregulated (*p value <0.05) 28 days post-AA. However, EDN3 (1.3-fold) was upregulated 28 days post-AA (*p value <0.05). GSEA analysis showed downregulation of 11 gene sets (stringent cut-offs-false discovery rate <5 % and p value <0.001) associated with endothelin and endothelin-converting enzyme genes by AA, in contrast to only 1 being upregulated. CONCLUSIONS AA induces a delayed but significant suppression of genes pertaining to endothelin activity. Elucidating the pathways involved in suppression of endothelin activity and manipulation of different genes/enzymes/proteins related to endothelin activity will significantly enhance the extant repertoire of therapeutic options in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,
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Experimental appendicitis and appendectomy modulate the CCL20-CCR6 axis to limit inflammatory colitis pathology. Int J Colorectal Dis 2014; 29:1181-8. [PMID: 24980688 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-014-1936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the two spectral variations of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The complex interplay between genetic predisposition, gastrointestinal bacteria, and gut immunity in IBD is yet to be deciphered. The newly described IL-17-secreting subset of CD4+ T cells, called Th17 cells (and its "Th17 system"), has been increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory changes in inflammatory/autoimmune diseases including IBD. The chemokine ligand CCL20 and its receptor CCR6 are both upregulated in colon biopsy samples during active IBD. Appendicitis and appendectomy (AA) prevents or significantly ameliorates human IBD. METHODS We pioneered the first animal model of AA. AA was performed on 5-week-old male BALB/c mice, and distal-colon samples were harvested. Mice with two laparotomies each served as sham and sham (SS) controls. RNA was extracted from individual colonic replicate samples (AA and SS groups) and each sample microarray analyzed and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) validated. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) software was used to further analyze the microarray data. RESULTS Prior AA ameliorates experimental colitis in our murine model. CCL20 expression was significantly suppressed (along with components of the Th17 system) in the most distal colon 3 and 28 days after AA was done at the most proximal colon. CONCLUSION Teasing out the pathways involved in the changes induced by AA on the colon in clinical studies and, most importantly, in our unique murine AA model will lead to the development of techniques to manipulate different components of the CCL20-CCR6 axis and Th17 system resulting in significant advances in IBD management.
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Cheluvappa R, Eri R, Luo AS, Grimm MC. Modulation of interferon activity-associated soluble molecules by appendicitis and appendectomy limits colitis-identification of novel anti-colitic targets. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014; 35:108-15. [PMID: 25243802 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2014.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of interferons (IFNs) in ulcerative colitis is minimal. However, IFN activity-associated molecules have been inadequately investigated. Appendicitis and appendectomy (AA), when done while young, protect against colitis development later. Our novel murine AA model protects against colitis. This therapeutic target-identifying study enumerates IFN activity-associated molecules involved in this protection. Mice with 2 laparotomies were controls (sham-sham/SS). Distal colons were harvested (4 AA-group colons and 4 SS-group colons). Microarray-analysis/reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction-validation was done from RNA from each (3-days/28-days-post-AA). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) software was used to analyze distal colonic gene sets associated with 46 IFN activity-related genes. More AA-upregulated gene sets were associated with IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, IRF7, IFI35, and IFI44 (False Discovery Rate-FDR <5% and P<0.001), although only IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, and IFI44 showed individual gene upregulation (P<0.05). More AA-downregulated gene sets were associated with IRF1, IRF2, IRF4, IRF8, IRF9, IRF2BP1, IFRD1, IFRD2, and IFIH1 (FDR <5%/P<0.001); although only IRF2BP1 showed individual gene downregulation (P<0.05). There was significant upregulation (P<0.05) of IFNZ; and downregulation of IRF2BP2 and IFI30, despite no major associated GSEA differences. IFIT1, IFIT2, IFIT3, and IFI44, with profound AA-induced individual/GSEA upregulation, and their immunomodulatory/ antiproliferative activity, are the best molecules to investigate therapeutic potential. IRF4, IRF8, IRF2BP1, IFRD1, and IFRD2, owing to their profound AA-induced gene set downregulation, and because of their diverse lymphocytic activity, are good targets to competitively inhibit or to treat with exogenous products in knockout animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- 1 Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
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Alkadhi S, Kunde D, Cheluvappa R, Randall-Demllo S, Eri R. The murine appendiceal microbiome is altered in spontaneous colitis and its pathological progression. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:25. [PMID: 25002910 PMCID: PMC4085080 DOI: 10.1186/1757-4749-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (comprising ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) is a multifactorial disease that is extensively associated with stool microbiome changes (dysbiosis). Appendicitis and appendectomy limits subsequent colitis, clinically, and in animal models. We wanted to examine how the appendiceal and stool microbiome fared in our spontaneous colitic Winnie (Muc2(-/-)) mice model. METHODS Two C57BL/6 and 10 Winnie mice at ages 12 and 15 weeks were euthanized for stool and caecal patch samples. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit then the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene was sequenced using the Roche/454 GS FLX + pyrosequencing instrument. A Galaxy metagenomic pipeline was used to define phyla and families at sequence similarity threshold of ≥ 80%. RESULTS Bacteriodetes was decreased in 15-week Winnie mice appendices compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.01). Proteobacteria was increased in appendices of Winnie mice compared to corresponding stool samples (P < 0.05). The Bacteroidetes family Rikenellaceae could be identified only in 15-week-old Winnie mice appendices. A higher quantity of Acetobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum) was present in 15-week Winnie mice when compared to 12-week Winnie mice (P < 0.01). Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria phylum), which is prominent in all Winnie mice, is absent in control mice. CONCLUSIONS The appendiceal dysbiosis observed in our Winnie mice is commensurate with, and adds to extant literature data. The presence of Helicobacteraceae (Proteobacteria) only in colitic Winnie mice (but not control mice) is consistent with reports of increased Helicobacter in IBD patients. Bacteroides (Bacteroidetes) decreases may be a reflection of reduced anti-inflammatory commensal species such as B. fragilis. Further research is warranted to expand and delineate the relationship between IBD and the appendix microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Alkadhi
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Dale Kunde
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St. George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarron Randall-Demllo
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
| | - Rajaraman Eri
- Mucosal Biology Laboratory, School of School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia
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Cheluvappa R. A novel model of appendicitis and appendectomy to investigate inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis and remediation. Biol Proced Online 2014; 16:10. [PMID: 24999306 PMCID: PMC4082674 DOI: 10.1186/1480-9222-16-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The appendix contains copious lymphoid tissue and is constantly exposed to gut flora. Appendicitis and appendectomy (AA) has been shown to prevent or significantly ameliorate ulcerative colitis. In our novel murine AA model, the only existing experimental model of AA, the appendiceal pathology closely resembles that of human appendicitis; and AA offers an age-, bacteria- and antigen-dependent protection against colitis. Appendicitis and appendectomy performed in the most proximal colon curbs T helper 17 cell activity, curtails autophagy, modulates interferon activity-associated molecules, and suppresses endothelin vasoactivity-mediated immunopathology/vascular remodelling in the most distal colon. These AA-induced changes contribute to the limitation/amelioration of colitis pathology. Investigating strategies to manipulate and modulate different aspects of these pathways (using monoclonal antibodies, combinatorial peptides, and small molecules) would offer novel insight into inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis, and will augment the development of new therapeutic options to manage recalcitrant colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Cheluvappa
- Department of Medicine, St George Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Inflammation and Infection Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Wallace Wurth Building, University of New South Wales, Gate 9 High Street, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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